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Figure 6-11. Epipharyngeal features. 6 in The morphology of the labrum (epipharynx, ikrioma and aboral surface) of adult Aphodiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), and its implications for systematics

Figure 6-11. Epipharyngeal features. 6) Aphodius fimetarius (Linné, 1758). 7) Xeropsamobeus desertus VanDyke, 1918. 8) Luxolinus luxatus (Horn, 1887). 9) Gonaphodiellus hoffmanni (Islas, 1945). 10) Gonaphodiellus opisthius (Bates, 1887). 11) Dellacasiellus kirni (Cartwright, 1944).

Figure 18-23. Epipharyngeal features. 18 in The morphology of the labrum (epipharynx, ikrioma and aboral surface) of adult Aphodiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), and its implications for systematics

Figure 18-23. Epipharyngeal features. 18) Cephalocyclus pullatus (Schmidt, 1913). 19) Blackburneus tenuistriatus (Horn, 1887). 20) Dellacasiellus concavus (Say, 1823). 21) Cryptoscatomaseter magnificens (Robinson, 1940). 22) Cephalocyclus luridiventris (Harold, 1862). 23) Cephalocyclus luteolus (Horn, 1887).

Figure 3-5. Labrum general terminology. 3 in The morphology of the labrum (epipharynx, ikrioma and aboral surface) of adult Aphodiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), and its implications for systematics

Figure 3-5. Labrum general terminology. 3) Epipharyngeal regions. 4) Aboral frames. 5) Epipharyngeal muscles and nerves.

Figure 1-2. Labrum general terminology. 1 in The morphology of the labrum (epipharynx, ikrioma and aboral surface) of adult Aphodiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), and its implications for systematics

Figure 1-2. Labrum general terminology. 1) Epipharynx. 2) Labral aboral surface and inner scleromes.

Figure 12-17. Epipharyngeal features. 12 in The morphology of the labrum (epipharynx, ikrioma and aboral surface) of adult Aphodiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), and its implications for systematics

Figure 12-17. Epipharyngeal features. 12) Diapterna hamata (Say, 1824). 13) Labarrus lividus (Olivier, 1789). 14) Neotrichonotulus inurbanus (Gordon and Howden, 1973). 15) Blackburneus aegrotus (Horn, 1870). 16) Oxycorythus morawitzi Solsky, 1876. 17) Acrossus luridus (Fabricius, 1775).

Figure 42-47. Epipharyngeal features. 42 in The morphology of the labrum (epipharynx, ikrioma and aboral surface) of adult Aphodiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), and its implications for systematics

Figure 42-47. Epipharyngeal features. 42) Melinopterus prodromus (Brahm, 1790). 43) Gonaphodiellus caracanus (Balthasar, 1970). 44) Diapterna omissa (LeConte, 1850). 45) Oxyomus setosopunctatus (Schmidt, 1911). 46) Ferrerianus biimpressus (Schmidt, 1909). 47) Cryptoscatomaseter ochreipennis (Horn, 1871).

Figure 36-41. Epipharyngeal features. 36 in The morphology of the labrum (epipharynx, ikrioma and aboral surface) of adult Aphodiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), and its implications for systematics

Figure 36-41. Epipharyngeal features. 36) Neagolius liguricus (Daniel, 1902). 37) Neagolius penninus (Daniel, 1902). 38) Neagolius praecox (Erichson, 1848). 39) Cephalocyclus durangoensis (Bates, 1887). 40) Cinacanthus militaris (LeConte, 1858). 41) Emadiellus rufopustulatus (Wiedeman, 1823).

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FIGURE 2 in Bite marks attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex: preliminary description and implications

FIGURE 2. Bite mark furrows from tyrannosaur "puncture and pull" biting on the dorsal surface of the anterior iliac crest of the Triceratops pelvis (MOR 799). The initial bite penetrated the bone at the wider end of the furrow and was then dragged ascendingly toward the narrower end.

FIG. 6. — Marginella seguenzai n in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 6. — Marginella seguenzai n. sp.: shells with a fifth false plication (arrows): A, poorly developed fifth plication; B, well developed fifth plication. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 5. — Marginella seguenzai n in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 5. — Marginella seguenzai n. sp.: A-C, holotype, H 9.3 mm (MZB60202); D, paratype 1, H 10.6 mm (MZB60203); E-G, paratype 2, H 9.7 mm (MZB60203); H, I, paratype 3, H 9.0 mm (MZB60203); J, paratype 4, H 8.4 mm (MBMPRC); L, paratype 5, H 11.8 mm (MBMPRC). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 4. — PCA based on harmonic decomposition of shell outline: plane PCA1-PCA2. Identification numbers as in Figure 2

FIG. 3. — D in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 3. — D vs H scatter plot and fitting mean-squares line. Inset shows the normal probability plot for H/D.

FIG. 7 in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 7. — Marginella colomborum (Bozzetti,1995), Josephine Bank, Seamount 1 Exp., St. DW37, 255-270 m, 36°42N, 14°18W, 4 Oct. 1988 (MNHN): A-C, H 10.0 mm; D, H 9.8 mm. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 2. — Sample of 36 shells used for morphometry and shape analysis, with identification number. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 1. — A in On the last occurrence of Marginella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda, Marginellidae) in the Mediterranean: description of a new species from the Early Pleistocene and paleoceanographic implications

FIG. 1. — A, Map of the Messina Strait; B, location of the outcrop; C, schematic stratigraphy of the outcrop (asterisk indicates the sampled bed). Abbreviations:see text.

FIG. 5 in New Early Cenozoic ghost shrimps (Decapoda, Axiidea, Callianassidae) from Pakistan and their palaeobiogeographic implications

FIG. 5. — Comparison of extant and extinct Neocallichirus chelipeds:A, major male P1 chela of Neocallichirus karumba (Poore & Griffin,1979) (A1), N. lakhraensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., holotype CPAG.RAN.I.64 (A2) and N. khadroensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., holotype CPAG.RAN.I.55 (A3); B, major P1 carpus of N. karumba (B1) and N. lakhraensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., paratype CPAG.RAN.I.69 (B2); C, major P1 merus of N. karumba (C1), N. khadroensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., paratype CPAG.RAN.I.63 (C2) and N. lakhraensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., paratype CPAG.RAN.I.69 (C3); D, major female P1 chela of N. karumba (D1), N. lakhraensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., paratype CPAG.RAN.I.66 (D2) and N. khadroensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., paratype CPAG.RAN.I.59 (D3); E, minor P1 cheliped of N. karumba (E1) and N. lakhraensis Hyžný & Charbonnier,n. sp., paratype CPAG.RAN.I.72 (E2). Specimens of N. karumba are deposited under NHMW 21937 (male) and NHMW 21938 (female). Photographs of extant specimens (immersed in alcohol):M. Hyžný; photographs of fossil specimens: L. Cazes and P. Loubry.Scale bars:10 mm.

FIG. 6. — A-C in New Early Cenozoic ghost shrimps (Decapoda, Axiidea, Callianassidae) from Pakistan and their palaeobiogeographic implications

FIG. 6. — A-C, Neocallichirus borensis Beschin, De Angeli, Checchi & Mietto, 2006; A, B, holotype MCZ 2423; C, MCZ 2427; D-G, Neocallichirus tuberculatus (Lőrenthey in Lőrenthey & Beurlen, 1929) n. comb.; D-F, syntypes MFGI E.9465; H, Neocallichirus lakhraensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., holotype CPAG. RAN.I.64; I, Neocallichirus khadroensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp., holotype CPAG.RAN.I.55; J-L, Neocallichirus maximus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1870). Photographs: M. Hyžný (A-F), and L. Cazes and P. Loubry (H-I). Scale bar: A-I, 10 mm. J-L, not to scale.

FIG. 4 in New Early Cenozoic ghost shrimps (Decapoda, Axiidea, Callianassidae) from Pakistan and their palaeobiogeographic implications

FIG. 4. — Neocallichirus lakhraensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp. from the Rbod Nala section (Ypresian, Lakhra Formation), Jhirak District, Sindh, Pakistan: A, B, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.65, major right male P1 chela (propodus with articulated dactylus) in outer (A) and inner (B) views; C, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.68, major right female P1 propodus with broken fixed finger, outer view; D, E, holotype CPAG.RAN.I.64, major right male P1 chela (propodus with articulated dactylus) in outer (D) and inner (E) views; F, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.66, major right female P1 chela (propodus with articulated dactylus), outer view; G, H, paratype CPAG. RAN.I.72, male with left major P1 cheliped showing propodus, carpus and merus (G) and right minor P1 cheliped showing merus, carpus, propodus and dactylus (H); I, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.70, major right P1 ischium with articulated merus and fragmentary carpus, outer view; J, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.71, major right male P1 cheliped (merus, carpus, propodus, dactylus), outer view; K, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.69, major left female P1 cheliped (dactylus, propodus, carpus, merus, ischium) with associated remains of P2 and P3. Photographs: L. Cazes and P. Loubry. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 2 in New Early Cenozoic ghost shrimps (Decapoda, Axiidea, Callianassidae) from Pakistan and their palaeobiogeographic implications

FIG. 2. — Neocallichirus khadroensis Hyžný & Charbonnier, n. sp. from the nodules of the Gawar Band section (Danian, Khadro Formation), Ranikot District, Sindh, Pakistan: A, holotype CPAG.RAN.I.55, major left male P1 chela (propodus with articulated dactylus) showing occlusal margin of dactylus, outer view; B, paratype CPAG. RAN.I.56, major right male P1 propodus showing fixed finger with smooth occlusal margin, inner view; note a smaller major right P1 propodus; C, paratype CPAG. RAN.I.57, major left male P1 chela (propodus with articulated dactylus), inner view;D-F, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.58, major right male P1 propodus in outer (D), frontal (E) and inner (F) views; G, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.61, major left male P1 propodus, outer view; H, I, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.59, major right female P1 propodus with broken fixed finger in outer (H) and inner (I) views; J, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.63, major right P1 merus, outer view; K, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.62, major left male P1 propodus, inner view; L, paratype CPAG.RAN.I.60, major left male P1 propodus preserved in a sandy nodule, outer view. Photographs: L. Cazes and P. Loubry. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 1 in New Early Cenozoic ghost shrimps (Decapoda, Axiidea, Callianassidae) from Pakistan and their palaeobiogeographic implications

FIG. 1. — Simplified geological map (adapted from Hunting Survey Corporation, Ltd. 1961) of the Southern Kirthar Range, Southern Pakistan, showing the location of the fossil localities (Gawar Band and Rbod Nala). Line drawing:G. Métais.