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FIGURE 7 in New genera and a new species in the "Cryptanthoid Complex" (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on the morphology of recently discovered species, seed anatomy, and improvements in molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 7. Raphe anatomy of Cryptanthus, Krenakanthus, Orthocryptanthus (Ortcr.), Orthophytum (Ortph.), and Siqueiranthus. A–K. Median cross section of the raphe region. A. C. colnagoi (Leme 9154). B. C. aff. burle-marxii (Leme 9487). C. C. bahianus (Leme 9616). D. C. pickelii (Leme 9665). Detail of the tegmen in raphe region. E. S. cinereus (Leme 9785). F. K. roseolilacinus (Leme 8922). G. Ortcr. vasconcelosianus (Leme 8673). H. Ortph. compactum (Leme 5604). I. Ortph. maracasense (Leme 9617). J. Ortph. vagans (Leme 505). K. Ortph. pseudovagans (Leme 6821). Arrow: vascular bundle. Arrowhead: protein grain. en = endosperm. r = raphe. tg = tegmen. The numbers in D indicate: 1 = endotegmen. 2 = mesotegmen. 3 = exotegmen. 4 = endotesta. 5 = parenchyma. Bars: A–C, E–K = 100 μm. D = 50 μm.

FIGURE 17. Pollen. A–D in New genera and a new species in the "Cryptanthoid Complex" (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on the morphology of recently discovered species, seed anatomy, and improvements in molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 17. Pollen. A–D. Siqueiranthus cinereus (Leme 9785). A. View of the sulcus covered with exine elements partially forming a net. B. Details of the exine elements. C. Details of the slightly flat muri. D. View of the reticulum. E–F. Cryptanthus beuckeri (Leme 7341). E. Partial view of the reticulum and the sulcus covered with exine elements forming a net. F. Details of the muri. G–H. C. argyrophyllus (Leme 4872). G. Details of the muri. H. View of the sulcus covered with exine elements forming a net. I–J. C. bromelioides (Leme 016-B). I. View of the sulcus covered with exine elements forming a net. J. Details of the muri. K. Partial view of the reticulum and the sulcus of Krenakanthus roseolilacinus (Leme 8922). L–N. Partial view of the reticulum and the sulcus of Orthocryptanthus. L. O. vasconcelosianus (Leme 8673). M. O. santaritensis (Leme 8945). N. O. arcanus (Leme 9093). Bars = 10 µm (A, D–F, H, I, K–N). Bars = 5 µm (B, C, G, J) (SEM photos: H. Halbritter).

FIGURE 14. Petal appendages and callosites. A–C in New genera and a new species in the "Cryptanthoid Complex" (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on the morphology of recently discovered species, seed anatomy, and improvements in molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 14. Petal appendages and callosites. A–C. Shape variation of the scutelliform appendage type of Siqueiranthus cinereus (Leme 9785) with tendency to cupuliform type. D–E. Well-developed longitudinal callosities of Cryptanthus. D. C. lutandensis (Leme 9743). E. C. zonatus (Leme 6234). F–G. Petal appendages of Orthophytum. F. Echinatiform type of O. buranhense (Leme 9148). G. Scutelliform type of O. diamantinense (Leme 5835). H. Cupuliform appendage type of Krenakanthus roseolilacinus (Leme 8922). I–J. Orthocryptanthus. I. Well-developed longitudinal callosities of O. vasconcelosianus (Leme 8673). J. Sacciform appendage type of O. arcanus (Leme 9093). Bars = 2 mm.

FIGURE 1 in New genera and a new species in the "Cryptanthoid Complex" (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on the morphology of recently discovered species, seed anatomy, and improvements in molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 1. Maximum clade credibility tree of a post-burnin Bayesian analysis (15 million generations) based on nuclear (agt1, ETS, phyC), plastid (matK, trnH-psbA, ycf1 pos. 1113-2103, ycf1 pos. 4492-5440) as well as ecological and morphological data. Above the branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) and maximum-likelihood bootstrap support (BS) are shown (PP/BS). The scale bar below the tree shows the branch length for 0.005 substitutions per nucleotide position.

FIGURE 13. A–F in New genera and a new species in the "Cryptanthoid Complex" (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on the morphology of recently discovered species, seed anatomy, and improvements in molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 13. A–F. Siqueiranthus cinereus (Leme 9785): A. Basal fascicle. B. Outer floral bracts of the fascicles. C. Flower. D. Details of the calyx and corolla. E. Sepals. F. Petal and stamen. G–I. Cryptanthus aff. beuckeri (Leme 3891). G. Basal fascicle. H. Flower. I. Petals and stamens. J–M. Orthophytum spp. J. Floral bract and flower of O. atalaiense (Leme 6628). K. Distal part of the flower of O. buranhense (Leme 9148). L. O. foliosum (Leme 8010). M. O. grossiorum (Leme 5584). Bars = 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in New genera and a new species in the "Cryptanthoid Complex" (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on the morphology of recently discovered species, seed anatomy, and improvements in molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 5. Seed coat anatomy of Cryptanthus and Siqueiranthus. A. seed in median cross section. B–G. seed coat in median crosssection, in the antiraphe region. A–B. S. cinereus (Leme 9785). C. C. pickelii (Leme 9665). D. C. colnagoi (Leme 9154). E. C. aff. burlemarxii (Leme 9487). F. C. aff. beuckeri (Leme 3891). G. C. bahianus (Leme 9616). Arrow = vascular bundle. en = endosperm. r = raphe. sc = seed coat. The numbers indicate the different layers of the seed coat. 1 = endotegmen (with discontinuous elements of mesotegmen). 1' = mesotegmen. 2 = exotegmen. 3 = endotesta. 3' = mesotesta. 4 = exotesta. Bars: A = 500 μm. B-G = 50 μm.

FIGURE 11 in New genera and a new species in the "Cryptanthoid Complex" (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on the morphology of recently discovered species, seed anatomy, and improvements in molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 11. Siqueiranthus cinereus: A–B. General view of the habit at type locality. C. Individuals growing at the border of the shrubby vegetation. D. Long-caulescent individuals growing propped up by the surrounding bushes in moderate shade condition. E. Individuals growing under partially shaded condition. F. Extensive cattle breading areas surrounding the vegetation fragment where S. cinereus lives. (Photos: J.A. Siqueira).

FIGURE 3 in New genera and a new species in the "Cryptanthoid Complex" (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) based on the morphology of recently discovered species, seed anatomy, and improvements in molecular phylogeny

FIGURE 3. Seed morphology. Seeds in lateral view (A, C–E, G–J, M, O, Q–T) and raphe view (B, F, H, L, N, P). A–B. Cryptanthus aff. beuckeri (Leme 3891). C. C. colnagoi (Leme 9154). D. C. pickelii (Leme 9665). E–F. C. bahianus (Leme 9616). G-I. Siqueiranthus cinereus (Leme 9785). G and I show two morphological variations for this species. J. Krenakanthus roseolilacinus (Leme 8922). K–L. Orthocryptanthus vasconcelosianus (Leme 8673). M–N. Orthophytum maracasense (Leme 9617). O–P. O. compactum (Leme 5604). Q. O. leprosum (Leme 7897). R. O. pseudovagans (Leme 6821). S. O. vagans (Leme 505). T. O. saxicola (Leme 6058). c = chalazal region or inconspicuous chalazal appendage. m = micropylar region. r = raphe. Bars = 0.5 mm.

Distribution. Congo Basin in C Africa (S Cameroon, S Central African Republic, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Republic of the Congo). Distribution of this recently recognized speciesis still not well known and the range map is only speculative. in Elephantidae

Distribution. Congo Basin in C Africa (S Cameroon, S Central African Republic, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Republic of the Congo). Distribution of this recently recognized speciesis still not well known and the range map is only speculative.

Distribution. Sierra Leone (E of the Moa River), Liberia, and Ivory Coast (W of the Niouniourou River); recently confirmed in SE Guinea. in Bovidae

Distribution. Sierra Leone (E of the Moa River), Liberia, and Ivory Coast (W of the Niouniourou River); recently confirmed in SE Guinea.

Distribution. Only confirmed existing population in Termit and Tin Toumma regions of EC Niger; however, there is a recent confirmed sighting from C Mauritania and sporadic records from E Air Mountains in Niger, the Equey region in W Chad, S Algeria, Libya, and the Mali/ Mauritania border. in Bovidae

Distribution. Only confirmed existing population in Termit and Tin Toumma regions of EC Niger; however, there is a recent confirmed sighting from C Mauritania and sporadic records from E Air Mountains in Niger, the Equey region in W Chad, S Algeria, Libya, and the Mali/ Mauritania border.

Distribution. From Colombia and Venezuela to S Brazil, Paraguay, and N Argentina; it also occurs on Trinidad I, and previously was found on Tobago I, but has been extirpated from there recently. in Cervidae

Distribution. From Colombia and Venezuela to S Brazil, Paraguay, and N Argentina; it also occurs on Trinidad I, and previously was found on Tobago I, but has been extirpated from there recently.

Subspecies and Distribution. A.p.porcinusZimmermann,1780—Pakistan,NIndia,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,andMyanmar. A. p. annamiticus Heude, 1888 — S China (Yunnan), Thailand (reintroduced), and Cambodia; formerly also Laos and Vietnam but may be extinct there now. Tt was introduced some centuries ago in Sri Lanka, and more recently into Australia, and South Africa. in Cervidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A.p.porcinusZimmermann,1780—Pakistan,NIndia,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,andMyanmar. A. p. annamiticus Heude, 1888 — S China (Yunnan), Thailand (reintroduced), and Cambodia; formerly also Laos and Vietnam but may be extinct there now. Tt was introduced some centuries ago in Sri Lanka, and more recently into Australia, and South Africa.

FIGURE 15. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. A–G, I, K. ZIRAS 7 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 15. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. A–G, I, K. ZIRAS 7/50119 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). H, J, L. USNM 11130 (Point Barrow, Beaufort Sea). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distal view of marginal zooids, showing primary orifices with small, slender median tooth. C. Orifice with suboral avicularium. D, E. Groups of non-ovicellate zooids in young parts of colony. F. Ovicellate zooids with strongly developed interareolar ridges of frontal shield in older part of colony. G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Ovicellate zooid with suboral avicularium. I. Interior of frontal shield in three zooids, showing ring scars, areolae and ooecial communication slits (arrows). J. Basal colony surface with numerous broken tubular protuberances. K. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooid, showing suboral avicularium and zooidal lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, J, 500 μm; B, C, H, I, 100 μm; E, F, 250 μm; K, 50 μm; L, 200 μm.

FIGURE 12 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 12. Rhamphostomella bilaminata (Hincks, 1877). A, E, F. ZIRAS 23/50121 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). B–D, G–I. NHMUK 1911.10.1.1579A (Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). J–L. ZIRAS 24/50122 (Avacha Gulf, eastern Kamchatka, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids and ooecia. B. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing proximal margin of primary orifice with lyrula and denticles. C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids with additional calcified layer expanding over frontal shield. E. Zooids with developing ooecia. F. Zooids with developing and one completed ooecia. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Suboral avicularium in ovicellate zooid. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing umbonuloid component and ooecial communication pore (arrow). J. Basal surface of colony. K. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and umbonuloid component, and median lyrula and two sinuses. L. Lateral view of zooid with a peristome, suboral avicularium, and ooecium; zooidal lateral wall shows mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, 250 μm; B, E, F, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; J, 500 μm; L, 200 μm.

FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars: A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm.

FIGURE 9. Rhamphostomella aleutica n in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 9. Rhamphostomella aleutica n. sp. Holotype, NHMUK 2010.4.21.1 (Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea). A. Colony margin with young, fully formed and developing autozooids (arrow, developing ooecium). B. Orifice with suboral avicularium. C. Suboral avicularium. D, E. Non-ovicellate zooids in young parts of colony, showing inflated cystids of suboral avicularia. F. Group of non-ovicellate and ovicellate zooids, showing traces of repair after damage. G. Close-up of autozooids in older part of colony, showing details of secondary orifice, suboral avicularia and ovicell. H. Frontal view of ovicellate zooid. I. Interior of frontal shield with ring scar and areolae. J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooid, showing ooecium with peristome and suboral avicularium as well as lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, J, 500 μm; B, C, I, 100 μm; D–F, 250 μm; G, H, L, 200 μm; K, 50 μm.

FIGURE 7. Rhamphostomella morozovi n in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 7. Rhamphostomella morozovi n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50570 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Growing margin of bilaminate colony, showing only one layer of developing zooids. B. Lateral view of zooids in young part of colony. C. Zooidal orifice with suboral avicularium (communication pore of future ooecium visible near distal margin of orifice). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). E. Zooids with developing ooecia. F. Zooids with developing and nearly completed ooecia and small adventitious avicularia. G. Zooids with developing and nearly complete ooecia and small (central to proximal) adventitious avicularia. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooid, showing ooecium embedded into secondary calcification and having slit-like proximal pseudopores; notice nearly identical size of suboral and adventitious avicularia. I. Interior of frontal shield showing ring-scar, areolae and communication pores of adventitious avicularium. J. Internal view of orifice, showing straight proximal margin and strongly reduced, pointed condyles. K. Basal surface of encrusting part of colony (some zooids damaged). L. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral walls of zooids in bilaminate colony, showing mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, D, G, K, 500 μm; B, E, F, H, 250 μm; C, I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.

FIGURE 11. Rhamphostomella aspera n in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 11. Rhamphostomella aspera n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50542 (Iturup Island, Kuril Islands, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Lateral view of non-ovicellate zooids. C. Primary orifices of marginal zooids, showing the distal shelf, bases of oral spines and initial stage of ooecium formation (in left zooid). D. Group of non-ovicellate zooids, showing variability in opesial area of suboral avicularium. E. Zooids with early developing ooecia (arrows). F, G. Ovicellate zooids. H. Lateral view of ovicellate zooid. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing areolae and umbonuloid component. J. Internal view of orifice, showing broad proximal prominence and ill-defined condyles. K. Basal surface of colony. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral view of zooid, showing very large avicularian cystid, oral spines and zooid lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, D–G, 500 μm; C, H, K, 250 μm; I, J, 100 μm; L, 50 μm; M, 200 μm.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

FIGURE 4. Rhamphostomella cristata (Hincks, 1889). ZIRAS 2/50110 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Pacific Ocean). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Distal view of non-ovicellate zooids, showing primary orifices and suboral avicularia. C. Suboral avicularium. D. Lateral view of non-ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and lobes of peristome. E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony (arrows, communication pores of future ooecia). F. Ovicellate zooid with ooecium, suboral and adventitious avicularia. G. Group of ovicellate zooids in older part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral and adventitious avicularia. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and areolae. J. Internal view of orifice, showing slightly curved proximal margin and hardly recognisible condyles. K. Lateral view of basal colony surface with numerous protuberances. L. Frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Zooidal lateral wall with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, K, 500 μm; B, D, E, G, 250 μm; C, F, I, J, 100 μm; H, M, 200 μm; L, 50 μm.