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Fig. 12 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 12. The six major biogeographical divisions of Kreft and Jetz (2010) are highlighted in the dendrogram with large coloured rectangles: Australian (orange); Neotropical (red); African (brown); Oriental (yellow); Palaearctic (blue); Nearctic (green). The first 30 groups in the dendrogram (small rectangles) and in the map are displayed in different colours. Additionally, the first 60 groups are indicated with black boundaries in the map (Kreft and Jetz 2010, fig 9).

Fig. 7 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 7. Biogeographische Gliederung der Kontinente [Biogeographic Classification of the Continents] (Arldt 1907, map 1). Shaded areas indicate regions; hatched lines indicate the boundaries of kingdoms; bold lines the boundaries of regions; and thin lines the boundaries of subregions.

Fig. 11 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 11. Biogeographic regionalisation of Rapoport (1968) recognising the Holarctic, Holotropical and Holantarctic belts.

Fig. 10 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 10. Simplified diagram of the main conventional zoogeographical subdivisions (Poynton 1959, fig. 1). The Palaearctic and Nearctic are treated as subregions within a larger Holarctic region.

Fig. 4 in Toward a terrestrial biogeographical regionalisation of the world: historical notes, characterisation and area nomenclature

Fig. 4. Zoogeographical areas illustrating the Distributions of Birds by R. Bowlder Sharpe (1893). The classification is loyal to Wallace (1876a, 1876b) because it clearly distinguishes the Nearctic from the Palaearctic.

opennotspecifiedMay 2014View details →

TABLE 2 in Australia's deep-water octocoral fauna: historical account and checklist, distributions and regional affinities of recent collections

TABLE 2. Seven bathomes—ecologically meaningful depth zones sensu Last et al. (2005) sampled during the biodiversity surveys 1997–2008. The numbers and depth range of sampling stations where octocoral were collected are s hown separately.<table><tbody><tr><th>Bathome</th><th>Bathome depth range (m)1)</th><th>Number of sampling stations</th><th></th><th>Min. sampling depth (m)</th><th>Max. sampling depth (m)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>TOTAL</td><td>SP-Sample2)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Outer shelf</th><td>50–150</td><td>63</td><td>58</td><td>77</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><th>Shelf-break</th><td>150–250</td><td>17</td><td>16</td><td>150</td><td>249</td></tr><tr><th>Upper slope (shallow)</th><td>250–500</td><td>51</td><td>45</td><td>252</td><td>498</td></tr><tr><th>Upper slope (deep)</th><td>500–800</td><td>31</td><td>26</td><td>527</td><td>800</td></tr><tr><th>Mid-slope (shallow)</th><td>800–1100</td><td>61</td><td>56</td><td>825</td><td>1092</td></tr><tr><th>Mid-slope (deep)</th><td>1100–1500</td><td>69</td><td>56</td><td>1104</td><td>1500</td></tr><tr><th>Lower slope</th><td>>1500</td><td>44</td><td>34</td><td>1502</td><td>3950</td></tr></tbody></table>1) inclusive of upper limit2) SP-Sample identifies the number of sampling stations from which octocorals were identified to species-level

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Dataset of Circumstances around the Extinction of Historical Indigenous Groups in the Brazilian Amazon, Based on Nimuendajú's Ethnohistorical Map

Curt Nimuendajú's Ethnohistorical Map (Nimuendajú, 2017) is a rich source of information about Indigenous history in South America. In a recent paper (Barsanetti and Ferreira, 2024), we use the Ethnohistorical Map in a quantitative investigation on the influence of historical Indigenous extinctions on long-run occupation patterns in the Brazilian Amazon, especially deforestation. As a by-product of the analysis, we produced a dataset cataloging the extinction circumstances surrounding the extinctions of Indigenous groups in the ethnohistorical data. The classification is in the file List.xlsx. A dictionary explaining the classification of each group in detail is in Dictionary.pdf. This version: November, 2024. References: Barsanetti, Bruno and Alipio Ferreira (2024). “Historical Indigenous Extinctions and Modern Deforestation in the Amazon”. Working Paper. Nimuendajú, Curt (2017). Mapa Etno-Histórico do Brasil e Regiões Adjacentes. Brasília: Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Supplementary code for: "Historical glacier change on Svalbard predicts doubling of mass loss by 2100"

Code to perform the analysis in: Geyman, E.C., van Pelt, W., Maloof, A.C., Faste Aas, H., and Kohler, J., 2021. "Historical glacier change on Svalbard predicts doubling of mass loss by 2100." Nature. Abstract: The melting of glaciers and ice caps accounts for about one third of current sea level rise, exceeding the mass loss from the more voluminous Greenland or Antarctic Ice Sheets. The Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, which hosts spatial climate gradients that are larger than the expected temporal shifts over the next century, is a natural laboratory to constrain the climate sensitivity of glaciers and predict their response to future warming. Leveraging an archive of historical aerial images from 1936 and 1938, we use structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry to reconstruct the 3D geometry of 1,594 glaciers across Svalbard. We compare these reconstructions to modern ice elevation data to derive the spatial pattern of mass balance over a >70-year timespan, allowing us to see through the noise of annual and decadal variability to quantify how variables such as temperature and precipitation control ice loss. We find a robust temperature dependence of melt rates, whereby a 1°C rise in mean summer temperature corresponds to a decrease in area-normalized mass balance of -0.27 m yr-1 of water equivalent. Finally, we design a space-for-time substitution to make first-order predictions of 21st century glacier change across Svalbard. Even in the most modest scenario (a ~1.4°C rise in mean summer temperature by 2100), we predict average glacier thinning rates in 2010-2100 of -0.67 m yr-1, approximately twice the 1936-2010 rates.

FIGURE 6 in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features

FIGURE 6. Species Distribution Model (SDM) of D. ensatus based on museum records. Increased shading towards green represents increasing suitable habitat.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features

FIGURE 2. Relationships between Dicamptodon ensatus populations and distribution of those lineages along the coast of the California region. Major mtDNA lineages are color coded and branch lengths are proportional. Support values on branches follow the format (coalescent analysis�posterior probability / Bayesian inference analysis posterior probability / bootstrap proportions maximum-likelihood analysis). The tree is a consensus gene tree from the coalescent analysis with deeper weakly supported relationships collapsed. The color bar represents nuclear genotype groups. Geographic range denoted by green shading. Stars on map denote likely ancestral haplotype regions as determined by the BPEC analysis. The approximate region of the former Wilson Grove embayment is overlaid onto the map in transparent blue.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features

FIGURE 1. Range map from the IUCN Red List in transparent green with sampling localities from this study marked.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features

FIGURE 5. Isolation by distance plot. P value calculated by Mantel test. (y = 0.00292 x + 0.07696, r2 = 0.809, P = 0.007).

FIGURE 3. a in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features

FIGURE 3. a) mtDNA TCS haplotype network of the control region. b) nuDNA haplotype TCS network of E16C7. Colors of clusters are coded to match the coalescent tree clade branches. Circle size is proportional to haplotype occurrence and numbers refer to occurrence sampled if greater then one.

Figure 3 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 3. Paratypes attributed to P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977). Letters A–D denote the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 4. Comparison of the neural spine morphology between Chilabothrus, Epicrates and the fossils from Thomas Farm. Only mid-precloacal vertebrae are figured here. A, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus inornatus (AMNH 70023); B, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus striatus strigilatus (AMNH 70263); C, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); D, paratype of N. barbouri (MCZ 1978) (= Pseudoepicrates); E, paratype of P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977); F, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); G, Epicrates crassus (MCN PV DR 003); H, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002); I, Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); J, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); and K, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). In (A–H) lateral and (I–K) dorsal views. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 6. Selected examples of the extant comparative material used in the study. A, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH R 77596); B, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus cf C. inornatus from the Pleistocene of Cuba (AMNH 7709); C, midtrunk vertebra of 'barbouri' (previous holotype MCZ 1978); D, midtrunk vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344); and E, midtrunk vertebra of Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in column at the lower portion of the image. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 5. Paratypes previously attributed to N. barbouri (= Pseudoepicrates). Letters A–D denotes the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted above each image. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section.

Figure 10. A in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 10. A, calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis of Reynolds et al. (2013). Blue dot: the estimated age of divergence of the group [(Chilabothrus) + (Epicrates + Eunectes)] at ~30.0 Mya. Red dot: the estimate age for origin of the genus Chilabothrus at ~22 Mya. The dashed line shows the age of the site of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. ~18.5 Mya, marking the oldest record of the genus. B, schematic map of the early Miocene showing the biogeographical dispersion and diversification of the genus Chilabothrus. Red arrow: probable route of dispersion via Northern South America, which is here considered the most likely based on multiple lines of evidence, including genetic divergence, oceanic current patterns, incidence of vertebrates taxa and estimated dispersal time of initial dispersion ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996, 2001; Reynolds et al., 2013). Green arrow: alternative route of dispersion to the West Indian Island complex from the Central America, estimate dispersal time of ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996). Pink arrow: route of dispersion from North America, hypothesis based on Tolson (1987) due to the presence of Pseudoepicrates, considered unlikely here. Orange arrow: second dispersal event of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. to the North American Territory from the West Indies (estimated age of at least ~18.5 Mya). Blue arrow: dispersion throughout the West Indies' island complex, prefacing the diversification of the current extant species of the insular complex (estimated age since ~22 Mya to the Holocene). Hypothesis adapted from Reynolds et al. (2013). Paleomap reconstruction based on Scotese (2010).

Figure 9 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 9. Comparison between the holotype of P. stanolseni MCZ 1977 and an anterior vertebra of B. constrictor MCN. D. 333. Note differences such as the neural spine orientation; the presence of epizygapophyseal process in B. constrictor; the zygosphene roof morphology; and the shallow posterodorsal notch of P. stanolseni. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 1. Mid-precloacal vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344). A, showing the anatomical features and terminology adopted in the work. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. B, quantitative proportions and measurements employed in the present work. Anatomical views of the vertebra is present below each image. Scale bar: 10 mm.