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Figure 1 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes

Figure 1. Andricus targionii (s. lat.) populations on Quercus dentata used for the present chromosome study. 1, Kitami; 2, Minami-chitose; 3, Aomori; 4, Mt Haruna; 5, Lake Yamanaka; 6, Lake Shirakaba.

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Figs 35–41. Doubledaya sinuata Zia, 1934 in Morphology of adult and immature stages, and host plant use of Doubledaya sinuata (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Languriinae)

Figs 35–41. Doubledaya sinuata Zia, 1934, adult male and female (35), adult female (36–37) and oviposition hole (38–39) on recently dead Sinobambusa sat bamboo culm and larva inside S. sat internode cavity (40–41). 35 – mating; 36 – making an oviposition hole; 37 – inserting the ovipositor into an oviposition hole; 38 – outer opening; 39 – inner opening; 40 – young instar larva; 41 – mature larva. Arrows indicate pith tissue. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (38–39), 5.0 mm (40–41).

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Figs 1–18. Doubledaya sinuata Zia, 1934 in Morphology of adult and immature stages, and host plant use of Doubledaya sinuata (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Languriinae)

Figs 1–18. Doubledaya sinuata Zia, 1934, adult female (1–12) and male (13–18). 2, 14 – head, dorsal view; 3 – right antenna, dorsal view; 4, 15 – pronotum; 5 – prosternal process; 6 – anterior part of elytron with scutellum; 7 – apices of elytron; 8 – abdominal segment VII, ventral view; 9 – abdominal segment VIII, dorsal view; 10 – apex of ovipositor, left lateral view; 11 – apex of ovipositor, ventral view; 12 – spermatheca; 16 – tegmen, ventral view; 17–18 – median lobe, dorsal (17) and ventral (18) views. An arrow indicates gonostylus. Scale bars = 2.0 mm (1, 13), 1.0 mm (2–7, 14–18) 0.5 mm (8–11), 0.1 mm (12).

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Figs 19–34. Doubledaya sinuata Zia, 1934 in Morphology of adult and immature stages, and host plant use of Doubledaya sinuata (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Languriinae)

Figs 19–34. Doubledaya sinuata Zia, 1934, larva (19–28) and pupa (29–34). 19–20 – larva, dorsal (19) and left lateral (20) views; 21 – head; 22 – right antenna, dorsal view; 23 – left mandible, ventral view; 24–25 – left maxilla, dorsal (24) and ventral (25) views; 26 – labium, ventral view; 27 – right front leg, anterior view; 28 – spiracle of abdominal segment I; 29–31 – pupa, ventral (29), left lateral (30) and dorsal (31) views; 32 – spines on abdominal tergite VII, posterior view; 33 – spines on abdominal sternite VII, posterior view; 34 – urogomphi, dorsal view. Scale bars = 5.0 mm (19–20, 29–31), 0.5 mm (21, 27), 0.2 mm (22–26, 32–34), 0.1 mm (28).

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Figs. 11−18 in Species inventory, preys and host plants of Anthocoridae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Shiraz and its environs (Iran, Fars province)

Figs. 11−18. Parameres of Anthocoridae. 11 − Temnostethus reduvinus parilis (Horváth, 1891), 12 − Anthocoris minki pistaciae Wagner, 1957, 13 − Orius albidipennis (Reuter, 1884), 14 − O. niger (Wolff, 1811), 15 − O. laevigatus laevigatus (Fieber, 1860), 16 − O. laticollis discolor (Reuter, 1884), 17 − O. horvathi (Reuter, 1884), 18 − O. vicinus (Ribaut, 1923). Abbreviations: cn − cone, dt − denticule, fg − flagellum. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figs. 111–122 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 111–122. Lateral aspect of genitalia (females). 111 – Ephedrus plagiator (Nees, 1811); 112 – Lysiphlebus desertorum Starý, 1965; 113 – Pauesia antennata (Mukerji, 1950); 114 – Praon barbatum Mackauer, 1959; 115 – Praon exsoletum (Nees, 1811); 116 – Praon gallicum Starý, 1971; 117 – Praon cf. necans Mackauer, 1959; 118 – Praon pubescens Starý, 1961; 119 – Praon volucre (Haliday, 1833); 120 – Praon yomenae Takada, 1968; 121 – Trioxys complanatus Quilis, 1931; 122 – Trioxys pallidus (Haliday, 1833).

Figs. 96–110 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 96–110. Lateral aspect of genitalia (females). 96 – Adialytus ambiguus (Haliday, 1834); 97 – Adialytus salicaphis (Fitch, 1855); 98 – Adialytus thelaxis (Starý, 1961); 99 – Aphidius arvensis (Starý, 1960); 100 – Aphidius funebris Mackauer, 1961; 101 – Aphidius hieraciorum Starý, 1962; 102 – Aphidius matricariae Haliday, 1834; 103 – Aphidius persicus Rakhshani & Starý, 2006; 104 – Aphidius setiger (Mackauer, 1961); 105 – Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall, 1896); 106 – Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday, 1833); 107 – Binodoxys heraclei (Haliday, 1833); 108 – Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh, 1855); 109 – Ephedrus niger Gautier, Bonnamour & Gaumont, 1929; 110 – Ephedrus persicae Froggatt, 1904.

Figs. 76–91 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 76–91. Dorsal aspect of petiole. 76 – Adialytus salicaphis (Fitch, 1855); 77 – Adialytus thelaxis (Starý, 1961); 78 – Aphidius arvensis (Starý, 1960); 79 – Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall, 1896); 80 – Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday, 1833); 81 – Binodoxys heraclei (Haliday, 1833); 82 – Ephedrus niger Gautier, Bonnamour & Gaumont, 1929; 83 – Ephedrus persicae Froggatt, 1904; 84 – Praon barbatum Mackauer, 1959; 85 – Praon exsoletum (Nees, 1811); 86 – Praon gallicum Starý, 1971; 87 – Praon cf. necans Mackauer, 1959; 88 – Praon pubescens Starý, 1961; 89 – Praon volucre (Haliday, 1833); 90 – Praon yomenae Takada, 1968; 91 – Trioxys pallidus (Haliday, 1833).

Figs. 54–63 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 54–63. Fore wings (females). 54 – Pauesia antennata (Mukerji, 1950); 55 – Praon barbatum Mackauer, 1959; 56 – Praon exsoletum (Nees, 1811); 57 – Praon gallicum Starý, 1971; 58 – Praon cf. necans Mackauer, 1959; 59 – Praon pubescens Starý, 1961; 60 – Praon volucre (Haliday, 1833); 61 – Praon yomenae Takada, 1968; 62 – Trioxys complanatus Quilis, 1931; 63 – Trioxys pallidus (Haliday, 1833).

Figs. 40–53 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 40–53. Fore wings (females). 40 – Aphidius cf. salicis Haliday, 1834; 41 – Aphidius setiger (Mackauer, 1961); 42 – Aphidius smithi Sharma & Subba Rao, 1959; 43 – Aphidius transcaspicus Telenga, 1958; 44 – Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzhetzki, 1960; 45 – Binodoxys acalephae (Marshall, 1896); 46 – Binodoxys angelicae (Haliday, 1833); 47 – Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh, 1855); 48 – Ephedrus niger Gautier, Bonnamour & Gaumont, 1929; 49 – Ephedrus persicae Froggatt, 1904; 50 – Ephedrus plagiator (Nees, 1811); 51 – Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay & Eady, 1978; 52 – Lysiphlebus desertorum Starý, 1965; 53 – Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall, 1896).

Figs. 26–39 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 26–39. Fore wings (females). 26 – Adialytus ambiguus (Haliday, 1834); 27 – Adialytus salicaphis (Fitch, 1855); 28 – Adialytus thelaxis (Starý, 1961); 29 – Aphidius arvensis (Starý, 1960); 30 – Aphidius colemani Viereck, 1912; 31 – Aphidius eadyi Starý, Gonzalez & Hall, 1980; 32 – Aphidius ervi Haliday, 1834; 33 – Aphidius funebris Mackauer, 1961; 34 – Aphidius hieraciorum Starý, 1962; 35 – Aphidius matricariae Haliday, 1834; 36 – Aphidius persicus Rakhshani & Starý, 2006; 37 – Aphidius popovi Starý, 1978; 38 – Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani-Perez, 1902; 39 – Aphidius rosae Haliday, 1834.

Figs. 1–16 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 1–16. Head and mouthparts (females). 1 – Adialytus ambiguus (Haliday, 1834); 2 – Aphidius colemani Viereck, 1912; 3 – Aphidius eadyi Starý, Gonzalez & Hall, 1980; 4 – Aphidius funebris Mackauer, 1961; 5 – Aphidius matricariae Haliday, 1834; 6 – Aphidius popovi Starý, 1978; 7 – Aphidius setiger (Mackauer, 1961); 8 – Aphidius transcaspicus Telenga, 1958; 9 – Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh, 1855); 10 – Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall, 1896); 11 – Praon barbatum Mackauer, 1959; 12 – Praon exsoletum (Nees, 1811); 13 – Praon gallicum Starý, 1971; 14 – Praon cf. necans Mackauer, 1959; 15 – Praon pubescens Starý, 1961; 16 – Praon volucre (Haliday, 1833).

Figs. 17–25 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 17–25. Mesoscutum (females). 17 – Aphidius eadyi Starý, Gonzalez & Hall, 1980; 18 – Binodoxys heraclei (Haliday, 1833); 19 – Praon barbatum Mackauer, 1959; 20 – Praon exsoletum (Nees, 1811); 21 – Praon gallicum Starý, 1971; 22 – Praon cf. necans Mackauer, 1959; 23 – Praon pubescens Starý, 1961; 24 – Praon volucre (Haliday, 1833); 25 – Praon yomenae Takada, 1968.

Figs. 64–75 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 64–75. Propodeum (females). 64 – Adialytus ambiguus (Haliday, 1834); 65 – Aphidius arvensis (Starý, 1960); 66 – Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh, 1855); 67 – Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay & Eady, 1978; 68 – Pauesia antennata (Mukerji, 1950); 69 – Praon barbatum Mackauer, 1959; 70 – Praon exsoletum (Nees, 1811) 71 – Praon gallicum Starý, 1971; 72 – Praon cf. necans Mackauer, 1959; 73 – Praon pubescens Starý, 1961; 74 – Praon volucre (Haliday, 1833); 75 – Praon yomenae Takada, 1968.

Figs. 92–95 in Diversity and host associations of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the farmlands of western Iran

Figs. 92–95. Lateral aspect of petiole. 92 – Aphidius colemani Viereck, 1912; 93 – Aphidius ervi Haliday, 1834; 94 – Aphidius funebris Mackauer, 1961; 95 – Aphidius transcaspicus Telenga, 1958.

Fig. 14. Tree 1 in Systematics, biogeography and host associations of the lace bug genus Inoma (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae)

Fig. 14. Tree 1 of parsimony analysis inclusive of character optimisation (character state changes mapped at numbered nodes).

Fig. 12. a in Systematics, biogeography and host associations of the lace bug genus Inoma (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae)

Fig. 12. a – locality for Inoma silveirae sp. nov.: Northern Territory, 35.4 km W of Uluru at Kata Tjuta junction on Lasseter Highway; b – Dicrastylis gilesii var. gilesii, host plant of I. silveirae sp. nov.; c – locality for I. breviseta sp. nov., I. fuscata sp. nov. and I. silveirae sp. nov.: Northern Territory, 184 km E of Stuart Hwy on Lasseter Hwy.; d – Eremophila gilesii, host plant of I. breviseta sp. nov. and I. fuscata sp. nov.; e – Dicrastylis fulva, host plant of I. kalbarri sp. nov.; f – Dicrastylis morrisonii, host plant of I. silveirae sp. nov.; g – Eremophila forrestii, host plant of I. stysi sp. nov.

Fig. 15 in Systematics, biogeography and host associations of the lace bug genus Inoma (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae)

Fig. 15. Area cladogram for Inoma species. Map of biogeographic areas redrawn from CRISP et al. (1995).

Fig. 10 in Systematics, biogeography and host associations of the lace bug genus Inoma (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae)

Fig. 10. Male genitalia of Inoma species. a-c, m – I. multispinosa Hacker, 1927; d-f, k – I. fuscata sp. nov.; g – I. kalbarri sp. nov.; h-i – I. silveirae sp. nov.; j – I. arrernte sp. nov.; l – I. innamincka sp. nov. a, d, h – right paramere, dorsal view; b, e, i – left paramere, dorsal view; c, f – aedeagus, dorsal view; g – aedeagus, ventral view; j-m – paired basal endosomal sclerites. Scale = 0.1 mm. Ap, apophysis; SL, sensory lobe; PBES, paired basal endosomal sclerites; DP, dorsal plate; DUES, dorsal U-shaped endosomal sclerite; dm, distal margin; bb, basal branch; cl, cleft; MPP, medial portion of phallotheca.

Fig. 5 in Systematics, biogeography and host associations of the lace bug genus Inoma (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae)

Fig. 5. Inoma fuscata sp. nov. a – head dorsal (♀, 30 μm); b – head ventral (♀, 30 μm); c – head lateral (♀, 30 μm); d – pronotum dorsal (♀, 100 μm); e – hemelytra (♀, 100 μm); f – tarsal claw (♀, 3 μm); g – pygophore dorsal (J, 30 μm); h – abdomen ventral (♀, 100 μm). Scales in brackets, measured in μm.