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Figure 2 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)
Figure 2. Isolated precloacal vertebrae attributed to Pseudoepicrates stanolseni. A, anterior precloacal vertebra MCZ 1977; B, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1977 (holotype) evidencing its morphological structures; C, mid-precloacal vertebra of MCZ 1978 'barbouri' material; D, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1978 evidencing its morphological structures. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Scale bar: 5 mm. Abbreviations in the anatomical abbreviations' section.
Wildland-urban interface fire dynamics simulator input files for pyric tree spatial patterning interactions in historical and contemporary mixed conifer forests, California, USA
<p><span>Tree spatial patterns in dry coniferous forests of the western US, and analogous ecosystems globally, were historically aggregated, comprising a mixture of single trees and groups of trees. Modern forests, in contrast, are generally more homogeneous and overstocked than their historical counterparts. As these modern forests lack regular fire, pattern formation and maintenance is generally attributed to fire. Accordingly, fires in modern forests may not yield historically analogous patterns. However, direct observations on how selective tree mortality among pre-existing forest structure shapes tree spatial patterns is limited. In this study, we (1) simulated fires in historical and contemporary counterpart plots in a Sierra Nevadan mixed-conifer forest, (2) estimated tree mortality, and (3) examined tree spatial patterns of live trees before and after fire, and of fire-killed trees. Tree mortality in the historical period was clustered and density-dependent, because trees were aggregated and segregated by tree size before fire. Thus, fires maintained an aggregated distribution of tree groups. Tree mortality in the contemporary period was widespread, except for dispersed large trees, because most trees were a part of large, interconnected tree groups. Thus, post-fire tree patterns were more uniform and devoid of moderately sized tree groups. Post-fire tree patterns in the historical period, unlike the contemporary period, were within the historical range of variability identified for the western US. This divergence suggests that decades of forest dynamics without significant disturbances has altered the historical means of pyric pattern formation. Our results suggest that ecological silvicultural treatments, such as forest restoration thinnings, which emulate qualities of historical forests may facilitate the reintroduction of fire as a means to reinforce forest structural heterogeneity.</span></p>
Distribution. Historically thought to occur in Cambodia, S Laos, SE Thailand, and W Vietnam, but perhaps wider. If still extant in the wild, probably restricted to several protected areas in E Cambodia. in Bovidae
Distribution. Historically thought to occur in Cambodia, S Laos, SE Thailand, and W Vietnam, but perhaps wider. If still extant in the wild, probably restricted to several protected areas in E Cambodia.
Subspecies and Distribution. C.s.simumBurchell,1817—SEAngola,NENamibia,Botswana,Zimbabwe,SMozambique,Swaziland,SouthAfrica,andperhapsformerlyinextremeSWZambia. C. s. cottoni Lydekker, 1908 — historically present in S Chad, Central African Republic, S Sudan, NE DR Congo, and Uganda; last individuals occurred in DR Congo, but possibly extinct in the wild. The "Southern White Rhino," race simum, has been introduced into Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. Especially vague range map for conservation reasons. in Rhinocerotidae
Subspecies and Distribution. C.s.simumBurchell,1817—SEAngola,NENamibia,Botswana,Zimbabwe,SMozambique,Swaziland,SouthAfrica,andperhapsformerlyinextremeSWZambia. C. s. cottoni Lydekker, 1908 — historically present in S Chad, Central African Republic, S Sudan, NE DR Congo, and Uganda; last individuals occurred in DR Congo, but possibly extinct in the wild. The "Southern White Rhino," race simum, has been introduced into Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. Especially vague range map for conservation reasons.
Subspecies and Distribution. D.b.bicornisLinnaeus,1758—Namibia,W&SESouthAfrica. D.b.longipesZukowsky,1949—historicallyinNigeria,Cameroon,Chad,Sudan,andCentralAfricanRepublic(couldbeextinct). D. b. michaeli Zukowsky, 1965 — Kenya, Rwanda (could be extinct by now), and N Tanzania; historically also in Sudan, Ethiopia, and Uganda. D. b. minor Drummond, 1876 — C Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Botswana, and Mozambique (possibly extinct), to N and CE South Africa. Especially vague range map for conservation reasons. in Rhinocerotidae
Subspecies and Distribution. D.b.bicornisLinnaeus,1758—Namibia,W&SESouthAfrica. D.b.longipesZukowsky,1949—historicallyinNigeria,Cameroon,Chad,Sudan,andCentralAfricanRepublic(couldbeextinct). D. b. michaeli Zukowsky, 1965 — Kenya, Rwanda (could be extinct by now), and N Tanzania; historically also in Sudan, Ethiopia, and Uganda. D. b. minor Drummond, 1876 — C Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Botswana, and Mozambique (possibly extinct), to N and CE South Africa. Especially vague range map for conservation reasons.
Subspecies and Distribution. A. [. fusciceps Gray, 1866 — NW Ecuador, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Carchi, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the Guayas Province (most S record is in "Puente sobre el rio Chimbo," Chimborazo Province), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A. f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872 — E Panama (Atlantic slope) and W Colombia from the Uraba region in NW Antioquia, N through Cordoba, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio Cauca to the coast, E to the lower Rio Cauca along the W bank to SC Antioquia (the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A. geoffroyi grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW Colombia (the most southerly record is Barabacoas, Narino Department). in Atelidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A. [. fusciceps Gray, 1866 — NW Ecuador, W of the Andes, historically in the provinces of Esmeraldas and Carchi, from the Colombian border S to the Cordillera de Colonche in the Guayas Province (most S record is in "Puente sobre el rio Chimbo," Chimborazo Province), but today it is restricted to two remnant populations (Awa Ethnological Reserve N of the Rio Mira, and Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve and adjacent Los Cedros Protected Forest and surrounding forests S of the Rio Mira). A. f. rufiventris Sclater, 1872 — E Panama (Atlantic slope) and W Colombia from the Uraba region in NW Antioquia, N through Cordoba, Sucre, and N Bolivar departments (N distributional limit on the S bank of the Canal del Dique, Cartagena), W of the Rio Cauca to the coast, E to the lower Rio Cauca along the W bank to SC Antioquia (the Cerro Pirre or the Rio Tucuti marks the border with A. geoffroyi grisescens), and S to the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in SW Colombia (the most southerly record is Barabacoas, Narino Department).
Distribution. Historically ranged through the Atlantic Forest in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, excluding only lowland forests in the extreme S of Bahia and N Espirito Santo, the N limit of the distribution was probably the Rio Jequirica or the right bank of the Rio Paraguacu, and the S limit is still poorly defined but is probably the Serra da Mantiqueira in S Minas Gerais, near the state boundaries with Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo where it meets the distribution of the Southern Muriqui (B. arachnoides). in Atelidae
Distribution. Historically ranged through the Atlantic Forest in the states of Bahia, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro, excluding only lowland forests in the extreme S of Bahia and N Espirito Santo, the N limit of the distribution was probably the Rio Jequirica or the right bank of the Rio Paraguacu, and the S limit is still poorly defined but is probably the Serra da Mantiqueira in S Minas Gerais, near the state boundaries with Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo where it meets the distribution of the Southern Muriqui (B. arachnoides).
Data for the manuscript: Historical biogeography of Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae): continental vicariance in Australia and repeated independent dispersals to New Zealand
<p>Gondwanan biogeographic patterns include a combination of old vicariance events following the breakup of the supercontinent, and more recent long-distance dispersals across the southern landmasses. Floristic relationships between Australia and New Zealand have mostly been attributed to recent dispersal events rather than vicariance. We assessed the biogeographic history of Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae), which occurs in both Australia and New Zealand, by constructing a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny to infer (1) phylogenetic relationships and (2) the relative contributions of vicariance and dispersal events in the biogeographic history of the genus. Using hybrid capture and high throughput sequencing, we generated nuclear and plastid data sets to estimate phylogenetic relationships and fossil calibrated divergence time estimates for Pomaderris . BioGeoBEARS and biogeographical stochastic mapping (BSM) were used to assess the ancestral area of the genus and the relative contributions of vicariance vs dispersal, and the directionality of dispersal events. Our analyses indicate that Pomaderris originated in the Oligocene and had a widespread Australian distribution. Vicariance of western and eastern Australian clades coincides with the uplift of the Nullarbor Plain c. 14 Ma, followed by subsequent in-situ and within-biome diversification with little exchange across regions. A rapid radiation of southeastern Australian taxa beginning c. 10 Ma was the source for at least six independent long-distance dispersal events to New Zealand during the Pliocene–Pleistocene. Our study demonstrates the importance of dispersal in explaining not only the current cross-Tasman distributions of Pomaderris, but for the New Zealand flora more broadly. The pattern of multiple independent long-distance dispersal events for Pomaderris , without significant radiation within New Zealand, is congruent with other lowland plant groups, suggesting that this biome has a different evolutionary history compared with the younger alpine flora of New Zealand, which exhibits extensive radiations often following single long distance dispersal events.</p>
Figure 6 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 6. Distribution of the main hadrosaurid clades discussed in the text on a paleogeographic reconstruction of continental coastlines during the Campanian. Continental paleocoastlines redrawn after Smith et al. (1994), Hay et al. (1999), Blakey (2001), Pough et al. (2004), and Hedges (2006).
Figure 5 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 5. Distribution of the main hadrosaurid clades discussed in the text on a paleogeographic reconstruction of continental coastlines during the Santonian. Continental paleocoastlines redrawn after Smith, Smith & Funnell (1994), Hay et al. (1999), Blakey (2001), Pough et al. (2004), and Hedges (2006). The partial skull depicted to represent basal lambeosaurines is that of Jaxartosaurus ararlensis.
Figure 4 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 4. Time-calibrated phylogram of Lambeosaurinae based on the reduced strict consensus tree of Prieto-Márquez (2010). Letters at each node represent ancestral areas as inferred in the DIVA analysis; their meaning is as in Fig. 1. The colors of the stratigraphic ranges of taxa indicate the following areas: white = Europe; black = North America; light grey = Asia; dark grey = range of an entire clade. Black stars indicate vicariance. Arrows indicate the direction of dispersal events. Note that the stratigraphic ranges for each species are not point estimates, but just extend to indicate divisions of particular geochronological stages. Geochronological ages from Gradstein et al. (2004).
Figure 3 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 3. Time-calibrated phylogram of Saurolophinae based on the reduced strict consensus tree of Prieto-Márquez (2010). Letters at each node represent ancestral areas as inferred in the DIVA analysis; their meaning is as in Fig. 1. The colors of the stratigraphic ranges of taxa indicate the following areas: white = South America; black = North America; light grey = Asia; dark grey = range of an entire clade. Black stars indicate vicariance. Arrows indicate the direction of dispersal events. Note that the stratigraphic ranges for each species are not point estimates, but just extend to indicate divisions of particular geochronological stages. Geochronological ages from Gradstein et al. (2004).
Figure 2 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 2. Time-calibrated phylogram of Hadrosauroidea based on the reduced strict consensus tree of Prieto-Márquez (2010). Letters at each node represent ancestral areas as inferred in the dispersal–vicariance analysis; their meaning is as in Fig. 1. The colours of the stratigraphical ranges of taxa indicate the following areas: white, Europe; black, North America; light grey, Asia; dark grey, range of an entire clade. Black stars indicate vicariance. Arrows indicate the direction of dispersal events. Note that the stratigraphical ranges for each species are not point estimates, but just extend to indicate divisions of particular geochronological stages. Geochronological ages from Gradstein, Ogg, Smith (2004). Abbreviations: a, North America; b, South America; c, Europe; d, Asia; ab, North and South America; ac, North America and Europe; ad, North America and Asia; cd, Eurasia.
Figure 1 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 1. Reduced strict consensus tree derived from parsimony analysis of hadrosauroid dinosaurs by Prieto-Márquez (2010), showing ancestral area reconstructions for all the nodes. Words between quotation marks are informal names created to facilitate the reference to specific clades throughout the text. Abbreviations: a, North America; b, South America; c, Europe; d, Asia; ab, North and South America; ac, North America and Europe; ad, North America and Asia; cd, Eurasia.
Figure 7 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
Figure 7. Distribution of the main hadrosaurid clades discussed in the text on a paleogeographic reconstruction of continental coastlines during the Maastrichtian. Continental paleocoastlines redrawn after Smith et al. (1994), Hay et al. (1999), Blakey (2001), Pough et al. (2004), and Hedges (2006).
A timeframe for mint evolution: Towards a better understanding of trait evolution and historical biogeography in Lamiaceae
<p>The mint family (Lamiaceae) is one of the largest and most economically important families of flowering plants. Despite focused study on relationships within subclades, higher-level relationships have been understudied. Moreover, the herbaceous habit of much of the family has resulted in a poor fossil record and has hampered estimates of divergence times. Using a new dataset of five plastid loci from 178 Lamiaceae representing all subfamilies and nearly all tribes, we clarify major infrafamilial relationships and present a robust set of divergence times. We use this phylogenetic hypothesis as a platform to test prior hypotheses regarding the historical biogeography and evolution of major traits within the family. We confirm the placement of subfamily Nepetoideae, show continued uncertainty in the placement of subfamilies Ajugoideae and Premnoideae, and highlight extreme discordance with recent results from nuclear data. Lamiaceae originated during the Late Cretaceous as a woody plant with a nutlet fruit and four stamens, probably in Southeast Asia. Most subfamilies diverged during the Eocene, perhaps facilitated by climatic cooling. Our results provide a valuable set of secondary dates for Lamiaceae and highlight the need for focused study of subfamilies Callicarpoideae and Viticoideae. Our results also provide several hypotheses regarding trait or range-dependent diversification.</p>
CHILDREN OF RUSSIA: HISTORICAL-SOCIAL ANALYSIS
<p>The article examines the situation of young families, as well as social policy regarding children, motherhood and childhood in modern Russia. Particular attention is paid to the policy of the state as a strategic national idea and to the tasks that the Russian state is implementing to improve the situation of children and childhood. It is shown that the family, family values form the basis for the education of future citizens of the country. For the normal development of the family, it is necessary to create favorable socio-economic conditions, where the spiritual and moral education of children will become a key factor.</p>
Genetic diversity, differentiation and historical origin of the isolated population of rooksCorvus frugilegusin Iberia
<p>Current bird populations in southern temperate latitudes often represent relicts of glacial refugia from which northern populations expanded as the climate became suitable following the last glacial maximum, 18 000 years before present. Alternatively, these southern populations could be the result of the fragmentation of large distributions and other processes not related to glaciations, like recent recolonization from northern populations and human impact in historical times. Here, we investigate the origin of a small, isolated population of rooks Corvus frugilegus in north-western Iberia. We use genetic data from mitochondrial sequence markers and seven microsatellite loci to assess levels of genetic diversity, structure and gene flow among extant populations in Iberia and its broad distribution across western Europe. Microsatellite markers revealed the existence of two genetic clusters corresponding to Iberia and the remaining European populations, respectively. Haplotype networks based on mtDNA markers revealed a marked star-like phylogenetic pattern and evidence of a recent population expansion in northern Europe, but not in the Iberian population. Our results suggest that contemporary gene flow between Iberia and western Europe is restricted, and that breeding recruitment over recent generations in the Iberian population is local. The results are consistent with a relatively recent post-glacial colonization of Europe and western Siberia by rooks surviving the last glacial maximum in an Iberian refugium, and likely from refugia in other southern peninsulas. The unique ecological features and genetic differentiation of the Iberian rooks underscore the importance of ensuring the long-term conservation of this declining population.</p>
Historical biogeography and character-mapping of Hiptage (Malpighiaceae) corroborate Indochina's rainforests as one of the main sources of plant diversity in Southeastern Asia
<p>In Malpighiaceae,<b> </b><i>Hiptage</i> represents one of the seven past dispersal events from the Neotropics to the Paleotropical region, being by far the most widely diversified and distributed genus of Paleotropical Malpighiaceae. In this study, we tested the monophyly of the current infrageneric classification of <i>Hiptage</i> with a dated and calibrated molecular phylogeny. We also reconstructed ancestral areas to elucidate which route led to the colonization of Southeast Asia by the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of this genus (Mainland or Indian routes). The pre-existing infrageneric classification of <i>Hiptage</i> was recovered as non-monophyletic due to being solely based on homoplasic morphological characters, such as the presence and number of sepal nectar glands. Regarding its biogeography, the MRCA of <i>Hiptage</i> arose in the rainforests of southeast Asia ca. 24.0 Mya and greatly diversified in this region. Few lineages have dispersed eastward to the pacific islands or westwards to India. Based on our results, we hypothesize that the MRCA of <i>Hiptage</i> did not take the Indian route to reach Southeastern Asia. Instead, it reached this region by past mainland forest connections between North America-Europe (Boreotropical hypothesis) and southeast Asia. Nonetheless, distribution ranges for the species of <i>Hiptage</i> must be carefully revised, and the five species of <i>Hiptage</i> endemic to India must also be sampled so we can properly test which route led the MRCA of <i>Hiptage</i> to reach Southeast Asia in the early Miocene.</p>
Data from: A diversification relay race from Caribbean-Mesoamerica to the Andes: historical biogeography of Xylophanes hawkmoths
<p>The regions of the Andes and Caribbean-Mesoamerica are both hypothesized to be the cradle for many Neotropical lineages, but few studies have fully investigated the dynamics and interactions between Neotropical bioregions. The NewWorld hawkmoth genus Xylophanes is the most taxonomically diverse genus in the Sphingidae, with the highest endemism and richness in the Andes and Caribbean-Mesoamerica. We integrated phylogenomic and DNA barcode data and generated the first time-calibrated tree for this genus, covering 93.8% of the species diversity. We used event-based likelihood ancestral area estimation and biogeographic stochastic mapping to examine the speciation and dispersal dynamics of Xylophanes across bioregions. We also used trait-dependent diversification models to compare speciation and extinction rates of lineages associated with different bioregions. Our results indicate that Xylophanes originated in Caribbean-Mesoamerica in the Late Miocene, and immediately diverged into five major clades. The current species diversity and distribution of Xylophanes can be explained by two consecutive phases. In the first phase, the highest Xylophanes speciation and emigration rates occurred in the Caribbean-Mesoamerica, and the highest immigration rates occurred in the Andes, whereas in the second phase the highest immigration rates were found in Amazonia, and the Andes had the highest speciation and emigration rates.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.