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Fig. 8 in On the southernmost high Andean scorpion species, with the identification of a cryptic new species of Brachistosternus (Bothriuridae) through morphology, molecular data and species distribution models

Fig. 8. Map of central western Argentina showing the known distribution of Brachistosternus diaguita n. sp. (black circles), Brachistosternus montanus (black stars), and Brachistosternus intermedius (black triangles). The "Diaguita" district of the "Altoandina" biogeographical region is depicted in red, the "Cuyano" district of this region is depicted in blue, the "Puna" biogeographical region is depicted in orange, the "Prepuna" district of the "Monte" biogeographical region is depicted in green, and the Septentrional district of this region is depicted in turquoise.

Fig. 7. Brachistosternus diaguita n in On the southernmost high Andean scorpion species, with the identification of a cryptic new species of Brachistosternus (Bothriuridae) through morphology, molecular data and species distribution models

Fig. 7. Brachistosternus diaguita n. sp., A‒C. Telson. a. male, dorsoexternal aspect; B. male, lateral aspect; C. female, lateral aspect; D‒F. Hemipermatophore. D. left hemispermatophore, external aspect; E. left hemispermatophore, internal aspect; F. right hemispermatophore, internal aspect. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 5. A in On the southernmost high Andean scorpion species, with the identification of a cryptic new species of Brachistosternus (Bothriuridae) through morphology, molecular data and species distribution models

Fig. 5. A. Brachistosternus intermedius, pedipalp chela, male, internal aspect. B–H. Brachistosternus diaguita n. sp. B‒E. Pedipalp chela, male. B. internal aspect, C. dorsal aspect, D. external aspect, E. ventral aspect; F. Pedipalp chela, female, ventro-internal aspect. G. pedipalp patela, male, external aspect; H. pedipalp femur, male, dorsal aspect. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 6. A‒F. Metasomal segment V. A‒C. Brachistosternus diaguita n in On the southernmost high Andean scorpion species, with the identification of a cryptic new species of Brachistosternus (Bothriuridae) through morphology, molecular data and species distribution models

Fig. 6. A‒F. Metasomal segment V. A‒C. Brachistosternus diaguita n. sp., male. A. ventral aspect; B. dorso-external aspect, C. dorsal aspect; D. Brachistostenus intermedius, male, ventral aspect; E‒F. Brachistosternus montanus, male, E. dorsoexternal aspect, F. dorsal aspect. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in On the southernmost high Andean scorpion species, with the identification of a cryptic new species of Brachistosternus (Bothriuridae) through morphology, molecular data and species distribution models

Fig. 3. Potential distribution of Brachistosternus species studied in this contributions A. Brachistosternus diaguita n. sp. B. Brachistosternus montanus. C. Brachistosternus intermedius. Warmer colors show areas with better predicted conditions. Black dots show the presence locations.

Fig. 2. A in On the southernmost high Andean scorpion species, with the identification of a cryptic new species of Brachistosternus (Bothriuridae) through morphology, molecular data and species distribution models

Fig. 2. A. Bayesian phylogeny of selected Brachistosternus species inferred using MrBayes. The values at the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities. The scale bar represents the branch lengths in substitutions per site. B. Bayesian species tree with nodeage estimates inferred using *BEAST. The values at the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities and the node bars represent the 95% highest posterior densities of the node age estimates. The scale axis is set to show Million years before present.

Fig. 10. Ancestral area reconstruction for Priapulus caudatus estimated from S in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 10. Ancestral area reconstruction for Priapulus caudatus estimated from S-DIVA algorithm using ultrametric COI tree calculated in BEAST 2.4 software. Numbers at the tips of the trees correspond to the sampling locations on the map (designated as in Fig. 1). Letters represent most likely ancestral range. Sectors in circles indicate the percent of total range probability. Biogeographical regions in the map as in Piepenburg et al. (2011), Ekimova et al. (2019), Laakkonen et al. (2021).

Fig. 2 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 2. Morphology of Arctic Priapulus caudatus. A. Individual WS19002 from the intertidal of the White Sea, showing the body division into introvert (in), trunk (tr) and caudal appendage (ca). B. Frontal scanning electron microscopical (SEM) image of individual WS19002 from the White Sea showing the longitudinal rows of scalids (sc) and the pentagons of pharyngeal teeth (the first five pentagons are labelled with numbers. C. Individual XZ4889 from the Barents Sea, for abbreviations see A. D, E. Frontal view on individual XZ5288 from the Laptev Sea with light microscopy (D) and SEM (E). F. Lateral view on everted pharyngeal teeth in individual XZ5496 from the East-Siberia Sea. Pharyngeal teeth of pentagons 1 to 6 are labelled. G, H. Individual XZ5374 from the Laptev Sea, for abbreviations in G see figure A. H is a magnification showing the ring papillae (rp), posterior warts (pw) and the vesicles (ves) of the caudal appendage.

Fig. 1 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 1. Sampling locations: 1 – Northwest Atlantic (Cobscook Bay), 2 – North Sea (Scotland), 3 – North Sea (Bergen), 4 – Skagerrak (Kristineberg), 5 – Baltic Sea (Oresund), 6 – Norwegian Sea (Tromsø), 7 – Barents Sea (Dalnie Zelentsy), 8 – White Sea, 9 – Barents Sea (Russkaya Gavan), 10 – Kara Sea (Abrosimov Bay), 11 – Gulf of Ob, 12 – Laptev Sea (Severnaya Zemlya), 13 – Laptev Sea (Vilkitsky Strait), 14 – shelf of the Laptev Sea, 15 – Laptev Sea (Buor- Haya), 16 – shallow of the East Siberian Sea, 17 – East Siberian Sea (Chaunskaya Bay), 18 – Chuckchi Sea (Gerold Island), 19 – Sea of Okhotsk (Magadan), 20 – North Pacific (Kamchatka), 21 – North Pacific (Alaska). Green circles indicate individuals from GenBank, yellow circles indicate our samples. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6. Single-gene Bayesian trees for 16S and FoxQ2 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 6. Single-gene Bayesian trees for 16S and FoxQ2 markers. Numbers above nodes indicate bootstrap values from Bayesian Interference (BI), black numbers below—posterior probabilities from Maximum Likelihood (ML), only bootstrap values> 60 are shown.

Fig. 9 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 9. Divergence time estimates from BEAST analysis for major Priapulus caudatus clades with different calibration scenarios (CS). Dates are in millions of years. Green dots indicate the main divergence nodes, orange dots show Okhotsk clade divergence node. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 7. Haplotype TCS network from COI for Priapulus caudatus (including available sequences from GenBank). Frames indicate the main haplogroups, tick marks between haplotypes indicate number of substitutions, relative size of the circles reflects the number of individuals in the haplotype. Colors indicate sample location. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 4. Distribution of five main COI clades around the studied area (including available sequences from GenBank).

Fig. 5 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 5. Right: Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Priapulus caudatus based on COI dataset (without sequences from GenBank). Numbers above nodes indicate bootstrap values from Bayesian Interference (BI), black numbers below—posterior probabilities from Maximum Likelihood (ML), only bootstrap values> 60 are shown. Blue and yellow boxes show 28S + 18S genotypes. Individuals in yellow boxes belong to the intertidal genotype, individuals in blue boxes belong to the subtidal genotype; individuals in half-yellow-half-blue boxes are heterozygotes. Asterisks mark individuals collected in the intertidal (0 m), the rest are from the subtidal (5–500 m). Left: intertidal (yellow worms) and subtidal (blue worms) populations of Priapulus caudatus. Some larvae from intertidal populations pass to the subtidal with the tide. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 3. Single-gene Bayesian trees for COI marker (including all available sequences from GenBank). Numbers above nodes indicate bootstrap values from Bayesian Interference (BI), black numbers below—posterior probabilities from Maximum Likelihood (ML), only bootstrap values> 50 are shown.

Fig. 8 in Cryptic species complex or an incomplete speciation? Phylogeographic analysis reveals an intricate Pleistocene history of Priapulus caudatus Lamarck, 1816

Fig. 8. Ultrametric COI tree calculated in BEAST 2.4 software under the Birth-Death model in 107 MCMC generations (including available sequences from GenBank). Black numbers above branches indicate millions of years (Mya); white numbers below indicate posterior probabilities. On the left side: classic subdivision of the Pliocene-Pleistocene according to Horikawa et al. (2015), M¨oller et al. (2019), and Astakhov and Semionova (2021). Grey boxes indicate glacial periods.

Fig. 5 in Integrated morphometrics reveals conservatism in the cryptic yellowstripe scad (Perciformes: Carangidae) lineages from the Tropical Western Pacific

Fig. 5. (A–F) Scatterplots of the scores from PC1 to PC4 and (G–H) coordinate plots according to the first two discriminant functions of the studied lineages of S. leptolepis through geometric morphometrics.

Fig. 4 in Integrated morphometrics reveals conservatism in the cryptic yellowstripe scad (Perciformes: Carangidae) lineages from the Tropical Western Pacific

Fig. 4. (A) Scatterplot of the scores from PC1 and PC2 and (B–C) coordinate plots according to the first two discriminant functions of the studied lineages of S. leptolepis through truss morphometrics.

Fig. 3 in Integrated morphometrics reveals conservatism in the cryptic yellowstripe scad (Perciformes: Carangidae) lineages from the Tropical Western Pacific

Fig. 3. (A–F) Scatterplots of the scores from PC1 to PC4 and (G–H) coordinate plots according to the first two discriminant functions of the studied lineages of S. leptolepis through lineal morphometrics.

Fig. 1 in Integrated morphometrics reveals conservatism in the cryptic yellowstripe scad (Perciformes: Carangidae) lineages from the Tropical Western Pacific

Fig. 1. Map showing the collection sites of S. leptolepis across the Tropical Western Pacific. The corresponds to ASIA locations and for AUST (Map generated in Ocean Data View).