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text-fig. 12. Left postorbital of two theropods in lateral view and cross-section through the jugal process, illustrating the differences in the outline of the cross-sections (character 41). A, Allosaurus fragilis, based on Madsen (1976). B, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, based on OUM J 13558. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; lat, lateral. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 12. Left postorbital of two theropods in lateral view and cross-section through the jugal process, illustrating the differences in the outline of the cross-sections (character 41). A, Allosaurus fragilis, based on Madsen (1976). B, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, based on OUM J 13558. Abbreviations: ant, anterior; lat, lateral. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 2. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses of theropod interrelationships. Note the inclusion of most basal taxa in a monophyletic Ceratosauria in a-c. a, Novas (1992a). B, Holtz (1994). c, Sereno (1997). D, Makovicky and Sues (1998). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 2. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses of theropod interrelationships. Note the inclusion of most basal taxa in a monophyletic Ceratosauria in a-c. a, Novas (1992a). B, Holtz (1994). c, Sereno (1997). D, Makovicky and Sues (1998).
FIGURE 2. A in Oology And The Evolution Of Thermophysiology In Saurischian Dinosaurs: Homeotherm And Endotherm Deinonychosaurians?
FIGURE 2. A. Incubating troodontid in a desert/semi-desert environment in Asia (rendered by artist Doyle Trankina). Note the position of the incubating parent on the egg clutch as its axial skeleton rests on the vertically/sub-vertically orientated eggs, a position that contrasts with that of oviraptorids where mostly their appendicular skeleton covers the clutch. Furthermore, there is no space without eggs in the clutch center as observed in oviraptorids and unidentified Chinese Macroolithid egg clutches. B. Partial troodontid egg clutch from China (LX09XLOZLX0001-2156). Although not associated with any skeletal remains, taxonomic identification was supported by the eggshell microstructure and egg morphology.Note that the asymmetric shape of these eggs due to the presence of a well developed air cell (arrows) and that the pointed pole faces down with the eggs buried nearly up to the level of the location of the air cell (doted lines). C. SEM of eggshell spared from the region indicated by the white rectangle. Note the presence of two prismatic layers, here separated by a dotted lines, with layer 1 consisting of blade-shaped calcite crystals.
FIGURE 1 in Oology And The Evolution Of Thermophysiology In Saurischian Dinosaurs: Homeotherm And Endotherm Deinonychosaurians?
FIGURE 1. Cladogram inspired from Clark et al., 2002 and Buffetaut et al., 2005, and oological analyses from Grellet-Tinner et al., (2006) and Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky (in press). Note the coeveal appearance of a change in the architecture of the nest, egg shape, and eggshell structure namely in oviraptorids and at the level of troodontids. All these evolutionary transformation reflect a change of thermophysiology, interpreted as an avian-like endothermy in troodontids. Letters indicate the appearance of synapomorphies and when followed by a negative sign indicate a reversal (homoplasy). The optimization of several of these characters is putative and likely to change when more taxa are described in the future. Node 1- Sauropoda; Node 2- Maniraptora; Node 3- Paraves; Node 4- Avialae; Node 5- Ornithothoraces; Node 6- Neornithines Clade 1- Titanosauria;Clade 2- Oviraptorosauria; Clade 3- Troodontidae; Clade 4- Dromaeosauridae; Clade 5- an unidentified coelurosaurid from Phu Phok; Clade 6- possible enantiornithine from Néuquen; Clade 7- Neognathae; Clade 8- Paleognathae Characters a. Presence of surficial ornamentation; b. Acicular crystals as building blocks of the eggshell structure; c. Eggs contained within a rimed nest; d. Nodular ornamentation in titanosaurids; e. Presence of two and aprismatic layers; f. Acicular crystals limited to layer 1; g. Linear ornamentation; h. Elongated eggs; i. Presence of a small-air cell; j. Monoautochronic ovideposition as indicated by the eggs arranged in pairs; k. Eggs are laid on the perimeters of circles that superposed in 2-3 layers and with an empty space in the center of the clutch; l. Presence of brooding behavior; m. Differentiation of organic lines within layer 2; n. Presence of blade-shaped crystals in layer 1; o. Presence of a single circle of eggs; p. Presence of a fully developed air cell; q. No space devoid of eggs in the center of the clutch; r. Reduction from two to one functioning ovary; s. Presence of two and prismatic eggshell structural layers; t. Eggs are vertically oriented in the substrate with air cell up; u. Absence of eggshell surficial ornamentation; v. Presence of bi-modial nodular ornamentation; x. Presence of three prismatic eggshell structural layers; y. Layer 1 wider than layer 2.
FIGURE 1 in Biomechanical Comments About Triassic Dinosaurs From Brazil
FIGURE 1: Ilium in lateral view of Triassic dinosaurs showing the angles of enlargement of the supracetabular crest. In A, Saturnalia with 25°; B, Staurikosaurus with 26°; C, Chromogisaurus with 23° (modified from Ezcurra (2010)); D, Efraasia, with 23° (modified from Langer et al. (2011)); E, Guaibasaurus with 17° (modified from Langer et al. (2011)) and F, Herrerasaurus with 33°.
FIGURE 2 in Biomechanical Comments About Triassic Dinosaurs From Brazil
FIGURE 2: Unaysaurus Pectoral girdle articulated using Clavicular Ring. The black arrow shows the ring that contacts the ventral surface of the first dorsal vertebra to the acromion process. The angle is approximately 60°. Scale bar = 50 mm.
Trophic evolution in ornithopod dinosaurs revealed by dental wear
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Figure 22 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 22. Overview of the mid-diaphyseal section of the right femur of A. kyrgyzicus, posterolateral thin section, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. Frames indicate the location of the component images of Figure 23. Abbreviations: lat, lateral; post, posterior.
Figure 24 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 24. Overview of posterior section of right tibia IGB 2-48, under circumpolarized light and with a lambda filter. Frames indicate the location of the component images below. Growth marks are indicated by arrows. A, Inner part of the periosteal bone wall showing the welldeveloped (blue-coloured) band of ICL as well as a single LAG (lower third of image). Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. B, Details of the typical bone tissue within the periosteal bone wall. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the bottom. C, Outer area of the periosteal bone wall with slightly more abundant longitudinal primary osteons and an annulus, marked by the dark crack in the middle of the image. Direction towards the outer bone surface is to the lower left. Abbreviations: lat, lateral, pos, posterior. Scale bars in A–C are 200 micrometres.
Figure 26 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 26. Phylogenetic position of A. kyrgyzicus. Simplified strict consensus tree resulting from the implied weighing parsimony analysis with k = 12. For full results see Supporting information, Fig. S3.
Figure 18 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 18. Tarsal elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, left astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-38, in proximal (A, stereophotographs), lateral (B), medial (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views. F, right astragalocalcaneum, IGB 2-39, in anterior view. G, left astragalocalcaneum in articulation with the tibia in anterior view. H, partial left distal tarsal IV in distal view. Abbreviations: ap, ascending process; ff, fibular facet; g, groove; og, oval groove; su, partially visible suture between astragalus and calcaneum; tf, tibia facet; tu, tubercle. Scale bar is 5 cm.
Figure 21 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 21. Remains of the paratype of A. kyrgyzicus. A–E, right tibia, IGB 2-48, in anterior (A), lateral (B), proximal (C), and distal (D) views, and detail of the anterior side of the distal end (E). F–I, articulated pubes, IGB 2-49–2-52, in anterior (F), left lateral (G), posterior (H), and distal (I) views. J, fragment of the right ischium, IGB 2-53, in lateral view. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; eb, expansion of pubic boot; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; in, incision; pa, pubic apron; pt, pubic tubercle; ri, ridge; st, step. Scale bars are 5 cm.
Figure 15 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 15. Pubes and ischia of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, partial right pubis, IGB 2-26, in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. D, E, fragmentary left pubis, IGB 2-28, in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F–H, distal end of conjoined pubic boots, IGB 2-29, in right lateral (F), proximal (G), and distal (H) views. I–M, articulated ischia, IGB 2-30, in right lateral (I; note that proximal part of right ischium is missing, so that the medial side of the proximal left element is visible), posterior (J), and left lateral (K) views, and proximal end of left ischium in proximal view (L) and conjoined ischial boot in distal view (M). Abbreviations: eb, expansion for pubic boot; co, concavity; ia, ischial articulation; ib, ischial boot; in, incision; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pa, pubic apron; pdf, posterodorsal flange; pp, pubic peduncle; pt, pubic tubercle. Scale bar is 10 cm.
Figure 12 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 12. Manual elements of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left manual phalanx II-1, IGB 2-24, in dorsal (A), medial (B), lateral (C), ventral (D, stereophotographs), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, manual ungual IGB 2-47 in lateral (G) and proximal (H) views. Abbreviations: eg, extensor groove; su, sulcus. Scale bar is 2 cm.
Figure 11 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 11. Furcula of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-23, in anterior (A), ventral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: bm?, possible bite mark; epi, epicleideal process; fa, facet. Scale bar is 2 cm.
Figure 7 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 7. Dorsal vertebral remains of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, posterior dorsal vertebral centrum IGB 2-10 in right lateral (A), anterior and slightly anterolaterodorsal (B, with neural arch fragment IGB 2-22 in approximate position), and ventral (C) views. D–F, probably last dorsal vertebra IGB 2-11 in right lateral (D) and anterior (E) views, and detail of partial neural arch in left anterolateral view (F). G, isolated dorsal neural spine IGB 2-12 in left lateral view. Abbreviations: hy, hypantrum; il, insertion of interspinal ligaments; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; pnf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bar is 5 cm.
Figure 9 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 9. Last (5th) sacral vertebra of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-15, in left lateral (A), right lateral (B), and posterior (C) views. Abbreviations: hyp, hypantrum; l, lamina; nc, neural canal; pd, pleurocentral depression; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; ri, ridge. Scale bar is 5 cm.
Figure 14 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 14. Partial left ilium of A. kyrgyzicus, IGB 2-25, in ventral view. Abbreviations as in Figure 13. Scale bar is 10 cm.
Figure 6 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 6. Teeth referred to of A. kyrgyzicus. A–C, possible premaxillary tooth IGB 2-6 in mesial (A), labial or lingual (B), and distal (C) views. D, E, lateral tooth IGB 2-3 in (?)lingual (D) and distal (E) views. Scale bar is 1 cm.
Figure 17 in A new theropod dinosaur from the Callovian Balabansai Formation of Kyrgyzstan
Figure 17. Tibiae and fibula of A. kyrgyzicus. A–F, left tibia, IGB 2-34, in lateral (A, stereophotographs), anterior (B), medial (C), posterior (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. G, H, right tibia, IGB 2-35, in anterior (G) and lateral (H) views. I–M, left fibula, IGB 2-36, 2-37, in lateral (I), anterior (J), medial (K), proximal (L), and distal (M) views. Abbreviations: af, anteromedial flange; cc, cnemial crest; d, depression; fc, fibular crest; fic, fibular condyle; g, groove; if, iliofibularis tubercle; in, incision; it, incisura tibialis; ri, ridge; st, step for bracing of ascending process of astragalus; sw, swelling. Scale bar is 10 cm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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