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opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Historical fish survey datasets from productive aquatic ecosystems in Lithuania

Here we present a newly digitized fish monitoring dataset for two major Lithuanian inland ecosystems – Curonian Lagoon and Kaunas Water reservoir. The data comprises fish surveys conducted during <a>1950s to 1980s</a>, using a range of fishing gears and sampling methods. Three different definitions or methods describe the level of detail for each fish community study: Method 1 surveys include individual fish sizes and weights, Method 2 surveys record frequencies of fish in length or weight groups, whereas Method 3 only records the total catch biomass of a given species.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

AWI-CM3 version 3.0 historic, 4XCO2, 1% CO2 data

Historical simulation output from AWI-CM3 version 3.0 Years: 1850-2014 Frequency: Annual means Variables: <ul> <li>T2M: near surface (2m) air temperature</li> <li>PRECIP: precipitation</li> <li>SSR: Surface solar radiation</li> <li>STR: Surface thermal radiation</li> <li>SSRD: Surface solar downward radiation</li> <li>TTR: Top thermal radiation</li> <li>TCC: Total cloud cover</li> <li>CI: Sea ice concentration (on atmospheric grid)</li> <li>CP: Convective precipitation</li> <li>LSP: Large scale precipitation</li> <li>U10M: 10meter eastward wind</li> <li>V10M: 10meter northward wind</li> <li>U: 300hPa eastward wind</li> <li>V: 300hPa northward wind</li> <li>Z: 500hPa geopotential height</li> <li>a_ice: sea ice concentration (on ocean mesh)</li> <li>m_ice: sea ice mass per unit area</li> <li>temp: 3D ocean temperature</li> <li>sst: sea surface temperature</li> <li>w: vertical velocity</li> <li>MLD2: Mixed layer depth according to Large et al. (https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027%3C2418:STSFAB%3E2.0.CO;2)</li> </ul>   4xCO2 simulation output from AWI-CM3 version 3.0 Years: 1850-1970 Frequency: Annual means Variables: <ul> <li>T2M: near surface (2m) air temperature</li> <li>TTR: Top thermal radiation</li> <li>TSR: Top solar radiation</li> </ul>   1% per year increased of CO2 simulation output from AWI-CM3 version 3.0 Years: 1850-2010 Frequency: Annual means Variables: <ul> <li>T2M: near surface (2m) air temperature</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Data from: Historical mitochondrial genome introgression confounds species delimitation—evidence from phylogenetic inference in the Odorrana grahami species complex

Species delimitation is essential to informing conservation policy and understanding ecological and evolutionary processes. Most of our recent gains in knowledge on animal diversity rely on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation. Concordant results based on both have led to an unprecedented acceleration in the identification of new species and enriched the field of taxonomy. However, discordances are also found commonly between morphological and mtDNA evidence. This confounds species delimitation, especially when gene flow or mitochondrial genome introgression has occurred. Here we illustrate how mitochondrial genome introgression among species of the Odorrana grahami complex confounds species delimitation using the combined evidence of morphological characters, mitochondrial variation, and thousands of nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Fifty-eight samples across the distribution of the O. grahami complex were included. The mtDNA matrilineal genealogy indicated two clades, with O. grahami and O. junlianensis clustered together. In contrast, all nuclear evidence including gene trees, species trees, and genetic structure analyses based on GBS data support three species with distinct genetic clusters. These three distinct genetic clusters also correspond to distinct morphological characters. They affirm the distinct taxonomic entities of both O. grahami and O. junlianensis, as well as a third clade distinct from either. Which species the third clade belongs to remains unclear and will require further testing. The nuclear genomic loci contradict the COI evidence, with indications of rampant historical mitochondrial genome introgression among the species of the O. grahami complex. These discordant signals previously confused species delimitation efforts in this group. Based on these findings, we recommend the integration of independent data, especially nuclear genomic evidence, in species delimitation so as to be robust against the pitfalls of mitochondrial introgression.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Connecting Amazonian historical biogeography and local assemblages of understorey birds: recurrent guild proportionality within areas of endemism.

Aim: Current diversity patterns in local communities result from historical and contemporary events that operate at distinct spatial and temporal scales. However, the contribution of local and large-scale processes in structuring species diversity remain a contentious topic in ecology. We investigated diversity patterns (species richness, composition and number of captures) of understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian unflooded (terra firme) forests. We sought to understand whether understorey bird assemblages in distinct areas of endemism show distinct patterns of diversity, and whether species replacements among areas of endemism occur while the proportion of species within guilds remains stable. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Understorey birds. Methods: To investigate diversity patterns, we compiled studies that mist-netted birds at 11 regions across seven Amazonian areas of endemism. We used coverage-based rarefaction curves, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and created a heatmap based on the proportion of captures in each area of endemism to access patterns of richness, composition and captures of understorey birds, respectively. The relative variance (RVgp index) was calculated to investigate the existence of guild proportionality within each area of endemism. Results: Bird assemblages diverged across the seven areas of endemism, in terms of species richness, composition and captures. However, the proportion of species and individuals within guilds was similar among areas of endemism, indicating that species replacements across areas of endemism occur while maintaining the same ecological functions. Guild proportionality suggests that interspecific competition and resource availability are more important than environmental heterogeneity in structuring understorey bird assemblages. Main conclusions: The similar proportion of species within guilds suggest that interspecific competition and resource availability are more important than environmental heterogeneity in structuring local assemblages, possibly via a process of limiting similarity in morphological and functional traits. The observed congruent structure in understorey bird assemblages across areas of endemism shows that coupled historical and ecological processes, operating at local to large scales, have led to current patterns of diversity and composition in Amazonian bird communities.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Bioclimatic, soil, terrain, distance to Native American settlement, and historical tree taxon relative abundance data at 8-km resolution for the northeastern United States

Researchers have debated impacts of past Native American land use on forests including upon tree species composition in northeastern United States (US), with estimates of impacts ranging from local to regional extent. This study examines tree relative abundances in the northeastern US (approx. 420,000 km2) to assess whether Native Americans influenced geographic distributions of 18 tree taxa prior to Euro-American settlement. We used boosted regression trees to model abundance patterns and to assess the importance of distance-based proxies of Native American land use versus environmental variables. We trained models that included and excluded distance-based proxies. Abundance estimates from original land survey records (1650-1850 CE) were acquired for taxa at 8 km spatial resolution, and related to Native American settlement locations (1500-1800 CE) and 27 environmental variables. When evaluated upon test data, regional-scale models of relative abundance that included distance-based proxies performed only slightly better than models that excluded them, with mean improvements in RMSE of 0.1 percentage points. Models suggest that Native American land use modestly altered the relative abundance of taxa locally, extending no more than 50 km from settlement. Models also suggest slight increases near settlement of a few percentage points in relative abundance for fire-tolerant and/or dietary taxa (e.g. oak, hickory, and pine), and for early-successional taxa (e.g. ash). Past Native American land use had no detectable effect on forest composition across a regional extent, but increased the abundance of fire-tolerant, shade-intolerant, and nut-producing trees locally. The Excel-format (.xlsx) dataset here provides the training and testing data for the BRT models in this publication. It contains relative abundances of the 18 tree taxa expressed as a fraction of total number of trees. It also provides bioclimatic (e.g. annual temperature, annual preciptation), soil (e.g. pH, percent sand), terrain (e.g. slope), and Native American (e.g. distance to settlement) variables developed from multiple sources. A column also indicates whether an observation was part of the training data or the test data. See the publication and its Supporting Information for full details on the acquisition and processing of these data, as well as the original providers of the data. If using these data, please cite both this dataset's corresponding article, as well as the original providers of the data. Also provided are ascii-format (.asc) gridded data layers that were used for making spatial predictions of taxon relative abundances from BRT models. The original creators/providers of the relative abundance, bioclimatic, soil, terrain, and Native American data or layers used for creating the gridded data in this study are: Abel, T. (2016). The Iroquoian occupations of Northern New York: A summary of current research. Ontario Archaeology, 96, 65–75. CIFAS. (2017). Map Of First Nations in New Brunswick. Comitas Institute for Anthropological Study. <a href="http://cifas.us/first-nations-maps/">http://cifas.us/first-nations-maps/</a> Grumet, R. S. (1995). Historic Contact: Indian People and Colonists in Today's Northeastern United States in the Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press. Jordan, K. A. (2013). Incorporation and colonization: Postcolumbian Iroquois satellite communities and processes of indigenous autonomy. American Anthropologist, 115(1), 29–43. Milner, G. R., & Chaplin, G. (2010). Eastern North American population at ca. A.D. 1500. American Antiquity, 75(4), 707–726. NASA. (2000). SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Database v4.1. <a href="https://cgiarcsi.community/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1/">https://cgiarcsi.community/data/srtm-90m-digital-elevation-database-v4-1/</a> O'Donnell, M. S., & Ignizio, D. A. (2012). Bioclimatic Predictors for Supporting Ecological Applications in the Conterminous United States (Data Series 691; p. 10). U.S. Geological Survey. <a href="https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/4fe0f9f4e4b05d4ed81d9392">https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/4fe0f9f4e4b05d4ed81d9392</a> Paciorek, C. J., Goring, S. J., Thurman, A. L., Cogbill, C. V., Williams, J. W., Mladenoff, D. J., Peters, J. A., Zhu, J., & McLachlan, J. S. (2016). Statistically-estimated tree composition for the northeastern United States at the time of Euro-American settlement. PLoS ONE, 11(2), e0150087. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150087">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150087</a> Peters, M. P., Iverson, L. R., Prasad, A. M., & Matthews, S. N. (2013). Integrating Fine-scale Soil Data into Species Distribution Models: Preparing Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Data from Multiple Counties (General Technical Report NRS-122; p. 70). U.S. Forest Service. <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/45308">https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/45308</a>

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Historical exposure to chemicals reduces tolerance to novel chemical stress in Daphnia (waterflea)

Until the last few decades, anthropogenic chemicals used in most production processes didn't have a comprehensive assessment of their risk and impact on wildlife and humans. They are transported globally and usually end up in the environment as unintentional pollutants causing long-term adverse effects. Modern toxicology practises typically use acute toxicity tests of unrealistic concentrations of chemicals to determine their safe use, missing pathological effects arising from long-term exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations. Here, we study the transgenerational effect of environmentally relevant concentrations of five chemicals on the priority list of international regulatory frameworks on the keystone species Daphnia magna. We expose Daphnia genotypes resurrected from the sedimentary archive of a lake with a known history of chemical pollution to the five chemicals to understand how historical exposure to chemicals influences adaptive responses to novel chemical stress. We measure within and transgenerational plasticity in fitness-linked life history traits following exposure of 'experienced' and 'naive' genotypes to novel chemical stress. As the revived Daphnia originates from the same genetic pool sampled at different times in the past, we are able to quantify the long-term evolutionary impact of chemical pollution by studying genome-wide diversity and identifying functional pathways affected by historical chemical stress. Our results suggest that historical exposure to chemical stress causes reduced genome-wide diversity, leading to lower cross-generational tolerance to novel chemical stress. Lower tolerance is underpinned by reduced gene diversity at detoxification, catabolism and endocrine genes in experienced genotypes. We show that these genes sit within pathways that are conserved and potential chemical targets in other species, including humans.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data from: Phylogenomics and historical biogeography of West Indian Rock Iguanas (genus Cyclura)

The genus Cyclura includes nine extant species and six subspecies of West Indian Rock Iguanas and is one of the most imperiled genera of squamate reptiles globally. An understanding of species diversity, evolutionary relationships, diversification, and historical biogeography in this group is crucial for implementing sound long-term conservation strategies. We collected DNA samples from 1–10 individuals per taxon from all Cyclura taxa (n = 70 ingroup individuals), focusing where possible on incorporating individuals from different populations of each species. We also collected 1–2 individuals from each of seven outgroup species of iguanas (Iguana delicatissima; five Ctenosaura species) and Anolis sagrei (n = 12 outgroup individuals). We used targeted genomic sequence capture to isolate and to sequence 1,872 loci comprising of 687,308 base pairs (bp) from each of the 82 individuals from across the nuclear genome. We extracted mitochondrial reads and assembled and annotated mitogenomes for all Cyclura taxa plus outgroup species. We present well-supported phylogenomic gene tree/species tree analyses for all extant species of Cyclura using ASTRAL-III, SVDQuartets, and starBEAST methods, and discuss the taxonomic, biogeographic, and conservation implications of these data. We find a most recent common ancestor of the genus 9.91 million years ago. The earliest divergence within Cyclura separates C. pinguis from a clade comprising all Cyclura except C. pinguis. Within the latter group, a clade comprising C. carinata from the southern Lucayan Islands and C. ricordii from Hispaniola is the sister taxon to a clade comprising the other Cyclura. Among the other Cyclura, the species C. cornuta and C. stejnegeri (from Hispaniola and Isla Mona) form the sister taxon to a clade of species from Jamaica (C. collei), Cuba and Cayman Islands (C. nubila), and the eastern (C. rileyi) and western (C. cychlura) Lucayan Islands. Cyclura cychlura and C. rileyi form a clade whose sister taxon is C. nubila. Cyclura collei is the sister taxon to these three species combined.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: The influence of historical dispersal on the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in the tropical Andes

We test for evidence of the Tropical Niche Conservatism or the Out of The Tropics hypotheses in structuring patterns of tree community composition along a 2000+ meter elevational gradient in the northern tropical Andes. By collecting and integrating data on the presence-absence of tree species within plots with phylogenetic information, we analyzed: 1) patterns of phylogenetic dispersion and species diversity along the elevational gradient based on indexes of net relatedness, nearest taxon relatedness, and species richness (α-diversity); and 2) the replacement of lineages along the gradient using the PhyloSorensen metric (β-diversity). More specifically, we established 20 0.25-ha permanent tree inventory plots between 750 and 2802 m asl where all individuals with Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were measured and identified. We then used a series of linear models to test for changes in α and β diversity between plots in relation to elevation. Neither the net relatedness index nor the nearest taxon index showed a significant relationship with elevation. However, there was greater phylogenetic over-dispersion at intermediate elevations; this likely reflects the mixing of species with contrasting origins from tropical and temperate lineages. β-diversity between plots was negatively related to the corresponding difference in elevation, indicating that closely related lineages occupy similar ranges of elevation and temperature. We conclude that the immigration of lineages from extra-tropical regions have significant effects in determining the phylogenetic structure of tree communities in tropical Andean forests.

FIGURES 80–83 in Two new Staurosirella species (Staurosiraceae, Bacillariophyta) observed in an historic Rabenhorst sample

FIGURES 80–83. Staurosirella neopinnata Morales et al. SEM images taken from Rabenhorst sample 1441 (Casaccio, Switzerland). 80. SEM external view of part of a frustule in girdle view with the closed valvocopula still attached. 81, 82 SEM external views of two entire valves. 83. SEM internal view of an entire valve. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURES 74–79 in Two new Staurosirella species (Staurosiraceae, Bacillariophyta) observed in an historic Rabenhorst sample

FIGURES 74–79. Staurosirella minutissima Van de Vijver sp. nov. SEM images taken from the holotype material (BR-4712, Rabenhorst sample 1441, Casaccio, Switzerland). 74. External view of an entire valve in valve face view. The girdle bands are still attached to the valves. External view of an entire frustule showing the open valvocopula and the numerous copulae. 76. External view of an entire valve in oblique position showing the continuous structure of the striae and the double spines per virga. Note also the rapidly narrowing striae on the mantle and the large abvalvar hyaline mantle edge. 77. SEM external and internal view of two entire valves. 78. SEM external view of an entire valve. Note the presence of the double spines per virga and the small apical pore fields. 79. SEM internal view of an entire valve. Scale bars = 5 µm (Figs 74–76, 78–79), 10 µm (Fig 77).

FIGURES 1–68 in Two new Staurosirella species (Staurosiraceae, Bacillariophyta) observed in an historic Rabenhorst sample

FIGURES 1–68. Light micrographs of three Staurosirella species observed in Rabenhorst sample 1441. 1–30. Staurosirella coutelasiana Van de Vijver sp. nov. LM views of the population arranged in decreasing length. Fig. 1. represents a frustule in girdle view. 31–51. Staurosirella minutissima Van de Vijver, sp. nov. LM views of the population arranged in decreasing length. Figs 31 and 32 represent frustules in girdle view, either in pairs (31) or solitary (32). 52 represents a possible valvocopula. 52–68. Staurosirella neopinnata E.Morales et al. LM views of the population arranged in decreasing length. 68. Represents two frustules in girdle view. Scale bars = 10 µm.

FIGURES 69–73 in Two new Staurosirella species (Staurosiraceae, Bacillariophyta) observed in an historic Rabenhorst sample

FIGURES 69–73. Staurosirella coutelasiana Van de Vijver sp. nov. SEM images taken from the holotype material (BR-4711, Rabenhorst sample 1441, Casaccio, Switzerland). 69–71. Three external views of an entire valve. Note the presence of the irregular marginal spines and the rather well-developed apical pore field at each apex. The virgae and sternum are clearly raised with the striae as punch-holes. 72. External view of the open valvocopula showing fimbriae. 73. SEM internal view of an entire valve. Scale bars = 10 µm.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Historical connections between Atlantic Forest and Amazonia drove genetic and ecological diversity in Lithobates palmipes (Anura, Ranidae)

The Atlantic and Amazon rainforests have a shared but unclear past, with intermittent connections resulting from historical climate change. We investigate these connections by studying the phylogeography and climatic niche of the disjunct distributed frog Lithobates palmipes. We sequenced two fragments of mitochondrial DNA from Atlantic Forest (AtF) and Amazonia (AmF) individuals and evaluated how genetic diversity is distributed in space and whether past demographic changes occurred. Also, we evaluated the existence of past suitable connections between biomes for L. palmipes through ecological niche models (ENM) and tested for niche divergence. The AtF group is nested within the AmF group and closely related to individuals from eastern Amazonia, a pattern recovered in many species that used northeast connection routes. We found evidence of recurrent use of connections in different directions and time during the Pleistocene, resulting in genetic structure between biomes, with no signal of demographic change and evidence of niche divergence across both genetic groups. ENMs indicated suitable areas connecting forests throughout northeastern Brazil during the Pleistocene. Mitochondrial lineages do not match biomes exactly. One lineage is composed of AtF populations and eastern Amazonia individuals. The other is composed of western Amazonia individuals, suggesting an effect of past climatic heterogeneity within the Amazonia forest. This is the first evidence that this route drove genetic and ecological diversity for amphibians recently, a group with habits and ecological requirements different from other vertebrates that have been shown to use this putative corridor.

opennotspecifiedJul 2016View details →

Distribution. SW Asia, Kopet Dag Mts and Malyy Balkhan Mts of SW Turkmenistan and NE Iran; historic remains from WC Afghanistan discussed under taxonomy. Distributional limits are not known. in Gliridae

Distribution. SW Asia, Kopet Dag Mts and Malyy Balkhan Mts of SW Turkmenistan and NE Iran; historic remains from WC Afghanistan discussed under taxonomy. Distributional limits are not known.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Historical flood reconstruction in a torrential alpine catchment (Saltina, Brig, Swiss Alps) and its implication for flood hazard assessments

EXCEL has three sheets : 1. Pas flood description 2. Past Engineering 3. Hydraulic modeling flood discharge (1331 to 1965) and systematic discharge from 1966 to 2020.   Word has two pictures   1. past old maps (1331,1888,1938,2017) 2. Walls, check dam, and lifting bridge

Subspecies and Distribution. S.o.oerstediiReinhardt,1872—PacificcoastofSECostaRica(PuntarenasProvince)andSWPanama(ChiriquiProvince),fromtheSbankoftheRioGrandedeTérrabatothemouthoftheRioFonsecaandtheArchipelagooftheGolfodeChiriqui;inPanamaelevationsfromsealevelto500m. S. o. citrinellus Thomas, 1904 — historically along the Pacific coast of W Costa Rica in Puntarenas Province (elevations up to 500 m), the NE limit marked by the Rio Tulin in the N Herradura Mts (9° 40' N, 84° 35° W) and Dota Mts (9° 37' N, 84° 35° W), and the S limit by the N bank of the Rio Grande de Térraba (8° 25' N, 84° 25' W); its populations are entirely fragmented. in Cebidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.o.oerstediiReinhardt,1872—PacificcoastofSECostaRica(PuntarenasProvince)andSWPanama(ChiriquiProvince),fromtheSbankoftheRioGrandedeTérrabatothemouthoftheRioFonsecaandtheArchipelagooftheGolfodeChiriqui;inPanamaelevationsfromsealevelto500m. S. o. citrinellus Thomas, 1904 — historically along the Pacific coast of W Costa Rica in Puntarenas Province (elevations up to 500 m), the NE limit marked by the Rio Tulin in the N Herradura Mts (9° 40' N, 84° 35° W) and Dota Mts (9° 37' N, 84° 35° W), and the S limit by the N bank of the Rio Grande de Térraba (8° 25' N, 84° 25' W); its populations are entirely fragmented.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Historical data of flash flood and trend analysis information for Uttarakhand, India

Historical data is always useful in interpreting any hazard-affected location. In this article historical data were gathered from various literature reviews, journals, newspapers, reports, and other sources to generate a flash flood map for Uttarakhand state, India. Between 1970 and 2020, a total of 122 sites were identified as being at risk of flash flooding. Moreover, several studies on rainfall trends at various scales have concluded that global warming is increasing extreme precipitation as well as extreme weather-related occurrences and risks. Therefore, high spatial resolution (0.25*0.25 degree) daily gridded rainfall data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) was utilized to analyse the change in percentage from 1970 to 2020 for annual, pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons.

Distribution. Restricted and patchy range in NE Madagascar that includes the humid forest belt extending from the Marojejy Massif and the Andapa Basin to Maroantsetra; the Androranga River may be the NE distributional limit in the Tsaratanana Corridor, although further surveys are needed to confirm this, and the Antainambalana River in the Makira Forest protected area is currently regarded as the S boundary. Currently, Marojejy represents the N limit ofits distribution, although historic range maps suggest that it once occurred as far N as the Bemarivo River near Sambava. The NE distributional limit in Makira was only recently established, when a few groups were found in the Antohaka Lava Forest, but informal reports suggest that the unprotected Maherivaratra Forest, outside NE Makira, may also contain Silky Sifakas. in Indriidae

Distribution. Restricted and patchy range in NE Madagascar that includes the humid forest belt extending from the Marojejy Massif and the Andapa Basin to Maroantsetra; the Androranga River may be the NE distributional limit in the Tsaratanana Corridor, although further surveys are needed to confirm this, and the Antainambalana River in the Makira Forest protected area is currently regarded as the S boundary. Currently, Marojejy represents the N limit ofits distribution, although historic range maps suggest that it once occurred as far N as the Bemarivo River near Sambava. The NE distributional limit in Makira was only recently established, when a few groups were found in the Antohaka Lava Forest, but informal reports suggest that the unprotected Maherivaratra Forest, outside NE Makira, may also contain Silky Sifakas.

Distribution. NE & E Madagascar from the Mananara River in the N to the Mangoro and Onive rivers in the S; although the precise distributional limits are unknown, the Diademed Sifaka is thought to be the most widely distributed of the sifakas, occurring throughout Madagascar's E rainforests. Historically, its distribution extended farther N to just S of the Antainambalana River, but it has not been found in recent years during fairly extensive studies of that region. in Indriidae

Distribution. NE & E Madagascar from the Mananara River in the N to the Mangoro and Onive rivers in the S; although the precise distributional limits are unknown, the Diademed Sifaka is thought to be the most widely distributed of the sifakas, occurring throughout Madagascar's E rainforests. Historically, its distribution extended farther N to just S of the Antainambalana River, but it has not been found in recent years during fairly extensive studies of that region.

Distribution. Restricted to a small area along the Sino-Viethamese border in Trung Khanh District (Cao Bang Province, NE Vietnam) and Jingxi County (Guangxi Province, SE China); the historical distribution stretched from SE China to N Vietnam as far S and W as the Red River. in Hylobatidae

Distribution. Restricted to a small area along the Sino-Viethamese border in Trung Khanh District (Cao Bang Province, NE Vietnam) and Jingxi County (Guangxi Province, SE China); the historical distribution stretched from SE China to N Vietnam as far S and W as the Red River.