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6,999 results for “Provinces”
Data from: DNA barcoding fishes from the Congo and the Lower Guinean provinces: assembling a reference library for poorly inventoried fauna
The Congolese and Lower Guinean ichthyological provinces are understudied hotspots of the global fish diversity. Here, we barcoded 741 specimens from the Lower and Middle Congo River and from three major drainage basins of the Lower Guinean ichthyological province, Kouilou-Niari, Nyanga and Ogowe. We identified 195 morphospecies belonging to 82 genera and 25 families. Most morphospecies (92.8%) corresponded to distinct clusters of DNA barcodes. Of the four morphospecies present in both neighbouring ichthyological provinces, only one showed DNA barcode divergence <2.5%. A small fraction of the fishes barcoded here (12.9% of the morphospecies and 16.1% of the barcode clusters representing putative species) were also barcoded in a previous large-scale DNA analysis of freshwater fishes of the Lower Congo published in 2011 (191 specimens, 102 morphospecies). We compared species assignments before and after taxonomic updates and across studies performed by independent research teams and observed that most cases of inconsistent species assignments were due to unknown diversity (undescribed species and unknown intraspecific variation). Our results report more than 17 putative new species and show that DNA barcode data provide a measure of genetic variability that facilitates the inventory of underexplored ichthyofaunae. However, taxonomic scrutiny, associated with revisions and new species descriptions, is indispensable to delimit species and build a coherent reference library.
Data from: Plant diversity and endemism in the California Floristic Province
The California Floristic Province (CFP) is an area of high biodiversity and endemism corresponding roughly to the portion of western North America having a Mediterranean-type climate. High levels of diversity and endemism in the CFP are attributed to the unique geo-climatic setting of the region. In recent years, much has been learned about the origins of plant diversity in western North America. This work, however, has been hindered by a focus on political rather than biotic regions, such that much more is known about diversity and endemism in the state of California than the natural biotic region represented by the CFP. Here we present a preliminary list of native land plants (vascular plants and bryophytes) found in the CFP, as well as an analysis of diversity and endemism patterns at the level of both species and minimum rank taxa (MRT; species and infraspecific taxa). A total of 6,927 MRT are native to the CFP, including 6,143 vascular plants and 784 bryophytes. Of these, 2,612 vascular plants are endemic to the CFP (42%) compared to 37 endemic bryophytes (5%). Finally, 2,506 native CFP vascular plant MRT (41% of the CFP flora) and 454 CFP bryophyte MRT (58% of the CFP flora) are found outside California in the Oregon and Baja California parts of the CFP. This high degree of sharing across political boundaries among both vascular plants and bryophytes highlights the cohesiveness of the CFP, and the need to focus more research effort on biotic regions.
Data from: Fish faunal provinces of the conterminous United States of America reflect historical geography and familial composition
Although the conterminous USA has a long history of ichthyological exploration, the description of biogeographical provinces has been ad hoc. In this study we quantitatively determined fish faunal provinces and interpreted them in the context of the geological history of North America. We also evaluated influences of major river basin occupancy and contemporary environmental factors on provincial patterns. Our data set comprised 794 native fishes, which we used to generate a presence and absence matrix for U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) four-digit hydrologic units. Three nested data sets were analysed separately: primary freshwater families, continental freshwater families (including primary and secondary families) and all freshwater families (including primary, secondary and peripheral families). We used clustering analysis to delimit faunal breaks and one-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) to determine significance among clusters (i.e. provinces). We used an indicator-species analysis to identify species that contributed most to province delineations and a similarity-percentage (SIMPER) analysis to describe the relative influence of representatives from each category (i.e. primary, secondary, peripheral) on provincial boundaries. Lastly, we used a parsimony redundancy analysis to determine the roles of historical (i.e. major river basin) and contemporary environmental factors in shaping provinces. Analysis of the nested data sets revealed lessening provincial structure with inclusion of more families. There were 10 primary freshwater provinces, 9 continental freshwater provinces and 7 all freshwater provinces. Major basin occupancy, but not contemporary environmental factors, explained substantial variance in faunal similarities among provinces. However, provincial boundaries did not conform strictly to modern river basins, but reflected river-drainage connections of the Quaternary. Provinces represent broad-scale patterns of endemism and provide a starting point for future studies. Relative malleability of province boundaries in the continental interior highlights this region as biogeographically diverse and dynamic. Interior-core provinces of this region (Central Gulf Coastal Plains, Northern Interior) have not been recognized previously and warrant further study.
Data from: Continental-scale biogeographic variation: provinces versus gradients in the Upper Ordovician of Laurentia
Although provinces are widely used to delimit large-scale variations in biotic composition, it is unknown to what extent such variations simply reflect large-scale gradients, much as has been shown at smaller scales for communities. We examine here whether four previously described Middle and Late Ordovician provinces on Laurentia are best described as distinct provinces or as biotic gradients through a combination of the Paleobiology Database and new field data. Both data sets indicate considerable overlap in faunal composition, with spatial patterns in Jaccard similarity, quantified Jaccard similarity, and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination structure that correspond to variations in substrate type, specifically from carbonate-dominated strata in western Laurentia to mixed carbonate–siliciclastic strata in the midcontinent to siliciclastic-dominated rocks in easternmost Laurentia. Because sampling was limited to shallow-subtidal settings, this gradient cannot be attributed to variations in water depth. Likewise, geographic distance accounts for only a quarter of the variation in faunal composition. This cross-continent faunal gradient increases in strength into the early Late Ordovician, and appears to represent increased siliciclastic influx into eastern Laurentia during the Taconic orogeny. These results raise the question of whether biogeographic provinces may be in general better interpreted and analyzed as biotic gradients rather than as discrete entities.
Data from: Genealogy and palaeodrainage basins in Yunnan Province: phylogeography of the Yunnan spiny frog, Nanorana yunnanensis (Dicroglossidae)
Historical drainage patterns adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau differed markedly from those of today. We examined the relationship between drainage history and geographic patterns of genetic variation in the Yunnan spiny frog, Nanorana yunnanensis, using approximately 981 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) partial sequences from encoding genes ND1 and ND2, and intervening areas including complete tRNA Ile, tRNA Gln, and tRNA Met. Two null hypotheses were tested, including (1) that genetic patterns do not correspond to the development of drainage systems and (2) that populations had been stable and not experienced population expansion, bottlenecking and selection. Genealogical analyses identified three, major, well-supported maternal lineages, each of which had two sublineages. These divergent lineages were completely concordant with six geographical regions. Genetic structure and divergence were strongly congruent with historical rather than contemporary drainage patterns. Most lineages and sublineages were formed through population fragmentation events during the rearrangement of paleodrainage basins in the early Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Sympatric lineages occurred only in localities at the boundaries of major drainages, likely reflecting secondary contact of previously allopatric populations. Extensive population expansion probably occurred early in the Middle Pleistocene accompanying dramatic climatic oscillations.
Data from: Overview of animal rabies in Kinshasa Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Introduction: Rabies is one of the major public health problems mostly affecting developing countries in Africa and Asia where 99.9% of all rabies related human deaths are recorded each year. In Democratic Republic of Congo, repeated outbreaks have been reported. Despite this, there is little reliable epidemiological data about rabies in the country for the development of effective control strategies. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in Kinshasa Province during a period of five years (2009–2013) to describe the proportion of rabid animals and the species involved in rabies transmission and maintenance. The survey also aimed at describing the spatial-temporal distribution of rabies. To gather information, the daily registers of institutions involved in rabies diagnosis were reviewed and each rabies case was traced back to area of occurrence for collection of geographic coordinates. Results and Discussion: A total of 5,053 attacks were registered involving six animal species including dog, cat, monkey, rabbit, rat, and pig. Based on clinical observations, rabies was reported in dogs and cats while data obtained from the laboratory confirmed rabies cases included dogs, cats and a goat. The annual distribution showed a significant decrease of rabies cases from 2009 up to 2011 and a later increase up to 2013. There was no difference in rabies occurrence between seasons (p = 0.721). Rabies cases were three times higher in peri-urban zone than in urban zone OR = 3.4 (95% CI: 2.3–5.1). The positive proportion of rabies was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.1–3) based on clinical evidence and 65.9% (95% CI: 50–79.5) for laboratory confirmed cases. Conclusion and Suggestion: This study confirms the endemicity of rabies in Kinshasa where occurrence of rabies cases was related to human population density and lifestyle. In order to control rabies, there is need to set up a surveillance program and implement efficient mass vaccination campaigns of susceptible animals.
FIGURES 9–10 in A new species of Stasimopus from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), with notes on its natural history
FIGURES 9–10. Stasimopus mandelai sp. nov., variation in spine pattern on left leg I of males; retrolateral aspect, top; prolateral aspect, bottom. 9, MY 559; 10, MY 560. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 11–15 in A new species of Stasimopus from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), with notes on its natural history
FIGURES 11–15. Stasimopus mandelai sp. nov., females. 11, spermathecae. Variation of spinule patch on left leg metatarsus I. 12, MY 563; 13, MY 564; 14, MY 568; 15, MY 569. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 5–8 in New species of Hybos Meigen from Guangdong Province, South China (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURES 5–8. Hybos nankunshanensis sp. nov., ɗ. 5, Genitalia, dorsal view; 6, right surstylus; 7, left surstylus; 8, hypandrium, ventral view.
FIGURES 1–4 in New species of Hybos Meigen from Guangdong Province, South China (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURES 1–4. Hybos mangshanensis sp. nov., ɗ. 1, Genitalia, dorsal view; 2, right surstylus; 3, left surstylus; 4, hypandrium, ventral view.
FIGURES 9–12 in New species of Hybos Meigen from Guangdong Province, South China (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURES 9–12. Hybos xiaohuangshanensis sp. nov., ɗ. 9, Genitalia, dorsal view; 10, right surstylus; 11, left surstylus; 12, hypandrium, ventral view.
FIGURES 1–4 in New species of Platypalpus from Hebei province, China (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURES 1–4. Platypalpus hebeiensis sp. n., male. 1. Spur on mid tibia; 2. genitalia, dorsal view; 3. right surstylus; 4. left epandrial lamella.
FIGURES 8–10 in New species of Platypalpus from Hebei province, China (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURES 8–10. Platypalpus xiaowutaiensis sp. n., male. 8. Genitalia, dorsal view; 9. right epandrial lamella; 10. left epandrial lamella.
FIGURES 5–7 in New species of Platypalpus from Hebei province, China (Diptera: Empididae)
FIGURES 5–7. Platypalpus acutatus sp. n., male. 5. Genitalia, dorsal view; 6. right epandrial lamella; 7. left epandrial lamella.
FIGURES 16–19 in A new species of Stasimopus from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), with notes on its natural history
FIGURES 16–19. Stasimopus mandelai sp. nov., trapdoor and architecture of excavated burrow. 16, trapdoor closed, top view; 17, trapdoor open, lateral view; 18, closeup view of inside trapdoor, the arrow is pointing to small pits; 19, trapdoor open, oblique view.
FIGURES 1–2 in A new species of Stasimopus from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), with notes on its natural history
FIGURES 1–2. Stasimopus mandelai sp. nov., live habitus images. 1, female; 2, holotype male. Scale bars = 5.0 mm.
FIGURES 3–8 in A new species of Stasimopus from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), with notes on its natural history
FIGURES 3–8. Stasimopus mandelai sp. nov., holotype male (MY 557). 3, left leg I, retrolateral aspect; 4, left leg I, prolateral aspect; 5, pedipalp, patella to bulb, retrolateral aspect; 6, pedipalp, distal portion, ventral aspect. Paratype male (MY 559). 7, leg I, retrolateral aspect; 8, pedipalp, retrolateral aspect (box showing enlarged view of palpal organ). Scale bars for legs = 2.0 mm; for pedipalps = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 7 in The checkered beetles (Coleoptera: Cleridae) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada
FIGURE 7. Distribution of Madoniella dislocata, Isohydnocera curtipennis, and Trichodes nutalli in the Maritime Provinces.
FIGURE 6 in The checkered beetles (Coleoptera: Cleridae) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada
FIGURE 6. Distribution of Enoclerus n. nigripes, E. n. rufiventris, and E. muttkowskii in the Maritime Provinces.
FIGURES 1–5 in Description of Sinothomisus gen. nov. with a new species from Yunnan Province, China (Araneae, Thomisidae)
FIGURES 1–5. Sinothomisus liae sp. nov. 1–2. body, dorsal view: 1. female; 2. male; 3–5. left male palp (SEM photos): 3. prolateral view, 4. ventral view, 5. retrolateral view. Scale bars: 1–2, 1.0 mm; 3–5, 0.1 mm. DTA–––distal tibial apophysis; RTA–––retrolateral tibial apophysis; VTA–––ventral tibial apophysis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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