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FIGURE 155 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 155. Hybrid #100 (dorsal, ventral). Costa Rica: Heredia, La Selva Biological Station, 17 July 2002, leg. K. Kronforst. Mallet et al. (2007) interpreted this specimen as another hybrid backcross between a H. pachinus (Fig. 152) x H. cydno galanthus (Fig. 54) F1 and H. cydno galanthus. The atypical features are the reduced anterior brown "forceps" in the HW, and the reduction of the white hourglass-shaped pattern element in the apex of the FW discal cell.
FIGURE 154 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 154. Hybrid #99 (ventral). Mallet et al. (2007) misleadingly implied that this is a wild hybrid specimen from Rio Sarapiquí, Costa Rica, and count it as such in their Table 1. The figure legends in the database (and Gilbert 2003, plate 14.5, where the image is reproduced) indicate to the contrary, that the specimen is a lab -reared H. cydno galanthus x H. pachinus backcross of indeterminate pedigree from the "synthetic hybrid zone" in Larry Gilbert's greenhouse at UT Austin.
FIGURE 171. H. peruvianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 171. H. peruvianus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1859 (dorsal). Ecuador: "Esmeraldas, Lita, Chuchuví" (locality data erroneous—K. Willmott pers. comm.). (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/peruvianus.html). This taxon, elevated from subspecific status by Jiggins & Davies (1998), is a dry-forest segregate from western Ecuador like H. himera.
FIGURE 153 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 153. Hybrid # 98 (ventral). Costa Rica. The specimen was collected on the slopes of Turrialba volcano (Volcán Irazu?), on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, (USNM type no. 16782) and bears Schaus' label "H. galanthus var. subrufescens. However, the published description (Schaus, 1913) categorizes the specimen as an aberration: thus, the name is infrasubspecific and unavailable (ICZN Art. 45.6.2). Gilbert (2003, plate 14.5) illustrated the specimen, incorrectly stating that "this Costa Rican specimen of H. cydno was described as a new species by Schaus (1913)" and observed that it is similar to one of the F2 phenotypes arising from a H. cydno x H. pachinus cross (see Hybrid #99). Mallet et al. (2007) erroneously reported that the specimen is housed in Vienna (it is in the USNM). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) to be a backcross between a H. cydno galanthus x H. pachinus F1 and H. cydno galanthus, based on the large brown oval on the HWV, which is not typical of H. cydno galanthus (although there appears to be substantial individual variation in the expression of the brown patterns of the HWV of that subspecies). The specimen exhibits no features indicative of H. pachinus.
FIGURE 156. H. erato cyrbia Godart, 1819 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 156. H. erato cyrbia Godart, 1819 (dorsal, ventral). Ecuador: Pichincha, Région de Lita, Chuchuví. Found on the Pacific slope of Ecuador, where it is the co-mimic of H. melpomene cythera (Fig. 61). (image source: https:// cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/erato%20cyrbia.html)
FIGURE 152. Heliconius pachinus Salvin, 1871 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 152. Heliconius pachinus Salvin, 1871(dorsal, ventral). Costa Rica: Cerro Chirripo. Image source: https:// cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/pachinus.html
FIGURE 168. H. erato petiverana Doubleday, 1847 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 168. H. erato petiverana Doubleday, 1847 (dorsal, ventral). Mexico: Veracruz, Nanciyaga. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/erato%20petiverana.html)
FIGURE 151 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 151. Hybrid #97 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Cundinamarca, Chirijara (sic), 1991, leg. D. Acosta (according to Mallet et al. 2007) or D. Silva (according to Salazar 1993). Schmidt-Mumm collection (IAvH). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. heurippa (Fig. 148) x H. melpomene melpomene (Fig. 128) F1 backcross to H. heurippa. As may be seen in Figure 149, this phenotype does not appear in crosses of the putative "parental" species of H. heurippa, nor in a cross of those hybrids back to H. heurippa (Fig. 150). Note also that the red band is more proximal, almost reaching the end of the FW discal cell, and that this specimen lacks the fine line of black scales between the yellow and red forewing band seen in H. heurippa. Phenotypes such as this one appear in crosses between "postman" patterned H. melpomene with a red FW band and "dennis-ray" patterned H. melpomene in French Guiana and elsewhere, and at this locality, it is not implausible that this specimen is a H. melpomene melpomene x H. melpomene malleti (Fig. 14) F1 backcross to H. melpomene melpomene.
FIGURE 179. H. ethilla aerotome C. Felder & R. Felder 1862 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 179. H. ethilla aerotome C. Felder & R. Felder 1862 (dorsal, ventral). Peru: San Martín, Juanjui. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/ethilla aerotome.html). Note the tawny shading of the distal FW, and the yellowish tint of the transverse band on the HWV.
FIGURE 173. H in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 173. H. hortense Guérin, 1844 (dorsal, ventral; two different specimens). Mexico: [Veracruz], Las Tuxtlas (dorsal); Mexico: Chiapas (ventral.) (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/hortense.html)
FIGURE 176. H. hecalesia formosus Bates, 1866 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 176. H. hecalesia formosus Bates, 1866 (dorsal, ventral). Panama (indicated as the same specimen, but the antennae and separation of the left pair of wings suggest otherwise). (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/ Heliconius/pages/hecalesia%20formosus.html)
FIGURE 170. H in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 170. H. sara sara (Fabricius, 1793) wild-type phenotype (dorsal, ventral, above) and genetically modified WntA knockout mutant (dorsal, vental, below). (image source: http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2017/08/29/ 1708149114.DCSupplemental).
FIGURE 150 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 150. Experimental crosses by Mávarez et al. (2006; Image source: http://evolucionarios.blogalia.com/ historias/40884). H. cydno cordula x H. melpomene melpomene F3 phenotypes from the F2 phenotype with asterisk in Fig. 149 (left). Homozygous hybrid phenotype crossed to H. heurippa and F1 offspring (right) The individual below the right box is a wild specimen from San Cristobal, similar to (or the same individual as) #88 (Fig. 137). Note that the heterozygous condition of the B allele changes the color of the FW red band from rosy-red to brick-red.
FIGURE 164 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 164. Hybrid #156 (dorsal). Peru: San Martín, Rodriguez de Mendoza-Omia km 11, ~1986. König collection (NMW). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as H. himera (Fig. 157) x H. erato favorinus (Fig. 161) backcross to H. erato. The locality data of this specimen are the same as Hybrid #155. König (1986) does not mention this specimen, but it is not as dramatic a hybrid as Hybrid #153. The shape of the FW red band is more consistent with those of the putative parental forms than is that of Hybrid #154.
FIGURE 149 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 149. Experimental crosses by Mávarez et al. (2006): H. cydno cordula, H. heurippa and H. melpomene melpomene parental forms, (top row) H. cydno cordula x H. melpomene melpomene hybrid F1 (2nd row) and backcross phenotypes (in boxes). Individuals to left and right of boxes are Mávarez hybrid specimens #28 (Fig. 129), 29 (Fig. 130) and 34 (Fig. 135). (Image source: http://evolucionarios.blogalia.com/historias/40884). All wings shown FWD and HWV. The fact that the specimen at the bottom of the left box has a different phenotype from the F1, even though their indicated genotypes are the same, shows that there must be additional genes involved in expression of the two patterns than the three described in the figure. There are also evident epistatic interactions involving the yellow forewing band, the HWV forceps mark and the color and distal displacement of the red band: for example, the expression of the HW forceps mark is complete in Brbr heterozygotes in the H. cydno backcross, but is only partly expressed in the Brbr heterozygote in the H. melpomene backcross.
FIGURE 145 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 145. Hybrid #95 (dorsal, ventral). Venezuela: Barinas, Above Barinitas, 900 m, (no date) In the Mattei family collection. Interpreted by Brown & Fernández (1985) and by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno barinasensis (Fig. 146) x H. melpomene melpomene (Fig. 128) F1. These photos are underexposed. In Brown & Fernández (1985, Fig. 177), there is clearly a partial hourglass mark in the FW discal cell and a shadowy submarginal white band on the dorsal and ventral hindwing. Nevertheless, the brick-red distal forewing band is not found in the local H. melpomene.
FIGURE 144. H in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 144. H. cydno gadouae Brown & Fernández, 1985 (dorsal, ventral). Venezuela: Táchira, San Juan de Colon, 850m. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/cydno%20gadouae).
FIGURE 147 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 147. Hybrid #96 (dorsal, ventral). Venezuela: possibly Barinas, Above Barinitas, 900 m, (no date) In the Mattei family collection. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno barinasensis (Fig. 146) x H. melpomene melpomene (Fig. 128) F1 backcross to H. cydno. These photos are underexposed. In Brown & Fernández (1985), a similar specimen (from Táchira, La Fundación, 1400m, 16 Feb. 1976, leg. KS Brown. Jr.) is illustrated (their #169), which is interpreted as a H. cydno cordula (Fig. 127) x H. cydno barinasensis (Fig. 146) interracial hybrid. Neither of these interpretations seems correct. H. cydno barinasensis has a broad white submarginal HW band, and this would surely be visible in a backcross if it is evident in an F1 (see Hybrid #95, Fig. 145, above). Likewise, both H. cydno cordula and H. cydno barinasensis have a broad FW band, with at least a partial hourglass mark in the discal cell. Given its questionable locality data and its similarity to Brown's specimen from La Fundación, this specimen can be interpreted the same way as Hybrids #89-#91.
FIGURE 146. H. cydno barinasensis Masters, 1973 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 146. H. cydno barinasensis Masters, 1973 (dorsal, ventral). Venezuela: [Cojedes], Las Minas. (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/cydno%barinasensis)
FIGURE 142 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 142. Hybrid #93 (dorsal). Venezuela: Táchira(?), ~1980. This specimen is probably in the Romero family collection, Maracay. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno cordula (Fig. 127) x H. melpomene melpomene (Fig. 128) F1 backcross to H. cydno. It bears a striking superficial resemblance to H. heurippa (Fig. 148).
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