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Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of possible Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales affinity; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 1, seed in lateral view (a) showing smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with shallowly sinuous cell outlines (b); c, d) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 2, fragmentary seed in lateral view (c) showing surface of exotesta composed of cells with deeply sinuous cell outlines (d); e, f) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 3, seed in lateral view (e) showing detail of smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines (f). Specimens, TV43-S136741 (a, b), TV43-S148142 (c, d), TV43-S170087 (e, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, c, e), 30 Μm (b, d, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of possible Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales affinity; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 1, seed in lateral view (a) showing smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with shallowly sinuous cell outlines (b); c, d) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 2, fragmentary seed in lateral view (c) showing surface of exotesta composed of cells with deeply sinuous cell outlines (d); e, f) Nymphaeales-Austrobaileyales seed sp. 3, seed in lateral view (e) showing detail of smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines (f). Specimens, TV43-S136741 (a, b), TV43-S148142 (c, d), TV43-S170087 (e, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, c, e), 30 Μm (b, d, f).

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores (a–c) and attached microspores (c, d) with possible affinities to Salviniales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with a relatively long apical acrolamella; b) Apical view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with slightly twisted apical acrolamella; c, d) Lateral view of Arcellites punctatus megaspore showing coarsely rugulate body and apical acrolamella with attached microspores (d). Specimens, TV39-S174616 (a), TV38-S170224 (b), TV43-S170169 (c, d). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c), 25 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores (a–c) and attached microspores (c, d) with possible affinities to Salviniales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with a relatively long apical acrolamella; b) Apical view of Molaspora sp. megaspore showing almost spherical body with slightly twisted apical acrolamella; c, d) Lateral view of Arcellites punctatus megaspore showing coarsely rugulate body and apical acrolamella with attached microspores (d). Specimens, TV39-S174616 (a), TV38-S170224 (b), TV43-S170169 (c, d). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c), 25 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Selaginellales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hughesisporites galericulatus, lateral view of megaspore (a) with almost smooth surface and spore wall of thin elements forming a dense reticulum (b); c) Trileites sp., proximal view of megaspore with almost smooth surface and raised trilete mark; d–f) Rugotriletes sp., proximal (e) and lateral (f) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface ornamentation and prominent gula around the trilete mark and compact perforate spore wall (d); g, h) Erlansonisporites sp., distal (g) and lateral (h) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface and fibrous spore wall; i, j) Striatriletes sp. 1, megaspore in oblique proximal view (i) showing raised laesurae and irregular striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (j) showing dense packing of sculptural elements; k, l) Striatriletes sp. 2, megaspore in proximal view (k) showing trilete mark, striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (l) composed of loosely packed fibers; m) Striatriletes sp. 3, megaspore in proximal view showing raised trilete mark and striate-rugulate surface; n, o) Verrutriletes sp., megaspore in oblique proximal view (n) showing short laesurae of the trilete mark, and the dense verrucate surface (o); p) Megaspore sp. 1, oblique proximal view showing in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Selaginellales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hughesisporites galericulatus, lateral view of megaspore (a) with almost smooth surface and spore wall of thin elements forming a dense reticulum (b); c) Trileites sp., proximal view of megaspore with almost smooth surface and raised trilete mark; d–f) Rugotriletes sp., proximal (e) and lateral (f) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface ornamentation and prominent gula around the trilete mark and compact perforate spore wall (d); g, h) Erlansonisporites sp., distal (g) and lateral (h) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface and fibrous spore wall; i, j) Striatriletes sp. 1, megaspore in oblique proximal view (i) showing raised laesurae and irregular striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (j) showing dense packing of sculptural elements; k, l) Striatriletes sp. 2, megaspore in proximal view (k) showing trilete mark, striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (l) composed of loosely packed fibers; m) Striatriletes sp. 3, megaspore in proximal view showing raised trilete mark and striate-rugulate surface; n, o) Verrutriletes sp., megaspore in oblique proximal view (n) showing short laesurae of the trilete mark, and the dense verrucate surface (o); p) Megaspore sp. 1, oblique proximal view showing

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Isoetales (a–d) and megaspores of uncertain affinity (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Paxillitriletes reticulatus megaspore in lateral view showing long appendages on the flanges of the laesurae and the reticulate-spiny distal surface; b) Dijkstraisporites sp. megaspore in oblique lateral view showing long, sometimes dichotomizing, appendages on the equatorial flanges and bordering the laesurae; c, d) Tenellisporites sp. megaspore in proximal view (c) showing equatorial flanges and laesurae with short, broad, flattened and unbranched appendages; note numerous, spiny microspores adhering to the proximal face of the megaspore (d); e) Megaspore type sp. 2 in lateral view showing apical gula and ornamentation of scattered spines; f, g) Megaspore type sp. 3 in lateral (f) and proximal (g) view showing broad, often dichotomously branched appendages covering the megaspore surface; h, i) aff. Flabellisporites sp. megaspores in proximal (h) and lateral (i) view showing long, narrow appendages covering the megaspore surface. Specimens, TV39-S174619 (a), TV38-S170220 (b), TV38-S170221 (c, d), TV44-S174574 (e), TV44-S174575 (f), TV44-S174577 (g), TV38-S170223 (h), TV38-S170222 (i). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c, e–i), 25 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Isoetales (a–d) and megaspores of uncertain affinity (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Paxillitriletes reticulatus megaspore in lateral view showing long appendages on the flanges of the laesurae and the reticulate-spiny distal surface; b) Dijkstraisporites sp. megaspore in oblique lateral view showing long, sometimes dichotomizing, appendages on the equatorial flanges and bordering the laesurae; c, d) Tenellisporites sp. megaspore in proximal view (c) showing equatorial flanges and laesurae with short, broad, flattened and unbranched appendages; note numerous, spiny microspores adhering to the proximal face of the megaspore (d); e) Megaspore type sp. 2 in lateral view showing apical gula and ornamentation of scattered spines; f, g) Megaspore type sp. 3 in lateral (f) and proximal (g) view showing broad, often dichotomously branched appendages covering the megaspore surface; h, i) aff. Flabellisporites sp. megaspores in proximal (h) and lateral (i) view showing long, narrow appendages covering the megaspore surface. Specimens, TV39-S174619 (a), TV38-S170220 (b), TV38-S170221 (c, d), TV44-S174574 (e), TV44-S174575 (f), TV44-S174577 (g), TV38-S170223 (h), TV38-S170222 (i). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c, e–i), 25 Μm (d).

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Text-fig. 3. a–g, i, j: Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Wyoming and Oregon. a, b: Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Enlarged lateral view of split wing displaying venation along outer edge. Note the seed present in the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023b. b: Enlarged lateral view of split wing containing seeds within the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023c. c: Lateral view of fruit from White Cliffs, Oregon. UF 262-17690. d: Lateral view of fruit from West Branch Creek, Oregon. UF 229-53091. in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America

Text-fig. 3. a–g, i, j: Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Wyoming and Oregon. a, b: Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Enlarged lateral view of split wing displaying venation along outer edge. Note the seed present in the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023b. b: Enlarged lateral view of split wing containing seeds within the locular area (arrow). UF 19376-60023c. c: Lateral view of fruit from White Cliffs, Oregon. UF 262-17690. d: Lateral view of fruit from West Branch Creek, Oregon. UF 229-53091.

Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Appofructus gen. nov. and associated pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., lateral views of fruits (holotype figured in a) showing the ribbed surface, the poorly defined apical stigmatic area and short stalk; c, d) Appofructus sp. lateral view of fruit showing the absence of hooked hairs, the apical stigmatic area, the short stalk and pollen grain from the fruit surface (d); e–g) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., individual monocolpate pollen grains (f, g) from the group of pollen grains on the stigmatic surface (e). Specimens, TV44-S148143 (holotype; a); TV44-S148007 (b), TV38-S174610 (c, d), TV44-S148141 (e, f), TV44-S136687 (g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 60 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Appofructus gen. nov. and associated pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., lateral views of fruits (holotype figured in a) showing the ribbed surface, the poorly defined apical stigmatic area and short stalk; c, d) Appofructus sp. lateral view of fruit showing the absence of hooked hairs, the apical stigmatic area, the short stalk and pollen grain from the fruit surface (d); e–g) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., individual monocolpate pollen grains (f, g) from the group of pollen grains on the stigmatic surface (e). Specimens, TV44-S148143 (holotype; a); TV44-S148007 (b), TV38-S174610 (c, d), TV44-S148141 (e, f), TV44-S136687 (g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 60 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g).

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Text-fig. 2. Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Lateral view of fruit on long pedicel. Note the two lateral wings and pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix. UF 19376-60038. b: Lateral view of fruit on long, bent pedicel. Note the perianth scar at the base of the fruit (arrow). UF 19376-60023a. c: Lateral view of fruit on long, slightly bent pedicel. Note the pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix, and in Winged Fruits Of Rutaceous Affinity From The Eocene Of Western North America

Text-fig. 2. Quinquala obovata gen. et sp. nov., fruits from Kisinger Lakes flora, Wyoming. a: Lateral view of fruit on long pedicel. Note the two lateral wings and pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix. UF 19376-60038. b: Lateral view of fruit on long, bent pedicel. Note the perianth scar at the base of the fruit (arrow). UF 19376-60023a. c: Lateral view of fruit on long, slightly bent pedicel. Note the pair of longitudinal grooves representing wings extending into the matrix, and

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g).

Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212) in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212)

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds assigned to the BEG group (a–d) and associated pollen grains (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Seed of Tomcatia taylorii showing the four horns formed by extensions of the envelope and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds to the micropylar tube; b, c) Seeds of Quadrispermum parvum in lateral (b) and apical (c) views showing the transverse ribs and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds the micropylar tube; d–f) Seeds of Ephedrispermum lusitanicum showing the four-angled seed envelope (d), the micropylar tube surrounded by the tissues of the integument (e), and ephedroid pollen grains on the seed surface (f); g) Apex of seed of Quadrispermum parvum showing simple in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds assigned to the BEG group (a–d) and associated pollen grains (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Seed of Tomcatia taylorii showing the four horns formed by extensions of the envelope and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds to the micropylar tube; b, c) Seeds of Quadrispermum parvum in lateral (b) and apical (c) views showing the transverse ribs and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds the micropylar tube; d–f) Seeds of Ephedrispermum lusitanicum showing the four-angled seed envelope (d), the micropylar tube surrounded by the tissues of the integument (e), and ephedroid pollen grains on the seed surface (f); g) Apex of seed of Quadrispermum parvum showing simple

Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Gastonispermum antiquum sp. nov. (a–e) and possible fruits (f–h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of seeds (holotype figured in b) showing the hilar-micropylar area and the course of the raphe; note the close association of hilum (arrowhead) and micropyle; d) Detail of seed wall showing the undulating surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines; e) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xy0914) through the hilar-micropylar area showing the hilum (arrowhead), the thickening of the endotesta around the micropyle and the course of the raphe within the exotesta (arrow); f–h) Fruits containing in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Gastonispermum antiquum sp. nov. (a–e) and possible fruits (f–h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of seeds (holotype figured in b) showing the hilar-micropylar area and the course of the raphe; note the close association of hilum (arrowhead) and micropyle; d) Detail of seed wall showing the undulating surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines; e) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xy0914) through the hilar-micropylar area showing the hilum (arrowhead), the thickening of the endotesta around the micropyle and the course of the raphe within the exotesta (arrow); f–h) Fruits containing

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Text-fig. 7. Fossil urodelans from studied localities. a, b – Mioproteus caucasicus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views; c, d – Chelotriton paradoxus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (c) and lateral (d) view. Scale bar 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 7. Fossil urodelans from studied localities. a, b – Mioproteus caucasicus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views; c, d – Chelotriton paradoxus, trunk vertebra, dorsal (c) and lateral (d) view. Scale bar 1 mm.

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Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 6. Fish remains from Volchaya Balka locality (Late Miocene, North Caucasus). a – Scardinius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/1, pharyngeal tooth of the first row, side view, occlusal view; b – Abramis cf. bjoerkna, SSC-RAS G-2/2, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; c – Carassius sp., SSC-RAS G-2/3, pharyngeal tooth of the first row: top – side view, bottom – occlusal view; d – Alburnus sp., SSC-RAS G-2/4, fragment of pharyngeal bone (os pharyngicus inferius), medial view; e – Acipenser sp., SSC-RAS G-2/5, left hyomandibular: left – medial view, right – proximal view; f – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/6, tail vertebra: left – lateral view, right – dorsal view; g – Gobiidae gen. indet., SSC-RAS G-2/7, dentary: top – medial view, bottom – dorsal view.

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Text-fig. 1. Stutzeliastrobus bohemicus (BAYER) J.KVAČEK, No. NM-F 2746, Harcov, lectotype. a – surface view of ovuliferous cone photograph, scale bar 10 mm, b – microCT isosurface of ovuliferous cone, scale bar 10 mm, c – microCT longitudinal section of ovuliferous cone with segmented seeds, scale bar 10 mm, d – microCT longitudinal section of ovuliferous cone in yellow, seeds in red, e – 3D visualised bract-scale complex bearing three seeds, adaxial view, scale bar 2.5mm, f – 3D visualised bract-scale complex bearing two seeds, lateral view (incomplete reconstruction of the scale visualises the front seed), scale bar 2.5mm. in Stutzeliastrobus Bohemicus Comb. Nov. - Basal Cupressaceae Conifer From The Cenomanian Of The Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Central Europe

Text-fig. 1. Stutzeliastrobus bohemicus (BAYER) J.KVAČEK, No. NM-F 2746, Harcov, lectotype. a – surface view of ovuliferous cone photograph, scale bar 10 mm, b – microCT isosurface of ovuliferous cone, scale bar 10 mm, c – microCT longitudinal section of ovuliferous cone with segmented seeds, scale bar 10 mm, d – microCT longitudinal section of ovuliferous cone in yellow, seeds in red, e – 3D visualised bract-scale complex bearing three seeds, adaxial view, scale bar 2.5mm, f – 3D visualised bract-scale complex bearing two seeds, lateral view (incomplete reconstruction of the scale visualises the front seed), scale bar 2.5mm.

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet.

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct.

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 4. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, basicranial isosurface from CT scans in oblique posteroventral view: left petrosal in blue and small piece of left entotympanic in red. The white arrow on the left petrosal passes through a canal traversed by the tympanic nerve. Abbreviations: abX – foramen for auricular branch of vagus nerve, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, as – alisphenoid, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, ctp – caudal tympanic process, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, oc – occipital condyle, pcf – posterior carotid foramen, pp – paroccipital process of petrosal, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ptp – posttympanic process of squamosal, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sq – squamosal, stf – stapedial artery foramen, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 4. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, basicranial isosurface from CT scans in oblique posteroventral view: left petrosal in blue and small piece of left entotympanic in red. The white arrow on the left petrosal passes through a canal traversed by the tympanic nerve. Abbreviations: abX – foramen for auricular branch of vagus nerve, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, as – alisphenoid, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, ctp – caudal tympanic process, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, oc – occipital condyle, pcf – posterior carotid foramen, pp – paroccipital process of petrosal, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ptp – posttympanic process of squamosal, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sq – squamosal, stf – stapedial artery foramen, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal.

Text-fig. 1. a, c – Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, skull in ventral, right lateral view; b – Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, skull in ventral view. Abbreviations: pa – porus acousticus, ptf – posttemporal foramen. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 1. a, c – Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, skull in ventral, right lateral view; b – Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, skull in ventral view. Abbreviations: pa – porus acousticus, ptf – posttemporal foramen.