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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Data for: Susceptibility of domain experts to color manipula-tion indicate a need for design principles in data visualization (PLoS one)

This data set accompanies the paper "Susceptibility of domain experts to color manipulation indicate a need for design principles in data visualization" by Markus Christen, Peter Brugger and Sara Irina Fabrikant, revision submitted to PLoS One. The paper will be open access, further information will be available there.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Figure 4 in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies

Figure 4 Arrenurus deltensis Rosso de Ferradas, male. A – dorsum; B – venter. Scale bars = 100 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Figure 1 Arrenurus parviscutatus K in New records of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 from South America (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae), with the description of five new species and one new subspecies

Figure 1 Arrenurus parviscutatus K. Viets, male, dorsum. Scale bar = 100 µm.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Data from: More than one way to be a giant: convergence and disparity in the hip joints of saurischian dinosaurs

Saurischian dinosaurs evolved seven orders of magnitude in body mass, as well as a wide diversity of hip joint morphology and locomotor postures. The very largest saurischians possess incongruent bony hip joints, suggesting that large volumes of soft tissues mediated hip articulation. To understand the evolutionary trends and functional relationships between body size and hip anatomy of saurischians, we tested the relationships among discrete and continuous morphological characters using phylogenetically corrected regression. Giant theropods and sauropods convergently evolved highly cartilaginous hip joints by reducing supraacetabular ossifications, a condition unlike that in early dinosauromorphs. However, transitions in femoral and acetabular soft tissues indicate that large sauropods and theropods built their hip joints in fundamentally different ways. In sauropods, the femoral head possesses irregularly rugose subchondral surfaces for thick hyaline cartilage. Hip articulation was achieved primarily using the highly cartilaginous femoral head and the supraacetabular labrum on the acetabular ceiling. In contrast, theropods covered their femoral head and neck with thinner hyaline cartilage and maintained extensive articulation between the fibrocartilaginous femoral neck and the antitrochanter. These findings suggest that the hip joints of giant sauropods were built to sustain large compressive loads whereas those of giant theropods experienced compression and shear forces.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Data from: The arboreal ants of a Neotropical rainforest show high species density and comprise one third of the ant fauna

In tropical rainforests, the ant community can be divided into ground and arboreal faunas. Here we report a thorough sampling of the arboreal ant fauna of La Selva Biological Station, a Neotropical rainforest site. Forty-five canopy fogging samples were centered around large trees. Individual samples harbored an average of 35 ant species, with up to 55 species in a single sample. The fogging samples yielded 163 observed species total, out of a statistically estimated 199 species. We found no relationship between within-sample ant richness and focal tree species, nor were the ant faunas of nearby trees more similar to each other than the faunas of widely spaced trees. Species density was high and beta diversity was low: a single column of vegetation typically harbors at least a fifth of the entire arboreal ant fauna. Considering the entire fauna, based on 23,326 species occurrence records using a wide variety of collecting methods, 182 of 539 observed species (196 of 605, estimated statistically) were entirely arboreal. The arboreal ant fauna is thus about a third of the total La Selva ant fauna, a robust result because inventory completeness was similar for ground and arboreal ants. The taxonomic history of discovery of the species that make up the La Selva fauna reveals no disproportionately large pool of undiscovered ant species in the canopy. The "last biotic frontier" for tropical ants has been the rotten wood, leaf litter, and soil of the forest floor.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

Crossing extreme habitat boundaries: Jack-of-all-trades facilitates invasion but is eroded by adaptation to a master-of-one

<ol> <li>The invasion of new environments can be a key instigator of adaptive diversification, but the likelihood of such invasions succeeding can depend on the attributes of would-be invaders. Chief among these seems to be a generalist or 'jack-off-all-trades' phenotype.</li> <li>Yet, despite the obvious link between habitat transitions and adaptation, we know surprisingly little about how phenotypes that might initially allow taxa to transition between habitats subsequently evolve or influence post-invasion differentiation.</li> <li>We tested how a generalist phenotype of a broad diet and behavioral plasticity in marine blenny fishes has facilitated the repeated invasion of extreme environments—particularly land—and how the conditions post-invasion have impacted that generalist phenotype and associated trophic morphology.</li> <li>Our data show that a wide diet and plasticity in being able to shift between environments freely has been instrumental in the progressive invasion of land by amphibious blennies. Once established, however, terrestrial blennies have experienced strong stabilising selection for a restricted diet, little to no plasticity and a highly specialised morphology. Instead of promoting diversification, the invasion of land appears to offer only a limited niche for survival, constraining descendent blennies to a specific adaptive phenotype.</li> <li>While our study supports the view that generalism facilitates invasion and that habitat transitions instigate adaptation, it also shows a generalist strategy is not optimal for successful establishment and new environments may offer fewer (not more) opportunities for diversification. This has broad implications for how taxa might be expected to respond or adapt to abrupt environmental change more generally.</li> </ol>

opencc-by-nc-4.0Feb 2021View details →

Figure 3 in Ilha Grande, one of the locations with the most records of bat species (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Rio de Janeiro state: results of a long-term ecological study

Figure 3. Relationship between number of species in the Phyllostomidae family (A) and number of captures in the Phyllostomidae family, (B) and capture effort (h.m²) in bat inventories in Rio de Janeiro state. Numbers correspond to locations listed in Table IV. Dots: cross = study 1 on Ilha Grande; square = study 2 on Ilha Grande; star = study 3 on Ilha Grande; triangle = study 4 on Ilha Grande; black circle = study 5 on Ilha Grande; grey circle = other studies in Rio de Janeiro state.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Feb 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Ilha Grande, one of the locations with the most records of bat species (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Rio de Janeiro state: results of a long-term ecological study

Figure 1. Map of Ilha Grande with sampling points of the five studies described in this paper, conducted between 1998 and 2018 on Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. A map of South America is shown, detailing the location of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in southeastern Brazil, while in the enlargement is shown the state of Rio de Janeiro detailing the location of Ilha Grande.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Feb 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Ilha Grande, one of the locations with the most records of bat species (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Rio de Janeiro state: results of a long-term ecological study

Figure 2. Locations in Rio de Janeiro state where bat inventories have been conducted. Numbers correspond to locations in Table 4. A map of South America is shown, detailing the location of the state of Rio de Janeiro in southeastern Brazil.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Explaining global variation in the latitudinal diversity gradient: meta-analysis confirms known patterns and uncovers new ones

Aim: The pattern of increasing biological diversity from high latitudes to the equator [latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG)] has been recognized for > 200 years. Empirical studies have documented this pattern across many different organisms and locations. Our goal was to quantify the evidence for the global LDG and the associated spatial, taxonomic and environmental factors. We performed a meta-analysis on a large number of individual LDGs that have been published in the 14 years since Hillebrand's ground-breaking meta-analysis of the LDG, using meta-analysis and meta-regression approaches largely new to the fields of ecology and biogeography. Location: Global. Time period: January 2003–September 2015. Major taxa studied: Bacteria, protists, plants, fungi and animals. Methods: We synthesized the outcomes of 389 individual cases of LDGs from 199 papers published since 2003, using hierarchical mixed-effects meta-analysis and multiple meta-regression. Additionally, we re-analysed Hillebrand's original dataset using modern methods. Results: We confirmed the generality of the LDG, but found the pattern to be weaker than was found in Hillebrand's study. We identified previously unreported variation in LDG strength and slope across longitude, with evidence that the LDG is strongest in the Western Hemisphere. Locational characteristics, such as habitat and latitude range, contributed significantly to LDG strength, whereas organismal characteristics, including taxonomic group and trophic level, did not. Modern meta-analytical models that incorporate hierarchical structure led to more conservative and sometimes contrasting effect size estimates relative to Hillebrand's initial analysis, whereas meta-regression revealed underlying patterns in Hillebrand's dataset that were not apparent with a traditional analysis. Main conclusions: We present evidence of global latitudinal, longitudinal and habitat-based patterns in the LDG, which are apparent across both marine and terrestrial realms and over a broad taxonomic range of organisms, from bacteria to plants and vertebrates.

Oval rock-crystal intaglio with a flat back, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription.

Oval rock-crystal intaglio with a flat back, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription. British Museum 1892,1103.136.

Oval garnet intaglio with a hollow back, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription; pierced.

Oval garnet intaglio with a hollow back, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription; pierced. British Museum 1892,1103.135.

Oval garnet intaglio with a flat back, engraved on the face with a one-line brāhmī inscription.

Oval garnet intaglio with a flat back, engraved on the face with a one-line brāhmī inscription. British Museum 1892,1103.133.

Oval sardonyx intaglio with a bevelled edge, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription.

Oval sardonyx intaglio with a bevelled edge, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription. British Museum 1892,1103.130.

Oval garnet intaglio with a hollowed back, engraved on the face with a one-line brāhmī inscription; broken.

Oval garnet intaglio with a hollowed back, engraved on the face with a one-line brāhmī inscription; broken. British Museum 1892,1103.132.

Oval intaglio with a bevelled edge in a rose-coloured garnet, face engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription.

Oval intaglio with a bevelled edge in a rose-coloured garnet, face engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription. British Museum 1892,1103.131.

Oval intaglio in banded agate with a bevelled edge, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription.

Oval intaglio in banded agate with a bevelled edge, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription. British Museum 1892,1103.129.

Rectangular sardonyx intaglio with bevelled edges, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription.

Rectangular sardonyx intaglio with bevelled edges, engraved with a one-line brāhmī inscription. British Museum 1892,1103.128.

Seal. Rectangular metal seal cast in a copper alloy; one-line inscription

Seal. Rectangular metal seal cast in a copper alloy; one-line inscription. British Museum 1892,1103.95.