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30,334 results for “Responsiveness”
A closer look at the timecourse of mind wandering: pupillary responses and behaviour
<p>This is the dataset reported in the manuscript "A closer look at the timecourse of mind wandering: pupillary responses and behaviour" currently submitted for publication in PlosOne (uploaded on BioRxive, and available at https://doi.org/10.1101/869768)</p> <p>This work is in continuation with previously published data by the same authors: Pelagatti, C., Binda, P., & Vannucci, M. (2018). Tracking the Dynamics of Mind Wandering: Insights from Pupillometry. Journal of Cognition, 1(1), 38. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.41</p>
GWAS output for early salt stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions
<p>The output of the Genome Wide Association Study for early responses to salt stress in Arabidopsis accessions. The "_gwas2029.rda" files contain associations found for each trait using single models, where the first part of file name describes the phenotype (e.g. ROUNDNESS), the first number describes the day after stress application, the subsequent C/S indicated whether the association was performed with the trait scored at Control / Salt Stress conditions respectively. The "mtmm_final.rda" files contain the associations found between two traits, indicated as above in the first part of the file name. </p>
Database of Head- and Hearing-Aid-Related Impulse Responses in the Gesture Lab
<p>Head- and hearing-aid-related impulse responses (HRIRs) were measured in the Gesture Lab at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (Hendrikse, 2018).</p>
Data for: Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region
<p>These files contain all the data and R scripts used for analyses of the manuscript "Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region", published in Journal of Applied Ecology.</p> <p>See Metadata (README).xls file for a detailed description of these files.</p> <p>Dala-Corte RB, Melo AS, Siqueira T, et al. Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to<br> riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region. J Appl Ecol. 2020;00:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13657</p>
Data from: Responses of activity rhythms to temperature cues evolve in Drosophila populations selected for divergent timing of eclosion
Even though the rhythm in adult emergence and rhythm in locomotor activity are two different rhythmic phenomena that occur at distinct life-stages of the fly life cycle, previous studies have hinted at similarities in certain aspects of the organisation of the circadian clock driving these two rhythms. For instance, the period gene plays an important regulatory role in both rhythms. In an earlier study, we have shown that selection on timing of adult emergence behaviour in populations of Drosophila melanogaster leads to the co-evolution of temperature sensitivity of circadian clocks driving eclosion. In this study, we were interested in asking if temperature sensitivity of the locomotor activity rhythm has evolved in our populations with divergent timing of adult emergence rhythm, with the goal of understanding the extent of similarity (or lack of it) in circadian organisation between the two rhythms. We found that in response to simulated jetlag with temperature cycles, late chronotypes (populations selected for predominant emergence during dusk) indeed re-entrain faster than early chronotypes (populations selected for predominant emergence during dawn) to 6-h phase-delays, thereby indicating enhanced sensitivity of the activity/rest clock to temperature cues in these stocks (entrainment is the synchronisation of internal rhythms to cyclic environmental time-cues). Additionally, we found that late chronotypes show higher plasticity of phases across regimes, day-to-day stability in phases and amplitude of entrainment, all indicative of enhanced temperature sensitive activity/rest rhythms. Our results highlight remarkably similar organisation principles between emergence and activity/rest rhythms.
Experimental and Simulation Results of "Ultrafast Response of Harmonic Modelocked THz Laser"
<p>This repository contains the experimental and simulation results of the article "Ultrafast Response of Harmonic Modelocked THz Laser" by Wang, F., Pistore, V., Riesch, M. <em>et al.</em>, published in <em>Light Sci Appl</em> <strong>9, </strong>51 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-0288-x</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Single cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that prenatal arsenic exposure results in long-term, adverse effects on immune gene expression in response to Influenza A infection
<p>Arsenic exposure via drinking water is a serious environmental health concern. Epidemiological studies suggest a strong association between prenatal<i> </i>arsenic exposure and subsequent childhood respiratory infections, as well as morbidity from respiratory diseases in adulthood, long after systemic clearance of arsenic.<i> </i>We investigated the impact of exclusive prenatal arsenic exposure on the inflammatory immune response and respiratory health after an adult influenza A (IAV) lung infection. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 100 ppb sodium arsenite<i> in utero,</i> and subsequently infected with IAV (H1N1) after maturation to adulthood. Assessment of lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) at various time points post IAV infection reveals greater lung damage and inflammation in arsenic exposed mice versus control mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of immune cells harvested from IAV infected lungs suggests that the enhanced inflammatory response is mediated by dysregulation of innate immune function of monocyte derived macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, and alveolar macrophages. Our results suggest that prenatal arsenic exposure results in lasting effects on the adult host innate immune response to IAV infection, long after exposure to arsenic, leading to greater immunopathology. This study provides the first direct evidence that exclusive prenatal exposure to arsenic in drinking water causes predisposition to a hyperinflammatory response to IAV infection in adult mice, which is associated with significant lung damage.</p>
Gross primary production responses to warming, elevated CO2 , and irrigation: quantifying the drivers of ecosystem physiology in a semiarid grassland
<p>Determining whether the terrestrial biosphere will be a source or sink of carbon (C) under a future climate of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) and warming requires accurate quantification of gross primary production (GPP), the largest flux of C in the global C cycle. We evaluated 6 years (2007–2012) of flux‐derived GPP data from the Prairie Heating and CO<sub>2</sub> Enrichment (PHACE) experiment, situated in a grassland in Wyoming, USA. The GPP data were used to calibrate a light response model whose basic formulation has been successfully used in a variety of ecosystems. The model was extended by modeling maximum photosynthetic rate (<i>A</i><sub>max</sub>) and light‐use efficiency (<i>Q</i>) as functions of soil water, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, vegetation greenness, and nitrogen at current and antecedent (past) timescales. The model fits the observed GPP well (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.79), which was confirmed by other model performance checks that compared different variants of the model (e.g. with and without antecedent effects). Stimulation of cumulative 6‐year GPP by warming (29%, <i>P</i> = 0.02) and eCO<sub>2</sub> (26%, <i>P</i> = 0.07) was primarily driven by enhanced C uptake during spring (129%, <i>P</i> = 0.001) and fall (124%, <i>P</i> = 0.001), respectively, which was consistent across years. Antecedent air temperature (Tair<sub>ant</sub>) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD<sub>ant</sub>) effects on <i>A</i><sub>max</sub> (over the past 3–4 days and 1–3 days, respectively) were the most significant predictors of temporal variability in GPP among most treatments. The importance of VPD<sub>ant</sub> suggests that atmospheric drought is important for predicting GPP under current and future climate; we highlight the need for experimental studies to identify the mechanisms underlying such antecedent effects. Finally, posterior estimates of cumulative GPP under control and eCO<sub>2</sub> treatments were tested as a benchmark against 12 terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). The narrow uncertainties of these data‐driven GPP estimates suggest that they could be useful semi‐independent data streams for validating TBMs.</p>
Data from: Convergent morphological responses to loss of flight in rails (Aves: Rallidae)
<p>The physiological demands of flight exert strong selection pressure on avian morphology and so it is to be expected that the evolutionary loss of flight capacity would involve profound changes in traits. Here we investigate morphological consequences of flightlessness in a bird family where the condition has evolved repeatedly. The Rallidae include more than 130 recognised species of which over 30 are flightless. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic data were used here to compare species with and without the ability to fly in order to determine major phenotypic effects of the transition from flighted to flightless. We find statistical support for similar morphological response among unrelated flightless lineages, characterised by a shift in energy allocation from the forelimbs to the hindlimbs. Indeed flightless birds exhibit smaller sterna and wings than flighted taxa in the same family along with wider pelves and more robust femora. Phylogenetic signal tests demonstrate that those differences are independent of phylogeny and instead demonstrate convergent morphological adaptation associated with a walking ecology. We found too that morphological variation was greater among flightless rails than flighted ones, suggesting that relaxation of physiological demands during the transition to flightlessness frees morphological traits to evolve in response to more varied ecological opportunities.</p>
Dataset for "Comparison of climate response to ocean albedo modification and marine cloud brightening: A model study"
<p>Reproducible dataset for "Comparison of climate response to ocean albedo modification and marine cloud brightening: A model study"</p>
Maternal and cohort effects modulate offspring responses to multiple stressors
Current concerns about climate change has led to intensive research attempting to understand how climate driven stressors affect the performance of organisms, in particular on offspring of many invertebrate and fish. Although stressors are likely to act on several stages of the life cycle, little is known about their action across life phases, for instance how multiple stressors experienced simultaneously in the maternal environment can modulate the responses to the same stressors operating in the offspring environment. Here, we study how performance of offspring of a marine invertebrate (shore crab Carcinus maenas) in response to two stressors (temperature and salinity) changes if the same stressors are experienced at the time of embryogenesis in cohorts of mothers breeding eggs at different seasons. On average, offspring responses were antagonistic: high temperature mitigated the negative effects of low salinity on survival. However, the magnitude of the response was modulated by the temperature and salinity conditions experienced by egg-carrying mothers. Performance also varied among cohorts, suggesting a role for genetic variation, and/or maternal conditions prior to fertilisation. We speculate that similar maternal effects may occur in other brooding organisms, as a consequence of anthropogenic modification of the environment.
Complex multi-trait responses to multivariate environmental cues in a seasonal butterfly
<p>Dataset for 'Complex multi-trait responses to multivariate environmental cues in a seasonal butterfly'.</p>
Data from: The impact of personality, morphotype and shore-height on temperature-mediated behavioural responses in the beadlet anemone (Actinia equina)
1. Between-individual variation in behavioural phenotype, termed personality, is an important determinant of how populations cope with acute environmental fluctuation related to climate change. 2. Personality in the beadlet sea anemone (Actinia equina) is linked to genetically distinct morphotypes, which are associated with different heights on the shore. In the intertidal zone, high-shore environments experience more environmental fluctuation due to longer periods of exposure, and animals adapted to live in these environments are predicted to deal more effectively with environmental perturbation than their low-shore counterparts. 3. We collected beadlet anemones of two different morphotypes from three different shore-heights. We investigated variation in two behaviours at three different temperatures and in a temporal control treatment where the temperature was not changed: startle response-time, the time it took an anemone to re-extend its tentacles after a threatening stimulus, and immersion response-time, the time to re-extend tentacles after simulated tidal immersion. These behaviours reflect risk taking and allow individuals to be categorised as bold, shy or intermediate based upon response-times. 4. Both behaviours showed significant changes as the temperature increased. For immersion-response, the morphotype associated with the low-shore lengthened response-times at high temperatures. For startle-response, all animals lengthened their response-times at high temperatures but animals collected from the low-shore lengthened theirs to the greatest degree. At the individual level, although control individuals exhibited temporal changes in their response-times, a clear effect of temperature was present in both behaviours. Shy and bold individuals became more intermediate at higher temperatures in immersion-response (this effect was present to a lesser degree in control individuals), while intermediate individuals raised their response-times at higher temperatures for startle-response. 5. Given that prolonged tentacle retraction reduces foraging opportunities and can negatively impact respiratory efficiency, our data suggest that some individuals within a single population of A.equina, particularly those associated with the lower-shore, may exhibit less effective behavioural responses to temperature-shifts than others. These findings demonstrate that acute temperature changes influence risk-taking, and could have profound short and long-term implications for survival in the face of climate change. 16-Jun-2020
Data from: Comparison of spleen transcriptomes of two wild rodent species reveals differences in the immune response against Borrelia afzelii
<p>Different host species often differ considerably in susceptibility to a given pathogen, but the causes of such differences are rarely known. The natural hosts of the tick-transmitted bacterium <i>Borrelia afzelii</i>, which is one of causative agents of Lyme borreliosis in humans, include a variety of small mammals like voles and mice. Previous studies have shown that <i>B. afzelii-</i>infected bank voles (<i>Myodes glareolus</i>) have about ten times higher bacterial load than infected yellow-necked mice (<i>Apodemus flavicollis</i>), indicating that these two species differ in resistance. In this study, we compared the immune response to <i>B. afzelii </i>infection in these host species by using RNA-sequencing to quantify gene expression in spleen. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that several immune pathways were down-regulated in infected animals in both bank voles and yellow-necked mice. Moreover, IFNα response was up-regulated in <i>B. afzelii</i>-infected yellow-necked mice, while IL6 signaling and the complement pathway were down-regulated in infected bank voles; differences in regulation of these three pathways between bank voles and yellow-necked mice could thus contribute to the difference in resistance to <i>B. afzelii</i> between the species. This study provides knowledge of gene expression induced by a zoonotic pathogen in its natural host, and possible species-specific regulation of immune responses associated with resistance.</p>
Data from: Intra-specific variation in tree growth responses to neighborhood composition and seasonal drought in a tropical forest
<p>1. Functional traits are expected to provide insights into the abiotic and biotic drivers of plant demography. However, successfully linking traits to plant demographic performance likely requires the consideration of important contextual and individual-level information that is often ignored in trait-based ecology.</p> <p>2. Here, we modeled 8 years of growth from 1,138 individual trees from 36 tropical rain forest species. We compared models of tree growth parameterized using individual-level versus species mean trait data. We also compared models that considered regional climatic, local biotic and whole-plant allocation contexts to those that do not.</p> <p>3. Our analyses show that growth models parameterized using individual-level trait information outperformed those that used species mean trait information and that these models often contradicted one another indicating that the common practice of using species mean trait data requires more scrutiny. Additionally, we found that models including climatic, biotic and allocation contexts outperformed those that did not and provide nuanced insights into the drivers of tree growth in a tropical forest.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Here, we have shown that the development of models of tree demographic performance upon the basis of traits can be improved through a consideration of individual-level trait variation as well as phenotypic and climatic contexts. We highlight that our ability to understand the drivers of tree population and community structure and dynamics in current and in future climates will be limited if contextual and individual-level data remains understudied.</p>
Data from: Bat ensembles differ in response to use zones in a tropical biosphere reserve
<p>Biosphere reserves, designated under The United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) Man and Biosphere Programme, aim to sustainably integrate protected areas into the biological and economic landscape around them by buffering strictly protected habitats with zones of limited use. However, the effectiveness of biosphere reserves and the contribution of the different zones of use to protection is poorly known. We assessed the diversity and activity of bats in the Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve (CRBR) in Sabah, Malaysia, using harp traps, mist nets and acoustic surveys in each zone—core, buffer, transition and in agricultural plots outside of the reserve. We captured 30 species, bringing the known bat fauna of CRBR to 50 species, half of Borneo's bat species. Species composition and acoustic activity varied among zones and by foraging ensemble, with the core and buffer showing particular importance for conserving forest-dependent insectivorous bats. Frugivorous bats were found in all zones but were the most abundant and most species-rich ensemble within agricultural sites. Although sampling was limited, bat diversity and activity was low in the transition zone compared to other zones, indicating potential for management practices that increase food availability and enhance biodiversity value. We conclude that, collectively, the zones of the CRBR effectively protect diversity, but the value of the transition zone can be improved.</p>
Data from: Genotypic variation in the induction and persistence of transgenerational responses to seasonal cues
Phenotypes respond to environments experienced directly by an individual, via phenotypic plasticity, or to the environment experienced by ancestors, via transgenerational environmental effects. The adaptive value of environmental effects depends not only on the strength and direction of the induced response, but also on how long the response persists within and across generations, and how stably it is expressed across environments that are encountered subsequently. Little is known about the genetic basis of those distinct components, or even whether they exhibit genetic variation. We tested for genetic differences in the inducibility, temporal persistence, and environmental stability of transgenerational environmental effects in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic variation existed in the inducibility of transgenerational effects on traits expressed across the life cycle. Surprisingly, the persistence of transgenerational effects into the third generation was uncorrelated with their induction in the second generation. While environmental effects for some traits in some genotypes weakened over successive generations, others were stronger or even in the opposite direction in more distant generations. Therefore, transgenerational effects in more distant generations are not merely caused by the retention or dissipation of those expressed in prior generations, but they may be genetically independent traits with the potential to evolve independently.
Data from: Savannas after afforestation: assessment of herbaceous community responses to wildfire versus native tree planting
<p>Afforestation and fire exclusion are pervasive threats to tropical savannas. In Brazil, laws limiting prescribed burning hinder the study of fire in the restoration of Cerrado plant communities. We took advantage of a 2017 wildfire to evaluate the potential for tree cutting and fire to promote the passive restoration of savanna herbaceous plant communities after destruction by exotic tree plantations. We sampled a burned pine plantation (Burned Plantation); a former plantation that was harvested and burned (Harvested & Burned); an unburned former plantation that was harvested, planted with native trees, and treated with herbicide to control invasive grasses (Native Tree Planting); and two old-growth savannas which served as reference communities. Our results confirm that herbaceous plant communities on post-afforestation sites are very different from old-growth savannas. Among post-afforestation sites, Harvested & Burned herbaceous communities were modestly more similar in composition to old-growth savannas, had slightly higher richness of savanna plants (3.8 species per 50-m2), and supported the greatest cover of native herbaceous plants (56%). These positive trends in herbaceous community recovery would be missed in assessments of tree cover: whereas canopy cover in the Harvested & Burned site was 6% (less than typical of savannas of the Cerrado), the Burned Plantation and Native Tree Planting, supported 34% and 19% cover, respectively. By focusing on savanna herbaceous plants, these results highlight that tree cutting and fire, not simply tree planting and fire exclusion, should receive greater attention in efforts to restore savannas of the Cerrado.</p>
Nitrogen enrichment stimulates wetland plant responses whereas salt amendments alter sediment microbial communities and biogeochemical responses
<p>Freshwater wetlands of the temperate north are exposed to a range of pollutants that may alter their function, including nitrogen (N)-rich agricultural and urban runoff, seawater intrusion, and road salt contamination, though it is largely unknown how these drivers of change interact with the vegetation to affect wetland carbon (C) fluxes and microbial communities. We implemented a full factorial mesocosm (378.5 L tanks) experiment investigating C-related responses to three common wetland plants of eastern North America (<i>Phragmites australis</i>, <i>Spartina pectinata</i>, <i>Typha latifolia</i>), and four water quality treatments (fresh water control, N, road salt, sea salt). During the 2017 growing season, we quantified carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) fluxes, above- and below-ground biomass, root porosity, light penetration, pore water chemistry (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>², Cl<sup>-</sup>, DOC), soil C mineralization, as well as sediment microbial communities via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Relative to freshwater controls, N enrichment stimulated plant biomass, which in turn increased CO<sub>2</sub> uptake and reduced light penetration, especially in <i>Spartina</i> stands. Root porosity was not affected by water quality, but was positively correlated with CH<sub>4 </sub>emissions,<sub> </sub>suggesting that plants can be important conduits for CH<sub>4</sub> from anoxic sediment to the atmosphere. Sediment microbial composition was largely unaffected by N addition, whereas salt amendments induced structural shifts, reduced sediment community diversity, and reduced C mineralization rates, presumably due to osmotic stress. Methane emissions were suppressed by sea salt, but not road salt, providing evidence for the additional chemical control (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>-2</sup> availability) on this microbial-mediated process. Thus, N may have stimulated plant activity while salting treatments preferentially enriched specific microbial populations. Together our findings underpin the utility of combining plant and microbial responses, and highlight the need for more integrative studies to predict the consequences of a changing environment on freshwater wetlands. </p>
Data from: Bacterial phylogeny predicts volatile organic compound composition and olfactory response of an aphid parasitoid
There is increasing evidence that microorganisms emit a wide range of volatile compounds (mVOCs, microbial volatile organic compounds) that act as insect semiochemicals, and therefore play an important role in insect behaviour. Although it is generally believed that phylogenetically closely related microbes tend to have similar phenotypic characteristics and therefore may elicit similar responses in insects, currently little is known about whether the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships among microorganisms have an impact on insect-microbe interactions. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that phylogenetic relationships among 40 Bacillus strains isolated from diverse environmental sources predicted mVOC composition and the olfactory response of the generalist aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani. Results revealed that phylogenetically closely related Bacillus strains emitted similar blends of mVOCs and elicited a comparable olfactory response of A. colemani in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, varying between attraction and repellence. Analysis of the chemical composition of the mVOC blends showed that all Bacillus strains produced a highly similar set of volatiles, but often in different concentrations and ratios. Benzaldehyde was produced in relatively high concentrations by strains that repel A. colemani, while attractive mVOC blends contained relatively higher amounts of acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanedione, eucalyptol and isoamylamine. Overall, these results indicate that bacterial phylogeny had a strong impact on mVOC compositions and as a result on the olfactory responses of insects.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.