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FIGURES 1, 2 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 1, 2. Macrophotographs of Mesoplia sapphirina and its host, Centris flavofasciata, taken live by R.C. at nesting site at Playa Grande, respectively.

FIGURES 24–28 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 24–28. Microphotographs of live first larval instar of Mesoplia sapphirina. 24. Entire larva showing egg chorion attached to rear of abdomen. 25. One live larva, with remnants of five conspecific eggs and first instars, all in one cell. 26. First instar attacking host egg. 27. Close-up of first instar with pronounced lateral prothoracic lobes biting egg chorion of another individual. 28. Close-up showing junction of ragged anterior end of chorion attached to first instar.

FIGURES 9–12 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 9–12. SEM micrographs of egg of Centris flavofasciata. 9. Anterior end showing micropyle at anterior pole. 10. Close-up of micropyle. 11, 12. Chorion from left and right rectangles in figure 9, respectively, both to same high magnification showing differences in microtexture.

FIGURES 19, 20 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 19, 20. Microphotographs of hatching of egg of Centris flavofasciata, anterior end at right. 19. First instar/embryo with dull chorion still intact. 20. Shiny second instar of same individual next day partly emerged so that dull chorion and first instar skin sliding from posterior end. Figures 21–23. Close-up microphotographs of eggs and egg insertionsof Mesoplia sapphirina. 21. Live egg with anterior end attached to cell closure while the rest of the egg dangles motionless. 22. Inner surface of cell closure showing small hole (arrow) through which egg of Mesoplia sapphirina had been inserted into cell. 23. Assassinated egg showing similar form to that of figure 29, anterior at top.

FIGURES 52–54 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 52–54. Diagrams of fifth larval instar of Mesoplia sapphirina. 52. Entire larva with proctodaeum illustrated, lateral view. Scale = 2.0 mm. 53, 54. Head front and lateral views, respectively. ATP = anterior tentorial pit; PTP = posterior tentorial pit.

FIGURES 43–45 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 43–45. Microphotographs of Mesoplia sapphirina. 43. Abdomen of cleared first instar, dorsal view. 44. Spiracle of second larval instar, side view. 45. Spiracle of fifth larval instar, side view.

FIGURES 39– 42 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 39– 42. SEM micrographs of first-instar Mesoplia sapphirina. 39. Anterior edge of egg with first instar removed showing frayed chorion that had been attached to abdominal rear of larva. 40. Head, near lateral view. 41. Lower part of head showing mouthparts, anterolateral view. 42. Left antenna, anterolateral view.

FIGURES A7–A11. A7–A9 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES A7–A11. A7–A9. Mesoplia sapphirina sp. nov., male paratype (Panama). A7. Mesosoma, dorsal posterior view. A8. Apex of metasoma, dorsal view. A9. Hind leg, view of inner surface. A10–A11. Mesoplia regalis, female specimen (Trinidad). A10. Mesosoma, dorsal posterior view. A11. Upper portion of mesosoma, lateral view.

FIGURES 81–86 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 81–86. Macroptic photographs of last larval instar of Stelis ater. 81. Entire postdefecating form, lateral view. 82–84. Head of same, front, lateral, and ventral views, respectively; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 85. Entire early fifth instar, lateral view. 86. Posterior part of abdomen of another specimen, lateral view, showing segmentation of abdominal apex.

FIGURES 64–66 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 64–66. SEM micrographs of inner layer of Stelis ater cocoon. 64. Front end showing opening behind nipple. 65. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 64. 66. Rear of cocoon, to same scale as figure 65, showing lack of fenestrations. FIGURES 67–69. Radiographs of cocoon of Stelis ater with live larva, side view. 67. Entire cocoon. 68. Close-up of anterior end; for explanation, see text. 69. Slice of CT-scan anterior end.

FIGURES 52–57 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 52–57. SEM micrographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 52. Cross section of cocoon wall showing three layers. 53. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 52. Note non-fenestrated surface and thinness of inner layer in figs 52, 53. 54. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple removed from rest of cocoon showing nature of fabric. 55. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 54. 56. Under surface of outer layer of nipple removed from cocoon showing dense fibers. 57. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 56, showing texture of fabric.

FIGURES 44–51 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 44–51. Microphotographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 44. Inner surface of rear of cocoon cut longitudinally. 45. Entire cocoon, with outer lining removed from front end, revealing nearly black inner surface of nipple and middle layer of cocoon, lateral view. 46. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple end, lateral view. 47. Interior surface of outer layer of nipple showing mass of silk fibers that surrounds and covers passageway to interior. 48. Inner layer of nipple with outer layer removed showing opening of passageway to rest of filter system, approximate lateral view. 49. Front view of opening to inner layer showing open passageway to screen

FIGURE 41 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURE 41. Early fifth instar of Stelis ater attacking fourth instar of Osmia chalybea. FIGURE 42. Wound (arrow) in same fourth instar caused by attack.

FIGURES 35–40 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 35–40. Immatures of Stelis ater. 35. Egg deep in provisions; eggs were encountered both in the provisions and on the front surface of the provisions, as discussed in text. 36. Early instar (arrow) deep in the provisions and feeding larva of Osmia chalybea (right) on front surface of provisions. 37. Egg of Stelis ater (arrow) and probable first instar of Osmia chalybea (left) on front surface of provisions with trachea now visible. 38. Same cell some time later with Stelis ater (arrow) now early feeding instar having not yet encountered Osmia chalybea, which has become an intermediate instar. 39. Early instar of Osmia chalybea being attacked simultaneously by two early instars of Stelis ater; one of which (arrow) is barely visible to the left of the others. Presumably one S. ater larva would later kill the other, since we never found more than one cocoon in a cell. 40. Two feeding early instars of Stelis ater (arrows) from eggs deposited deep in provisions.

FIGURES 73–77 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 73–77. SEM micrograph of anterior ends of eggs of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 73. Anterior pole of egg of O. chalybea. 74. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 73. 75. Close-up of micropylar disc of same. 76. Anterior pole of Stelis ater. 77. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 76.

FIGURES 58–63 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 58–63. SEM micrographs of nipple end of cocoon of Stelis ater with outer layer of cocoon removed. 58. Part of nipple removed to expose passageway from tip of nipple to screened surface. 59. Close-up of screen forming base of chamber. 60. Part removed from nipple, showing texture of inner surface thought to result from larva pushing silk forward from inside the cocoon. 61–63. Close-ups of area identified by rectangles in figure 61, respectively; note changes in surface texture of silk, with silk of inner chamber shiniest.

FIGURES 18–22 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 18–22. Microphotographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea. 18. Inner surface of cocoon with cap of filter removed, cut longitudinally, showing white inner layer on anterior section fusing posteriorly with middle layer to produce dark semitransparent surface; note dark outer screen of nipple (pointer). 19. Front end viewed from inside, showing white silk of inner lining and inner screen (pointer). 20. Rear end viewed from inside, showing shiny, semitransparent inner surface with fecal streaks. 21. Front end of cocoon in early stages of construction viewed from inside, showing deposit of silk (pointer) that will make up hard cap of completed cocoon. 22. Front end of cocoon before inner lining applied, viewed from inside, showing undersurface of outer screen (pointer) before turning dark.

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11. Photograph of adult female. 12. Microptic photograph of cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 13. Close-up of nipple of same with outer cocoon layer removed and cap pried up to show outer screen beneath, near lateral view. FIGURES 14–16. Stelis ater. 14. Photograph of adult female. 15. Microptic photograph of entire cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 16. Microphotograph of same, showing characteristic elongate fecal pellets, lateral view.

FIGURES 1–7 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Trap nests used in the study of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 1. Two trap nests deployed in the field. 2. Front end of U-shaped trap nest. 3. Front end of circular trap nest, showing circular openings to boreholes lined with paper straws and unlined; note that two exhibit nest closures. 4. U-shaped trap nest seen

FIGURES 33, 34 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 33, 34. Radiographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea, side view. 33. X-rayed cell containing mature larva surrounded by its cocoon. 34. Slice of CT scan of another cocoon showing anterior end of cocoon close to rear of preceding cell; note components of filter system at nipple although fine, loose silk not visible.