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2,608 results for “breed”
Data from: Phenological mismatch drives selection on elevation, but not on slope, of breeding time plasticity in a wild songbird
Phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism for populations to respond to fluctuating environments, yet may be insufficient to adapt to a directionally changing environment. To study whether plasticity can evolve under current climate change, we quantified selection and genetic variation in both the elevation (RNE) and slope (RNS) of the breeding time reaction norm in a long-term (1973–2016) study population of great tits (Parus major). The optimal RNE (the caterpillar biomass peak date regressed against the temperature used as cue by great tits) changed over time, whereas the optimal RNS did not. Concordantly, we found strong directional selection on RNE, but not RNS, of egg-laying date in the second third of the study period; this selection subsequently waned, potentially due to increased between-year variability in optimal laying dates. We found individual and additive genetic variation in RNE but, contrary to previous studies on our population, not in RNS. The predicted and observed evolutionary change in RNE were, however, marginal, due to low heritability and the sex limitation of laying date. We conclude that adaptation to climate change can only occur via micro-evolution of RNE, but this will necessarily be slow and potentially hampered by increased variability in phenotypic optima.
Data from: Market forces influence helping behaviour in cooperatively breeding paper wasps
Biological market theory is potentially useful for understanding helping behaviour in animal societies. It predicts that competition for trading partners will affect the value of commodities exchanged. It has gained empirical support in cooperative breeders, where subordinates help dominant breeders in exchange for group membership, but so far without considering one crucial aspect: outside options. We find support for the existence of a biological market in paper wasps, Polistes dominula. We first show that females have a choice of cooperative partners. Second, by manipulating entire subpopulations in the field, we increased the supply of outside options for subordinates, freeing up suitable nesting spots and providing additional nesting partners. We predicted that by intensifying competition for help, our manipulation would force dominants to accept a lower price for group membership. As expected, subordinates reduced their foraging effort following our treatments. We conclude that to accurately predict the amount of help provided, social units cannot be viewed in isolation as has traditionally been done: the surrounding market must also be considered.
Data from: Genome-wide genotyping uncovers genetic profiles and history of the Russian cattle breeds
One of the most economically important areas within the Russian agricultural sector is dairy and beef cattle farming contributing about $11 billion to the Russian economy annually. Trade connections, selection and breeding have resulted in the establishment of a number of breeds that are presumably adapted to local climatic conditions. Little however is known about the ancestry and history of Russian native cattle. To address this question, we genotyped 274 individuals from 18 breeds bred in Russia and compared them to 135 additional breeds from around the world that had been genotyped previously. Our results suggest a shared ancestry between most of the Russian cattle and European taurine breeds, apart from a few breeds that shared ancestry with the Asian taurines. The Yakut cattle, belonging to the latter group, was found to be the most diverged breed in the whole combined dataset according to structure results. Haplotype sharing further suggests that the Russian cattle can be divided into four major clusters reflecting ancestral relations with other breeds. Herein, we therefore shed light on to the history of Russian cattle and identified closely related breeds to those from Russia. Our results will facilitate future research on detecting signatures of selection in cattle genomes and eventually inform future genetics-assisted livestock breeding programs in Russia and in other countries.
Impacts of additional noise on the social interactions of a cooperatively breeding fish
<p>Anthropogenic noise is a global pollutant known to affect the behaviour of individual animals in all taxa studied. However, there has been relatively little experimental testing of the effects of additional noise on social interactions between conspecifics, despite these forming a crucial aspect of daily life for most species. Here we use established paradigms to investigate how white-noise playback affects both group defensive actions against an intruder and associated within-group behaviours in a model fish species, the cooperatively breeding cichlid <i>Neolamprologus pulcher</i>. Additional noise did not alter defensive behaviour, but did result in changes to within-group behaviour. Both dominant and subordinate females, but not the dominant male, exhibited less affiliation and showed a tendency to produce more submissive displays to groupmates when there was additional noise compared to control conditions. Our experimental results therefore indicate the potential for anthropogenic noise to affect social interactions between conspecifics and that there can be intraspecific variation in the impacts of this global pollutant.</p>
FIGURES 1–8 in Canopyana vateriae gen. nov. and sp. nov.-A leafhopper breeding on Vateria indica and a new record of Bhatia distanti (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Selenocephalinae) from south India
FIGURES 1–8. Canopyana vateriae sp. nov. 1. Head and thorax; 2. Forewing; 3. Male pygophore, lateral view; 4. valve, style and subgenital plate, dorsal aspect; 5. Style, dorsal view; 6, 7. Connective and aedeagus, dorsal and lateral views, respectively; 8. Female seventh sternum.
FIGURE 5 in The Peruvian species of Cristaria (Malveae, Malvaceae): taxonomic revision, chromosome counts, and breeding system
FIGURE 5. Chromosome preparations of Cristaria multifida subsp. multifida. A. Schneider & Huertas 2979. B. Schneider & Huertas 2801. Scale = 5 µm.
FIGURE 4 in The Peruvian species of Cristaria (Malveae, Malvaceae): taxonomic revision, chromosome counts, and breeding system
FIGURE 4. Habit and flower variants of Cristaria multifida subsp. multifida and details of flower and fruit. A. Cristaria multifida with small white flowers and broad leaf lobes from the Lomas de Lachay, Central Peru. B. Cristaria multifida from the southern border of its distribution range at Morro Sama, Tacna Department. C. Cristaria multifida with almost undivided leaves and minute white flowers from the interior lomas of Sama Grande at about 700 m. D. Large-flowered Cristaria multifida (petal length about 1 cm; C. aspera var. formosula) from the lomas of Mollendo. E. Detail of flower (here the Chilean C. integerrima) with its articulated pedicel (articulation see arrow). F. The characteristic carpocrater with the exposed winged mericarps; the lateral mericarp walls are evanescent and therefore the dark seeds are visible (here from C. multifida). All photos by the author.
FIGURE 3 in The Peruvian species of Cristaria (Malveae, Malvaceae): taxonomic revision, chromosome counts, and breeding system
FIGURE 3. Leaf variation, hair types, and inflorescence morphology of Cristaria multifida (A-D & H-J, subsp. multifida; E-G, subsp. moquipana). A. Tripartite leaf (Dombey s.n. [MA]). B. Undivided leaf (Müller 3621 ([LZ]). C. Trilobed leaf (Schneider et al. 2819 [USM]). D. Broadened apex of main leaf lobe. E. Deeply divided (to midvein) leaf (Müller et al. 1738 [LZ]). F & G. Narrowly obtuse to rounded apices of main leaf lobes (Weigend et al. 8400 & 8399 [LZ]). H. Erect bifid hair. I. Glandular hair (both Ferreyra 12485 [FR]). J. Apical part of flexuose inflorescence axis with remaining basal parts of pedicels and one fruiting flower (Müller et al. 12244 [LZ]). Illustrations by Julio V. Schneider.
Data from: Bioacoustic monitoring reveals details of tricolored blackbird breeding phenology
<p>Bioacoustic monitoring has been used to study behaviors of organisms from insects to whales. Studies using multiple vocalizations of a single species have the potential to determine detailed phenology, but to date are rare. We tested whether bioacoustic monitoring of multiple gender- and age-specific vocalizations of the imperiled tricolored blackbird <i>Agelaius tricolor</i> could provide detailed information on reproductive phenology and breeding success. Using inexpensive cell phones and free software applications, we collected audio recordings of tricolored blackbird colonies during their breeding season. Adding solar panels enabled the stations to run autonomously, and use of cellular data enabled remote uploading of recordings. Analysis of the presence or absence of three vocalizations (male song, female song, and nestling call) provided a rich and detailed description of the breeding phenology, including the dates for courtship, onset of nest building, incubation, nestling hatching, and fledgling departure from nesting colonies. The resulting detail was more granular and accurate than comparable data from field monitoring, although field monitoring provides data such as abundance counts that bioacoustic monitoring does not. This information has a wide range of applications to research and conservation, from enabling more accurate abundance estimates, to assessing colony success or failure with fewer visits, to providing stronger guidance for when a colony must be protected from disruption.</p>
Figure 3 in Comparison of breeding biology aspects of Fluvicola nengeta (Aves: Tyrannidae) between two nesting sites
Figure 3. Nest shapes of Fluvicola nengeta on Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro's campus grounds. (a) closed/globular/base; (b) closed/ovoid/base; (c) low cup/base.
Figure 1 in Comparison of breeding biology aspects of Fluvicola nengeta (Aves: Tyrannidae) between two nesting sites
Figure 1. Study area with nest markings: 1 – Açu Lake; 2 – lake at the Institute of Biology; 3 – lake at the Botanical Gardens; 4 – student lodging; 5 – waterlogged area near the Institute of Technology.
Figure 3 in Breeding biology of the Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin Neopelma pallescens (Aves: Pipridae) in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 3. Nest (LJF 005) with two nestlings of the Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin Neopelma pallescens. Above: one-day nestlings. Below: three-day nestlings. Photographs taken in Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, by Luana J. Ferreira.
Figure 2 in Breeding biology of the Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin Neopelma pallescens (Aves: Pipridae) in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 2. Above: Female Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin Neopelma pallescens defending its nest. Note that she held the wings and tail slightly open and the crown feathers raised, exposing the discreet yellow coronal patch, while staring at the observer. Below: Female (white circle) exhibiting the broken-wing distraction display on the ground. Photographs taken in Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, by Luana J. Ferreira.
Figure 1 in Breeding biology of the Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin Neopelma pallescens (Aves: Pipridae) in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 1. Above. Nest (LJF 008) with two eggs of the Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin Neopelma pallescens. Note the large amount of spider silk attaching the nest to the supporting branch. Below: An egg showing spots and blotches concentrated around the larger pole, forming a distinct crown. Photographs taken in Florestal, Minas Gerais, Brazil, by Luana J. Ferreira.
Figure 3 in Evidence for a geographical gradient selection in the distribution of breeding Podicipedidae and Rallidae in the south-western Mediterranean
Figure 3. Variograms of the residuals of the best GLMM models of predicted occupancy probabilities for breeding (a) black-necked grebes and (b) red-knobbed coots in Morocco. NSR is the nugget-tosill ratio.
Figure 2 in Evidence for a geographical gradient selection in the distribution of breeding Podicipedidae and Rallidae in the south-western Mediterranean
Figure 2. Variation in PC2 wetland geographic location estimates by applying GLMM logistic model: model estimates Podni – Podiceps nigricollis, Podcr – Podiceps cristatus, Tacru – Tachybaptus ruficollis, Galch – Gallinula chloropus, Fulat – Fulica atra, Porpo – Porphyrio porphyrio.
Figure 1 in Evidence for a geographical gradient selection in the distribution of breeding Podicipedidae and Rallidae in the south-western Mediterranean
Figure 1. Geographic location of the 25 Moroccan monitored wetlands in 2012 and 2013. (Cherkaoui et al. 2017).
Figure 5 in Breeding biology of the threatened Campo Miner Geositta poeciloptera (Aves: Scleruridae), a Neotropical grassland specialist
Figure 5. Relationship between the time spent on building activity (including digging and platform construction) and the date of nest initiation in 24 nests of the Campo Miner monitored in southeastern Brazil during the 2014 breeding season.
Figure 4 in Breeding biology of the threatened Campo Miner Geositta poeciloptera (Aves: Scleruridae), a Neotropical grassland specialist
Figure 4. (a) Entrance hole of a nest of the Campo Miner dug in a dirt bank along a dirt road; (b) the nest chamber (opened after being partially damaged by cattle activity); (c) materials used to line the nest, clockwise from left, mammal faeces, grass and other plant fragments, mammal hairs and charcoal fragments; (d) eggs. Photographs by TLSSM.
Figure 3 in Breeding biology of the threatened Campo Miner Geositta poeciloptera (Aves: Scleruridae), a Neotropical grassland specialist
Figure 3. Relationship between cavity area, cavity depth, and relative position in the soil profile of 70 nest of the Campo Miner found during the 2014 to 2016 breeding seasons in the municipality of São João del-Rei, south-eastern Brazil.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.