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3,370 results for “jumping”
FIGURES 18‒25 in Jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) of Kerman, Iran, with the description of one new Cacopsylla species
FIGURES 18‒25. Cacopsylla paraspiculata sp. nov.: 18-19. Inner and outer surface of paramere, in profile. 20. Parameres, in rear view. 21. Distal segment of aedeagus, in profile. 22. Female terminalia, in profile. 23. Valvulae, in profile. 24. Habitus of male. 25. Habitus of female.
FIGURES 1‒5. 1. Colposcenia orientalis, Forewing. 2. Craspedolepta tadshikistanica, Forewing. 3 in Jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) of Kerman, Iran, with the description of one new Cacopsylla species
FIGURES 1‒5. 1. Colposcenia orientalis, Forewing. 2. Craspedolepta tadshikistanica, Forewing. 3. Cacopsylla paraspiculata sp. nov., Forewing. 4. Cacopsylla paraspiculata sp. n., Head. 5. Cacopsylla paraspiculata sp. nov., Male terminalia, in profile.
FIGURES 6‒11 in Jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) of Kerman, Iran, with the description of one new Cacopsylla species
FIGURES 6‒11. Colposcenia orientalis: 6. Male terminalia, in profile. 7-8. Inner and outer surface of paramere, in profile. 9. Distal segment of aedeagus, in profile. 10. Female terminalia, in profile. 11. Valvulae, in profile.
Alternative responses by two species of jumping spiders to unpalatability and toxicity in prey
<p>A key challenge for generalist predators is avoiding toxins in prey. Species-specific strategies range from total avoidance of distasteful (and potentially toxic) prey to the use of physiological mechanisms to metabolize toxins after consumption. We compare two species of jumping spiders, <i>Habronattus trimaculatus</i> and <i>Phidippus regius.</i> Based on several anecdotal observations and other aspects of their biology, we hypothesized <i>a priori </i>that <i>H. trimaculatus</i> would be (1) less willing to feed on unpalatable prey and (2) more susceptible to toxins that are consumed compared with <i>P. regius.</i> In Experiment 1, we presented spiders of both species with size-matched quinine-dipped crickets. Consistent with our hypothesis, all <i>H. trimaculatus</i> attacked and rejected them while all <i>P. regius</i> attacked and consumed them. In Experiments 2 and 3 we assigned spiders of both species to experimental feeding treatments with varying levels of toxicity (using toxic springtails, <i>Folsomia candida</i>) and assessed effects on their growth. Spiders of both species readily fed on the springtails. Collectively, results from these two experiments suggest that springtails have negative effects on both species, but that these effects are stronger in <i>H. trimaculatus</i>. <i>Habronattus </i>has a unique red retinal filter pigment (not found in <i>Phidippus) </i>that likely improves their ability to discriminate reds and oranges. The evolution of this unique visual system may have been driven by their heightened susceptibility to prey toxins, and thus the benefits of avoiding prey that advertise toxins with long-wavelength colors. </p>
Drop vertical jump biomechanics following exercise induced muscle damage
<p>Drop vertical jump biomechanical data 0h and 48h following eccentric exercise induced muscle damage of the knee extensors.</p>
FIGURES 1–2. 1 in Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70 birthday of Wanda Wesołowska
FIGURES 1–2. 1 Wanda Wesołowska with Euonymus europaeus L.; 2 Wanda and Tomasz Wesołowscy at the gate to the Białowieża National Park.
FIGURES 18–22 in Description of two new species of the jumping spider genus Pancorius Simon 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Southwest China
FIGURES 18–22. Pancorius wesolowskae sp. nov. 18–20 Left male palp in prolateral (18), ventral (19) and retrolateral views (20); 21 Epigyne, ventral view; 22 Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 23 in Description of two new species of the jumping spider genus Pancorius Simon 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Southwest China
FIGURE 23. Map of type localities: circle 1 Pancorius candidus sp. nov. circle 2 P. wesolowskae sp. nov.
FIGURES 14–17 in Description of two new species of the jumping spider genus Pancorius Simon 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Southwest China
FIGURES 14–17. Pancorius wesolowskae sp. nov. 14 Male, dorsal view; 15 Same, ventral view; 16 Female, dorsal view; 17 Same, ventral view). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 5–9 in Description of two new species of the jumping spider genus Pancorius Simon 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Southwest China
FIGURES 5–9. Pancorius candidus sp. nov. 5–7 Left male palp in prolateral (5), ventral (6) and retrolateral views (7); 8 Epigyne, ventral view; 9 Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 1–4 in Description of two new species of the jumping spider genus Pancorius Simon 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Southwest China
FIGURES 1–4. Pancorius candidus sp. nov. 1 Male, dorsal view; 2 Same, ventral view; 3 Female, dorsal view; 4 Same, ventral view). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Data from: Aggressive jumping spiders make quicker decisions for preferred prey but not at the cost of accuracy
There has been an increasing interest in consistent interindividual differences in behavior (i.e., personality) in recent years. However, consistent interindividual differences in cognitive styles remain largely unexplored. Individual differences in cognitive styles are hypothesized to be functionally related to differences in personality types. It is assumed that proactive individuals make faster decisions at the expense of accuracy (i.e., the speed–accuracy trade-offs hypothesis). Here, we investigated the relationship between personality and speed–accuracy trade-off using Portia labiata, a specialized spider-eating jumping spider that exhibits excellent cognitive ability. We first established consistent individual differences in aggressiveness and decision-making in P. labiata. We then tested whether individual differences in aggressiveness could predict how fast and accurately P. labiata makes a prey-choice decision (a large vs. a small orb-web spider). We demonstrated that P. labiata exhibited individual differences not only in aggressiveness, but also in the speed of prey-choice decisions but not in the choices. Importantly, we found that aggressiveness was not related to the choice of the prey, but it predicted the speed of prey-choice decision: aggressive individuals were faster to make choices than docile ones but both chose large spiders as preferred prey. This suggests a lack of an association between a speed–accuracy trade-off and variation in personality types of P. labiata.
Data from: Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens
The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events, and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite co-phylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events, and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.
Data from: Differential aging of bite and jump performance in virgin and mated Teleogryllus commodus crickets
Evolutionary theories of aging state that the force of natural selection declines with age, resulting in trait senescence. However, sexual selection theory predicts that costly traits that signal mate value should increase in expression as survival prospects decline. Mortality rates and fertility tend to show strong signatures of senescence, whereas sexual signalling traits increase with age, but how the expression of traits such as whole-organism performance measures that are subject to both sexual and non-sexual selection should change with age is unclear. We examined the effects of both a key life-history event (mating) and diet quality (male and female optimal diets) on aging in two whole-organism performance traits (bite force and jump take-off velocity) in male and female Teleogryllus commodus crickets. We found no evidence for diet effects on any of the measured traits. Aging effects were more evident in females than in males for both jumping and biting, and constitute a mix of senescence and terminal investment patterns depending on sex/mating class. Sex and mating therefore have important implications for resource allocation to performance traits, and hence for aging of those traits, and interactions between these two factors can result in complex changes in trait expression over individual lifetimes.
Data from: Peak vertical jump power predicts radial bone strength better than hand grip strength in healthy individuals
<p>Osteoporosis is considered a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences. However, measuring bone strength in children is complex and creates a practical problem for health professionals, teachers and parents. A non-invasive measure of muscle fitness that correlates to bone strength may provide a means to monitor bone strength throughout the lifespan. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between common muscle function tests (relative grip strength (RGS), peak vertical jump power (PP)) and bone strength in the radial diaphysis and epiphysis of a healthy population. Healthy participants (n=147 (81 female)) performed a bilateral grip strength test using a hand dynamometer, and a maximal vertical jump test. Peak vertical jump power was calculated from maximal jump height using the Sayer's equation. Moment of inertia (MoI), cortical area (CoA), cortical bone mineral density (cBMD), and polar strength-strain index (SSIp) were measured using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) to determine bone strength parameters at the 66% radial site (predominantly cortical bone). At the 4% site (trabecular bone site), bone mineral content (vBMC.tb), bone mineral density (vBMD.tb), total area (ToA.tb) and bone strength index (BSIc) were measured. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses determined the relationship of each muscle function test for each bone envelope (cortical and trabecular). For the cortical bone measurements:<b> </b>RGS, and PP were both significantly correlated with CoA, MoI, and SSIp. Peak vertical jump power predicted bone strength parameters to a greater extent compared to RGS. For the trabecular bone envelope, RGS was not a predictor of bone strength however peak power was a significant predictor of bone strength parameters. Peak vertical jump power was a significant predictor of bone strength at both trabecular and cortical radial sites. Interestingly PP, a lower limb measurement explained the most variance in the bone strength of the upper limb.</p>
Data from: Jerzego, a new hisponine jumping spider from Borneo (Araneae: Salticidae)
A new genus and species of hisponine jumping spider from Sarawak, Jerzego corticicola Maddison sp. nov. are described, representing one of the few hisponine jumping spiders known from Asia, and the only whose male is known. Although similar to the primarily-Madagascan genus Hispo in having an elongate and flat body, sequences of 28s and 16sND1 genes indicate that Jerzego is most closely related to Massagris and Tomomingi, a result consistent with morphology. Females of Jerzego and other genera of Hisponinae were found to have an unusual double copulatory duct, which appears to be a synapomorphy of the subfamily. Two species are transferred from Hispo, Jerzego bipartitus (Simon) comb. nov. and Jerzego alboguttatus (Simon) comb. nov. Diagnostic illustrations and photographs of living spiders are provided.
Data from: A migratory northern ungulate in the pursuit of spring: jumping or surfing the green wave?
The Forage Maturation Hypothesis (FMH) states that herbivores migrate along a phenological gradient of plant development in order to maximize energy intake. Despite strong support for the FMH, the actual relationship between plant phenology and ungulate movement has remained enigmatic. We linked plant phenology (MODIS-NDVI) and space use of 167 migratory and 78 resident red deer (Cervus elaphus) using a space-time-time matrix of "springness", defined as the instantaneous rate of green-up (IRG). Consistent with the FMH, migrants experienced substantially greater access to early plant phenology than residents. Deer were also more likely to migrate in areas where migration led to greater gains in springness. Rather than "surfing the green wave" during migration, migratory red deer moved rapidly from the winter to the summer range, thereby "jumping the green wave". However, migrants, and to a lesser degree residents, did track phenological green-up through parts of the growing season by making smaller-scale adjustments in habitat use. We conclude that, whereas in some systems migration itself is a way to surf the green wave, in others it may simply be a means to re-connect with phenological spring at the summer range.
Data from: Control of signaling alignment during the dynamic courtship display of a jumping spider
During communication, alignment between signals and sensors can be critical. Signals are often best perceived from specific angles, and sensory systems can also exhibit strong directional biases. However, we know little about how animals establish and maintain such signaling alignment during communication. To investigate this, we characterized the spatial dynamics of visual courtship signaling in the jumping spider Habronattus pyrrithrix. The male performs forward-facing displays involving complex color and movement patterns, with distinct long- and short-range phases. The female views displays with 2 distinct eye types and can only perceive colors and fine patterns of male displays when they are presented in her frontal field of view. Whether and how courtship interactions produce such alignment between male display and female field of view is unknown. We recorded relative positions and orientations of both actors throughout courtship and established the role of each sex in maintaining signaling alignment. Males always oriented their displays toward the female. However, when females were free to move, male displays were consistently aligned with female principal eyes only during short-range courtship. When female position was fixed, signaling alignment consistently occurred during both phases, suggesting that female movement reduces communication efficacy. When female models were experimentally rotated to face away during courtship, males rarely repositioned themselves to re-align their display. However, males were more likely to present certain display elements after females turned to face them. Thus, although signaling alignment is a function of both sexes, males appear to rely on female behavior for effective communication.
Data from: Repeated jumps from Northwest Africa to the European continent: the case of peripheral populations of an annual plant
Peripheral populations (i.e., those occurring on the edge of a species' distribution range) can have different origins and genetic characteristics, and they may be critical for conservation of genetic diversity. We investigated European peripheral populations of Scrophularia arguta, a widespread, annual plant distributed from Arabia to Northwest Africa and Macaronesia. Only two small disjunct population groups of this species occur in Europe, specifically in West‐Central and Southeast Iberia. To disclose the origin of these populations and determine their importance for conservation of S. arguta genetic diversity, we analysed DNA sequences from two nuclear and two plastid regions and AFLP markers in populations sampled mainly across the western distribution range of the species, and modelled the species distribution under present and late Quaternary conditions. The analyses revealed the presence of three distinct lineages of S. arguta in Europe, as a result of multiple colonisation waves at different times in the Quaternary. Two of these lineages, occurring in Southeast Iberia, are the result of more or less recent dispersal from Northwest Africa. In contrast, West‐Central Iberian populations are strongly differentiated from the remaining range of S. arguta, and can be considered as peripheral relict populations. Our study is the first to demonstrate the occurrence of at least three colonisations of the European continent from Africa by a native plant species. The diverse histories and genetic makeup of resulting populations confirm the importance of peripheral populations, and particularly of ancient relict populations, for conservation of global genetic diversity in widespread species.
Data from: Equivalent effect of UV coloration and vibratory signal on mating success in a jumping spider
Ultraviolet (UV; wavelengths: 280–400 nm) colouration has been shown to be an important visual signal but has not been studied in conjunction with other signals such as vibratory signals previously. Here we investigated multimodal signal function in the visual and substrate-borne vibratory modalities of the UV-ornamented jumping spider Cosmophasis umbratica, in which the importance of UV colouration in courtship displays has been demonstrated. We first described vibratory signals produced by courting males. We found that while vibratory signals mainly consist of palp drumming and abdomen thump, amplitude of abdomen thump shows a high variance and is positively correlated with body mass. This suggests that abdomen thump as a vibratory component may be condition-dependent. To examine whether the vibratory and UV signal function as backup to each other in a variable environment (efficacy-based backup hypothesis), we used a fully crossed 2 × 2 mating assay, a signal-isolation approach, to investigate how isolated and combined signals affect mate choice by females. Our results showed that both signals in isolation or in combination result in similar female responses (i.e., mating success, latency to copulation, female attention ratio). The presence of both vibratory and UV signals affects mating frequency, with no significant differences in mating frequency when vibratory and UV signals are presented in isolation or in combination. These results support the efficacy-based backup hypothesis. We therefore conclude that vibratory and UV signals have equivalent effects in predicting mating success in C. umbratica.
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