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5,510 results for “Foods”
Data from: Species traits as drivers of food web structure
The use of functional traits to describe community structure is a promising approach to reveal generalities across organisms and ecosystems. Plant ecologists have demonstrated the importance of traits in explaining community structure, competitive interactions as well as ecosystem functioning. The application of trait-based methods to more complex communities such as food webs is however more challenging owing to the diversity of animal characteristics and of interactions. The objective of this study was to determine how functional structure is related to food web structure. We consider that food web structure is the result of 1) the match between consumer and resource traits, which determine the occurence of a trophic interaction between them, and 2) the distribution of functional traits in the community. We implemented a statistical approach to assess whether or not 35 466 pairwise interactions between soil organisms are constrained by trait-matching and then used a Procrustes analysis to investigate correlations between functional indices and network properties across 48 sites. We found that the occurrence of trophic interactions is well predicted by matching the traits of the resource with those of the consumer. Taxonomy and body mass of both species were the most important traits for the determination of an interaction. As a consequence, functional evenness and the variance of certain traits in the community were correlated to trophic complementarity between species, while trait identity, more than diversity, was related to network topology. The analysis was however limited by trait data availability, and a coarse resolution of certain taxonomic groups in our dataset. These limitations explain the importance of taxonomy, as well as the complexity of the statistical model needed. Our results outline the important implications of trait composition on ecological networks, opening promising avenues of research into the relationship between functional diversity and ecosystem functioning in multi-trophic systems.
Estimating the long-term repeatability of food-hoarding behaviours in an avian predator
Food-hoarding behaviour is widespread in the animal kingdom and enables predictable access to food resources in unpredictable environments. Within-species, consistent variation among individuals in food-hoarding behaviours may indicate the existence of individual strategies, as it likely captures intrinsic differences in how individuals cope with risks (e.g. starvation, pilferage). Using 17 years of data, we estimated the long-term repeatability of 10 food-hoarding behaviours in a population of Eurasian pygmy owls (Glaucidium passerinum), a small avian predator subject to high temporal fluctuations in its main prey abundance. We found low repeatability in the proportion of shrews and the average prey mass stored for both sexes while females were moderately repeatable in the mass and the number of preys stored. These two pairs of behaviours were tightly correlated among-individuals and might represent two different sets of individual strategies to buffer against starvation risks. Whether the existence of such strategies can facilitate populations' persistence and adaptation to climate change remains to be investigated.
GPR84 and GPR119 in the central regulation of food intake in rainbow trout
<p>We evaluated the role of GPR84 and GPR119 in food intake regulation in fish using rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) as a model. In a first experiment, we assessed the effects on food intake of intracerebroventricular treatment with agonists of these receptors. In a second experiment, we assessed in hypothalamus and hindbrain the impact of the same treatments on mRNA abundance of neuropeptides involved in the metabolic control of food intake (<i>npy, agrp1</i>, <i>pomca1</i>, and <i>cartpt</i>) as well as in changes in parameters related to signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in the integrative response leading to neuropeptide production. Treatment with both agonists elicited an anorectic response in rainbow trout attributable to changes observed in the mRNA abundance of the four neuropeptides. Changes in neuropeptides relate to changes observed in mRNA abundance and phosphorylation status of the transcription factor Foxo1. These changes occurred in parallel with changes in phosphorylation status of Ampkα and Akt, mRNA abundance of mTOR as well as in signaling pathways related to PLCβ and IP3. These results allow us to suggest that 1) at least part of the capacity of fish brain to sense MCFA like octanoate depends on the function of GPR84, and 2) the capacity of fish brain to sense NAE or triglyceride-derived molecules through binding of these ligands to GPR119</p>
Organelle calcium-derived voltage oscillations in pacemaker neurons drive the motor program for food-seeking behavior in Aplysia
<p><span>An atypical neuronal pacemaker mechanism, based on rhythmic intracellular calcium store release in an identified pair of interneurons (B63) and resulting oscillation of the neurons' membrane potential, acts as an autonomous releaser for the irregular occurrences of the <span>motor program for food-seeking behavior</span> in Aplysia. The rhythmic variations of the membrane potential in B63 neurons were analyzed by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis in a cycle period bandwidth of 512 s to 8 s. The resulting power spectral density periodograms were used to identify oscillation periods of peak magnitude. The periodograms were computed from the FFT frequency spectrograms by converting the frequency band (in Hz) to its reciprocal, period (in secs). These analysis were performed in isolated buccal ganglia preparations bathed in artifical sea water (ASW), in 'Low Ca+Co' saline to block chemical synapses, or in 'Low Ca+Co' saline and after an intracellular injection of organelle membrane calcium channel blocker heparin into either the bilateral B63 or B31 neurons. The oscillations of B63 membrane potential that were recorded in ASW persisted in 'Low Ca+Co', but were suppressed after heparin injection specifically into B63.</span></p>
Non-Conventional TD-NMR Approaches (Spin Diffusion , Solid and Magic Sandwich Echo) for Food Quality
<p>Non-Conventional TD-NMR Approaches (Spin Diffusion , Solid and Magic Sandwich Echo) for Food Quality</p>
Water, energy and food data in Central Asia
<p>Water, energy and food data in five Central Asian countries that are collected from public data sources.</p>
An increase in food production in Europe could dramatically affect farmland biodiversity
<p><strong>Supplementary Data. Detailed average yield per region, and organic and non-organic management systems per crop type in MJ/ha (</strong><strong>+/- standard error) </strong><strong>in ten European farmland regions</strong>. Details on regions and country abbreviations are given in Supplementary Table 1.</p>
Longitudinal variation in the nutritional quality of basal food sources and its effect on invertebrates and fish in subalpine rivers
<p><span><span>1. There is growing recognition of the importance of food quality over quantity for aquatic consumers. In streams and rivers, most previous studies considered this primarily in terms of the quality of terrestrial leaf litter and importance of microbial conditioning. However, many recent studies suggest that algae are a more nutritional food source for riverine consumers than leaf litter. To date, few studies have quantified longitudinal shifts in the nutritional quality of basal food resources in river ecosystems and how these may affect consumers.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>2. We conducted a field investigation in a subalpine river ecosystem in Austria to investigate longitudinal variations in diet quality of basal food sources (submerged leaves and periphyton) and diet source dependence of stream consumers (invertebrate grazers, shredders, filterers and predators, and fish). Fatty acid (FA) profiles of basal food sources and their consumers were measured.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>3. Our results indicate systematic differences between the FA profiles of terrestrial leaves and aquatic biota, i.e., periphyton, invertebrates and fish. Submerged leaves contained very low proportions of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), which were conversely rich in aquatic biota. While the FA composition of submerged leaves remained similar among sites, the LC-PUFA of periphyton increased longitudinally, which was associated with increasing nutrients from upstream to downstream.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>4. Longitudinal variations in periphyton LC-PUFA were reflected in the LC-PUFA of invertebrate grazers and shredders, and further tracked by invertebrate predators and fish. However, brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) contained a large proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3), a LC-PUFA almost entirely missing in basal sources and invertebrates. The fish accumulated eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) from invertebrate prey and may use this FA to synthesize DHA.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>5. Our results provide a nutritional perspective for river food web studies, emphasizing the importance of algal resources to consumer somatic growth and the need to account for the longitudinal shifts in the quality of these basal resources.</span></span></p>
Figure 2 in Food spectrum analysis of the Asian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) (Anura: Bufonidae), from Timor Island, Wallacea
Figure 2. Ordination of non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities of the food item composition of toads from different habitats. I = park grounds of the Timor Lodge Hotel, Dili, Dili District; II = dry riverbed at the confluence of the Comoro and Bemos rivers, 8 km south of the Comoro River bridge, Dili District; III = banana plantation south of the confluence of the Comoro and Bemos rivers, Aileu District; IV = dry forest at the fringes of Lake Maubara, Liquiça District; V = Corypha forest west of Raeme, Liquiça District. Symbols close to each other in the ordination space are most similar. Their distribution well indicates that food composition does not differ between habitats.
Figure 1 in Food spectrum analysis of the Asian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) (Anura: Bufonidae), from Timor Island, Wallacea
Figure 1. Duttaphrynus melanostictus and habitats in Timor-Leste sampled during June 2013. Habitat types are listed in the same order as they appear in Table 1. (a) Unvouchered D. melanostictus specimen from the park grounds of the Timor Lodge Hotel, Dili, Dili District. (b) Park grounds of the Timor Lodge Hotel, Dili, Dili District (Habitat I). (c) Dry riverbed at the confluence of the Comoro and Bemos rivers, 8 km south of the Comoro River bridge, Dili District (Habitat II). (d) Banana plantation south of the confluence of the Comoro and Bemos rivers, Aileu District (Habitat III). (e) Dry forest at the fringes of Lake Maubara, Liquiça District (Habitat IV). (f) Corypha forest west of Raeme, Liquiça District (Habitat V). Photographs (a–c) by Sven Mecke, (d) by Max Kieckbusch and (e–f) by Mark O'Shea.
Figure 3 in An assessment of food habits and altitudinal distribution of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in the Western Himalayas, Pakistan
Figure 3. Graphical representation of the signs of Asiatic black bear recorded at different elevations of Kaghan Valley, Pakistan.
Figure 2 in An assessment of food habits and altitudinal distribution of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in the Western Himalayas, Pakistan
Figure 2. (1) Maize crop raided by a black bear in Malkandi reserve forest area, Kaghan Valley, Pakistan, 2013–2014. (2, 3) Photographs of scats found near the same forest area where bears raided maize crops.
Figure 1 in An assessment of food habits and altitudinal distribution of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in the Western Himalayas, Pakistan
Figure 1. Map showing the study area of Kaghan Valley (Western Himalayas), a rich biodiversity spot of Mansehra district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.
Figure 6 in Natural history of a South African insect pollinator assemblage (Insecta: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera): diagnostic notes, food web analysis and conservation recommendations
Figure 6. Adults of species of Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from the Skukuza Ranger District, Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. (a) Amazula suavis; (b) Dischista cincta; (c) Dischista rufa; (d) Discopeltis bellula; (e) Leucocelisa methystina; (f) Leucocelis vitticollis; (g) Mausoleopsis amabilis; (h–j) three colour forms of Clinteroides permutans; (k) Pachnoda sinuata flaviventris (l) Pedinorrhina trivittata; (m) Rhabdotis albinigra; (n, o) two colour forms of Phoxomela umbrosa; (p) Phoxomeloides laticincta. Photos by A.P. Marais.
Figure 7 in Natural history of a South African insect pollinator assemblage (Insecta: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera): diagnostic notes, food web analysis and conservation recommendations
Figure 7. Adults of species of Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on flowers in the Skukuza Ranger District, Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa.(a) Pedinorrhina trivittata on flowers of Peltophorum africanum; (b) Leucocelis amethystina on flowers of Acacia nilotica; (c) Leucocelis vitticollis on flowers of Peltophorum africanum; (d) Mausoleopsis amabilis on flowers of Peltophorum africanum; (e) Amazula suavis on flowers of Terminalia sericea; (f) Rhabdotis albinigra on flowers of Flueggea virosa; (g) Phoxomela umbrosa on flowers of Dalbergia melanoxylon: (h) Dischista cincta on flowers of Flueggea virosa.
Figure 3 in Natural history of a South African insect pollinator assemblage (Insecta: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera): diagnostic notes, food web analysis and conservation recommendations
Figure 3. Our sampling activities included visual inspection of flowering trees and shrubs, and photographic documentation of insect pollinators and floral visitors (left image), as well as insect specimen voucher collection (right image).
Figure 13 in Natural history of a South African insect pollinator assemblage (Insecta: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera): diagnostic notes, food web analysis and conservation recommendations
Figure 13. Plant-pollinator food web diagram for trees and shrubs that flower during the early rainy season in the Skukuza Ranger District, Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. The diagram links the known or likely pollinator species (right-hand side of diagram) with their associated plant species (left-hand side of diagram). Connectance values (defined as the number of observed interactions for a species, divided by the number of possible interactions for that species) for individual plant species ranged between 0.06 and 0.46, with an average connectance value across all plant species of 0.19 (standard deviation of 0.13). Connectance values for individual pollinator species ranged between 0.04 and 0.67, with an average connectance value across all pollinator species of 0.20 (standard deviation of 0.17).
Figure 12 in Natural history of a South African insect pollinator assemblage (Insecta: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera): diagnostic notes, food web analysis and conservation recommendations
Figure 12. Summary of floral colouration and floral phenology characteristics for flowering tree and shrub species that we observed in the Skukuza Ranger District, Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. Numbers indicate percentages of the 27 tree and shrub species included in this study.
Figure 10 in Natural history of a South African insect pollinator assemblage (Insecta: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera): diagnostic notes, food web analysis and conservation recommendations
Figure 10. Adults of species of the carpenter bee genus Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae) observed in the Skukuza Ranger District, Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. (a) X. caffra female; (b) X. caffra male; (c) X. inconstans female; (d) X. inconstans male; (e) X. flavorufa female; (f) X. lugubris female; (g) X. flavorufa male.
Figure 11 in Natural history of a South African insect pollinator assemblage (Insecta: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera): diagnostic notes, food web analysis and conservation recommendations
Figure 11. Characteristic growth forms of common tree and shrub species in the Skukuza Ranger District, Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. (a) Peltophorum africanum; (b) Terminalia prunioides; (c) Terminalia sericea; (d) Grewia flavescens; (e) Acacia exuvialis; (f) Acacia nigrescens; (g) Acacia tortilis; (h) Dichrostachys cinerea; (i) Ziziphus mucronata.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.