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FIGURE 1 in Molecular phylogeny of Asiatic Short-Tailed Shrews, genus Blarinella Thomas, 1911 (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) and its taxonomic implications

FIGURE 1. Map of China showing collecting localities of all individuals used in this study. The sampling localities and site number correspond to sample codes described in Table 1.

FIGURE 5 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data

FIGURE 5. Bayesian analyses of the non-molecular (44 characters) and molecular data (5,898 bp) combined. Analyses were run for 50 x 106 generations, sampling every 1000, with the first 10,000 trees discarded as burn-in, posterior probabilities are shown for branches supported by> 0.50. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).

FIGURE 4 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data

FIGURE 4. Parsimony analyses of the combined non-molecular (44 characters) and molecular data (5,898 bp). A strict consensus of two trees is shown, with bootstrap values> 50 based on 1000 replicates, with 100 random additions per replicate. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).

FIGURE 3 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data

FIGURE 3. Bayesian consensus of the combined mtDNA and nuclear data (5,898 bp). Analyses were based on 50 x 106 generations, sampling every 1000, with the first 10,000 trees discarded as burn-in, posterior probabilities are shown for branches supported by> 0.50. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).

FIGURE 6 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data

FIGURE 6. Summary hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among all known species of Incilius. Taxa indicated by an asterisk (*) and dashed lines were not included in our analyses because of lack of material available; their positions shown here are tentative, based on other lines of evidence (see Discussion). We hope that samples of these missing taxa may become available in the future, so that this hypothesis may be tested. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).

FIGURE 2 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data

FIGURE 2. Parsimony analyses of the combined mtDNA and nuclear data (5,898 bp). A strict consensus of two trees is shown, with bootstrap values> 50 based on 1000 replicates, each with 100 random additions per replicate. The taxon Incilius sp. nov. is described by Mendelson et al. (in press).

FIGURE 1 in A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data

FIGURE 1. Parsimony analysis of the non-molecular data (44 transformation series; Appendix III). Shown here is the strict consensus tree of the 149 equally most parsimonious trees (170 steps; CI = 0.353; RI = 0.637). Bootstrap values are shown above nodes, decay indices are shown below. We note the lack of basal resolution within the clade containing the "Forest toads" (e.g., Incilius campbelli, I. macrocristatus, etc.), and especially the position of Rhinella marina that renders Incilius paraphyletic.

FIGURE 4. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 4. A, Biogeographic hypothesis obtained from the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC) model of RASP analysis on a dated phylogeny reconstructed with fossil calibrations using treePL. B, Biogeographic areas used as input in RASP (see Table 4 for details). Note that this is not a distribution map of pimoids, the range of any given pimoid species does not occupy all of the shaded biogeographic area (e.g., in North America pimoids are exclusively found in the west). C, Dispersal and vicariance rates optimized by the DEC model of RASP.

FIGURE 2. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 2. A maximum likelihood phylogeny of linyphioid families (Linyphiidae and Pimoidae) using five molecular markers (matrix M1). Support metrics at nodes indicate Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT)/ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot).

FIGURE 7 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 7. Putaoa male genitalic morphology: Putaoa huaping Hormiga & Tu, 2008 (A-B), P. seediq Hormiga & Dimitrov, 2017 (C-F). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, mesal (arrow points to conductor). C, Palp, ectal. D, palp, dorsomesal (modified from Hormiga 2003, 2008). E, Palp, mesal (schematic). F, Palp, mesal (arrow points to embolic process). Modified from Hormiga & Tu (2008), Hormiga & Dimitrov (2017). Scale bars: A-B, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; P = paracymbium; SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum.

FIGURE 6 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 6. Weintrauboa male genitalic morphology: Weintrauboa yele Hormiga, 2008 (A-B), W. contortipes (Karsch, 1881)(C- E). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, mesal. C, Palp, mesal (arrow points to suprategulum). D, E, Tegulum, suprategulum and embolus base. Modified from Hormiga (2003, 2008). Scale bars: A-B, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; E = embolus; EF = embolic flap; EP = embolic process; MA= median apophysis; P = paracymbium; SPT= suprategulum; T = tegulum.

FIGURE 1. Pimoid and stemonyphantine habitus photographs. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 1. Pimoid and stemonyphantine habitus photographs. A, Pimoa breviata Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943, female from Oregon (DSC_5028). B, Pimoa cthulhu Hormiga, 1994, female from California (DSC_5065). C, Nanoa enana Hormiga, Buckle & Scharff, 2005, female from California (DSC_4865, GH0896). D, Pimoa edenticulata Hormiga, 1994, male from California (DSC_5023). E, Putaoa seediq Hormiga & Dimitrov, 2017, male from Taiwan. F, Weintrauboa contortipes (Karsch, 1881), female from Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan (DSC_0472). G, Stemonyphantes lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758), male from Zealand, Denmark. H, S. lineatus, female from Zealand, Denmark. Photos by GH.

FIGURE 5 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 5. Pimoid male genitalic morphology: Pimoa graphitica Mammola, Hormiga & Isaia, 2016 (A-B), Nanoa enana Hormiga, Buckle & Scharff, 2005 (C-D). A, Palp ventral (arrow up points to embolus; arrow down points to pimoid embolic process; arrow right points to alveolar sclerite). B, Palp, ectal. C, Palp ventral (the embolus is in a slightly displaced position; normally its distal end rests tightly against the tegulum, next to the conductor). D, Palp dorsoectal. Scale bars: A-B, 0.5 mm; C-D, 0.1 mm. Modified from Hormiga et al. (2005). Abbreviations: C= conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA= median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny, phylogeography, and systematics of the American pea crab genus Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990, inferred from molecular markers

Figure 3. Histogram of Kimura two-parameter genetic distances for (A) the cytochrome oxidase I and (B) the large ribosomal subunit (16S) data sets. Species and number of specimens used for intraspecific and interspecific distance calculations are detailed in Table 1.

Figure 4. A in Phylogeny, phylogeography, and systematics of the American pea crab genus Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990, inferred from molecular markers

Figure 4. A, median-joining haplotype network for cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mtDNA sequences of Calyptraeotheres garthi, including some samples of Calyptraeotheres hernandezi and Calyptraeotheres politus. Area of the circles is proportional to the number of individuals of each haplotype found. White dots represent missing, probably unsampled, haplotypes or extinct lineages. Lines between circles represent additional mutational steps. B, mismatch distributions of C. garthi. Solid lines indicate the observed distribution, and dashed lines indicate the expected distribution. C, Bayesian skyline plot based on COI sequences of C. garthi showing change in population size through time. The y-axis is the product of effective population size (Ne) and generation length (t) on a log scale. The heavy solid line is the median estimated under the assumption of a per site mutation rate of 1.66% million years-1, and the dotted lines indicate 95% highest posterior density regions. Abbreviations: ARI, Arica; CAR, Caraguatatuba; ICU, Isla Cubagua; MDP, Mar del Plata; PMO, Puerto Montt; RIA, Ría de San António; SCL, San Clemente; SOT, El Sótano.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny, phylogeography, and systematics of the American pea crab genus Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990, inferred from molecular markers

Figure 1. Distribution of species of Calyptraeotheres in the Americas (dark grey) with collection sites (black stars). Abbreviations: ARI, Arica; CAR, Caraguatatuba; ICO, Ilha Comprida; ICU, Isla Cubagua; IPR, Ilha Prumirim; MDP, Mar del Plata; PMO, Puerto Montt; RIA, Ría de San António; SCL, San Clemente; SOT, El Sótano.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny, phylogeography, and systematics of the American pea crab genus Calyptraeotheres Campos, 1990, inferred from molecular markers

Figure 2. Bayesian (BAY) tree for Calyptraeotheres species, Tumidotheres maculatus, Dissodactylus crinitichelis, and selected outgroups (Austinixa aidae and Austinixa patagoniensis) based on the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and large ribosomal subunit (16S) concatenated data set. Values represent bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probabilities (maximum likelihood/maximum parsimony/BAY) expressed as percentages. Values ³ 50% are not shown. The Calyptraeotheres subdivision proposed by Hernández-Ávila & Campos (2006) is highlighted in grey.

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Figure 21. A–D in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 21. A–D, Tegenaria femoralis; E–I, Tegenaria tyrrhenica; J-M, Tegenaria ferruginea; N-R, Tegenaria parietina. Left male palp in ventral (A, E, L, N) and retrolateral views (B, F, M, O); epigyne in ventral (C, G, J, P) and vulva in dorsal (D, H, K, Q), lateral (R), and anterior views (I). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

opennotspecifiedJul 2013View details →

Figure 11. A, B, G, H in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 11. A, B, G, H, Eratigena feminea; C–F, I–P, Eratigena bucculenta s.l. Left male palp in ventral (A, C, E) and retrolateral views (B, D, F); epigyne in ventral (G, I, K, N) and posterior views (O); vulva in ventral (J, L) and dorsal views (H, M, P). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (scale for I is missing).