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FIGURE 97 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 97. Hybrid #63 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, Jan. 1991, leg. José Urbina? (see Hybrid #44). Le Crom Collection. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Very similar to Hybrids #46,#54, #55, #59—#62, and could be an F1 between the two races indicated.
FIGURE 94 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 94. Hybrid #60 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, April, 1988, leg. José Urbina? (see Hybrid #44). Le Crom Collection. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Very similar to Hybrids #46,#54, #55, and #59, and could be an F1 between the two races indicated.
FIGURE 128 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 128. Mávarez #35 (dorsal, ventral). Venezuela: Táchira, San Cristobal, Jardín Botánico de Táchira, 1060m. Oct. 2003. Leg. J. Mávarez. One of 36 individual specimens of "pure" H. melpomene melpomene sampled from this site.
FIGURE 108 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 108. Hybrid #71 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Chocó, Río San Juan, Palestrina. 1988. leg. C. Farrell. Neukirchen Collection (FLMNH). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno zelinde (Fig. 105) x H. melpomene vulcanus (Fig. 102) F1, based on the larger red forewing band and partial suppression of the brown forceps on the HWV. Also likely reared for commerce.
FIGURE 93 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 93. Hybrid #59 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, Sept. 1986, leg. José Urbina? (see Hybrid #44). Le Crom Collection. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Very similar to Hybrids #46,#54, and #55, and could be an F1 between the two races indicated.
FIGURE 88 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 88. Hybrid #55 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: "Cundinamarca, Veraguas." Neustetter collection (NMW). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Locality is in Bogotá, which is probably from where the specimen was shipped to H. M. Neustetter (an Austrian entomologist and specimen dealer). The forewing of this specimen is superficially reminiscent of that of H. heurippa (Fig. 148), but the HW has H. cydno characters such as the ventral brown forceps (partially obscured by the labels due to careless photographic technique). Note that the diffuse submarginal HW band is shifted proximally relative to most of the other specimens in this group, suggesting the pattern of H. cydno wanningeri (Fig. 89). Given the poor locality data, the specimen is difficult to interpret.
FIGURE 112. H. cydno cydnides Staudinger, 1885 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 112. H. cydno cydnides Staudinger, 1885 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: "Valle del Cauca, Río Dagua" [probably incorrect locality data, as this race occurs in the Cauca Valley, not on the Pacific slope]. (image source: https:// cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/cydno%20cydnides)
FIGURE 98 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 98. Hybrid #64 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Huila, San José Isnos, 6 July (?) 1990, leg. J. Le Crom (Le Crom collection). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" x H. cydno cydno F1 backcross to H. cydno (see nomenclatural notes under #41). The locality where the specimen was collected is in the range of H. cydno lisethae (Fig. 99), and the submarginal FW spots suggest that it belongs to that race and not H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72; it is surprising that Mallet et al. 2007 coauthor Neukirchen did not notice this error). All the characters of this specimen are cydno-like except for the distal brick-red band on the forewing. Note, again, that this color does not appear in any Colombian H. melpomene.
FIGURE 91 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 91. Hybrid #57 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, 1999, leg. J. Urbina? (see Hybrid #44), Le Crom Collection. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 backcross to H. cydno (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). The brick-red distal forewing patch is the only "melpomene-like" character. The fact that the Le Crom collection contains so many striking "hybrids" of somewhat mysterious origin suggests that the specimen may not have been collected in the wild.
FIGURE 96 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 96. Hybrid #62 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, Sept. 1993, leg. José Urbina? (see Hybrid #44). Le Crom Collection. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Very similar to Hybrids #46,#54, #55, #59, #60, and #61, and could be an F1 between the two races indicated.
FIGURE 136 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 136. Hybrid # 87 (dorsal, ventral). Venezuela: Táchira, Parque Nacional Paramillo, 1140m. Leg. M. Linares. Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno cordula (Fig. 127) x H. melpomene melpomene (Fig. 128) F1 backcross to H. cydno. The ragged condition of the inscribed wings and absence of a body suggest that this female was kept in an insectary before being ground up for DNA analysis.
FIGURE 86 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 86. Hybrid #53 (dorsal). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, 1990, Schmidt-Mumm collection (IAvH). Salazar (1993) suggested that Ernesto Schmidt-Mumm collected this specimen himself, but it seems he obtained it from José Urbina (see Hybrid #44). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Very similar to Hybrid #51. Even though the specimen is in rather poor condition, its provenance (from Urbina, like so many other hybrids between these two races) suggests that it, too, was reared.
FIGURE 105. H. cydno zelinde Butler, 1869 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 105. H. cydno zelinde Butler, 1869 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Cali, Río Dagua [the race occurs on the Pacific slope in Valle del Cauca and Chocó, not in the Cauca Valley where Cali is situated]. (image source: https:// cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/cydno%20zelinde.html).
FIGURE 87 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 87. Hybrid #54 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, 1986, leg. José Urbina (see Hybrid #44). Neukirchen collection (FLMNH). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Very similar to #46, and could be an F1 between the two races indicated.
FIGURE 89. Heliconius cydno wanningeri Neukirchen, 1991 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 89. Heliconius cydno wanningeri Neukirchen, 1991 (dorsal, ventral). COLOMBIA: Santander (image source: https://cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/cydno%20waningeri.html)
FIGURE 84 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 84. Hybrid #51 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Caldas, Victoria, 24 June (?) 1960, Leg. E. Schmidt-Mumm. (IAvH). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Lack of a HW submarginal band but presence of complete HWV brown forceps suggests that this cannot be an F1 of the indicated races. This problem could be a result of the label issue mentioned above (Hybrid #14).
FIGURE 83 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 83. Hybrid #50 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Boyacá, Otanche, 2 Jan. 1980, leg. J. Urbina. From Schmidt-Mum collection (IAvH). Salazar (1993) suggested that Ernesto Schmidt-Mumm collected this specimen himself, but it seems he obtained it from José Urbina (see Hybrid #44). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. melpomene "{euryas}" (Fig. 73) x H. cydno cydno (Fig. 72) F1 (see nomenclatural notes under Hybrid #41). Specimen is very similar to Hybrid #45, and is likely not an F1, given the clear expression of the HWV brown forceps.
FIGURE 126 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 126. Hybrid #84 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Valle, Rio Dagua, 1966. Leg. L. Denhez. Mast de Maeght collection (RBINS). Paratype of H. cydno gerstneri f. pseudoweymeri H. & R. Holzinger, 1968 (an unavailable infrasubspecific quadrinominal). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno weymeri f. "weymeri" (Fig. 116) x H. melpomene vulcanus (Fig. 102) backcross to H. cydno, as but see #78. Furthermore, likely commercial origin as described above.
FIGURE 117. H. cydno weymeri f in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 117. H. cydno weymeri f. "gustavi" Staudinger, 1897 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia [no further locality data]. The name gustavi is an intrasubspecific quadrinominal and not available under the ICZN Code (ICZN, 1999). Some "gustavi" individuals have pure black forewings. This specimen is atypical, with white spots on the FW and a partial brown forceps on the VHW. It may be an intraspecific hybrid backcross to another H. cydno form (image source: https:// cliniquevetodax.com/Heliconius/pages/cydno%20weymeri).
FIGURE 122 in Alternative facts: a reconsideration of putatively natural interspecific hybrid specimens in the genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
FIGURE 122. Hybrid #80 (dorsal, ventral). Colombia: Valle, Rio Dagua, 1967. Leg. L. Denhez? Mast de Maeght collection (RBINS). Interpreted by Mallet et al. (2007) as a H. cydno weymeri f. "weymeri" (Fig. 116) x H. melpomene vulcanus (Fig. 102) F1 backcross to H. cydno, based on the relatively narrow yellow bar on the HWV. See Hybrid #78 for explanation.
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