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FIGURE 1 in Phenotypical variation and taxonomic correlates of five closely related Andean species of Poa (Poaceae) along geographic and climatic gradients
FIGURE 1. DIVA-GIS map of environmental variables and 150 collection sites of Poa specimens from the Andes in South American. A. Elevation. B. Annual mean precipitation. C. Annual mean temperature. D. Annual maximum temperature. E. Annual minimum temperature. Symbols for the Poa species are described in E.
FIGURE 4 in Phenotypical variation and taxonomic correlates of five closely related Andean species of Poa (Poaceae) along geographic and climatic gradients
FIGURE 4. Box plots representing the mean, median, interquartile range, adjacent values (lines), and outliers (dots) of quantitative characters in P. lilloi and P. scaberula.
FIGURE 3 in Phenotypical variation and taxonomic correlates of five closely related Andean species of Poa (Poaceae) along geographic and climatic gradients
FIGURE 3. Plot of discriminant analysis (DA) along the first two discriminant axes obtained from all specimens pertaining to a priori defined species. ANFA: P. anfamensis; JUJ: P. jujuyensis; LILL: P. lilloi; PARV: P. parviceps; SCAB: P. scaberula.
Figure 6 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 6. Dorsal view of third-instar larval head capsule (left half) of Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. The drawing represents the typical condition seen in 18 individuals from two populations in northern Kyrgyzstan. The colour insert is a typical mature third-instar larva of the species.
Figure 3 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 3. Frequency distributions of volley period measured in solo vibrational songs recorded at 25 ± 1° C from individuals of Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. (red/grey bars), Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (blue/ dark grey bars), and Chrysoperla adamsi (green/light grey bars). Measurements were calculated as individual averages; N = number of individuals from which individual averages were calculated.
Figure 5 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 5. Dorsal view of third-instar larval head capsule (left half) of Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. The drawing represents the typical condition seen in 24 individuals from two populations in Iran. The colour insert is a typical mature third-instar larva of the species.
Figure 7 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 7. Maximum likelihood phylogram of the cryptic species of the Chrysoperla carnea- group, based on 4630 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence from the protein-coding genes ND2, COI, COII and ND5. The tree was inferred under the General Time Reversible model, using a discrete gamma distribution to model evolutionary rate variation while allowing some sites to remain invariant (GTR+G + I as implemented in MEGA v.7.0, Kumar et al. 2016). Numbers at the branch points are support values from 150 bootstrap replicates; branch lengths are proportional to the number of substitutions per site. Specimen numbers and geographical locations are shown for each operational taxonomic unit (twig) on the tree. The three songconvergent species discussed in the text are highlighted in colour: Chrysoperla shahrudensis in red, Chrysoperla bolti in blue and Chrysoperla adamsi in green. Thumbnail oscillographs of 12 s of song phenotype for 13 common species are placed on the figure at their approximate vertical positions on the phylogram.
Figure 4 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 4. Adult of (a) Chrysoperla. shahrudensis sp. nov., non-diapausing green form; (b) C. shahrudensis, diapausing sandy-brown form, and (c) Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov., all-season green form.
Figure 2 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 2. Oscillographs of duetting interactions. (a) 12 s of a typical duet between a male and a female of Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov., showing the partners politely exchanging single volleyplus-rumble units or shortest repeated units (SRUs). (b) 12 s of a typical duet between a male and a female of Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov., showing the partners politely exchanging single SRUs. (c) 71 s oscillograph showing a female of C. shahrudensis duetting with a conspecific for the first 24 s, with C. bolti for the next 25 s, and with Chrysoperla adamsi (North America) for the last 22 s. In each of those three duets, the female being tested is capable of synchronizing precisely with the prerecorded playback signal. As discussed in the text, C. shahrudensis shows no such duetting response to playbacks of songs of any carnea-group species other than C. bolti and C. adamsi. All duets were recorded at 25 ± 1°C.
Figure 1 in Distinctive but functionally convergent song phenotypes characterize two new allopatric species of the Chrysoperla carnea-group in Asia, Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. and Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Figure 1. Oscillographs (lower of each pair of traces) and sonographs (upper traces) of (a) a solo vibrational song of Chrysoperla shahrudensis sp. nov. from northern Iran and (b) a solo vibrational song of Chrysoperla bolti sp. nov. from Kyrgyzstan, Asia, illustrating convergent song phenotypes in these two Asian species. Each song was recorded at 25 ± 1°C and is drawn to the same time scale of 12 s. Start, middle, end, and rumble sections of an individual volley are marked by the arrows, while duration and period of the primary volley are bracketed.
FIGS 1–3 in A review of deviant phenotypes in bees in relation to brood parasitism, and a gynandromorph of Megalopta genalis (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
FIGS 1–3. (1) Wild-type female Megalopta genalis. (a) Head, width~4.16 mm; (b) labrum. (2) Wild-type male M. genalis. (a) Head, width~3.16 mm; (b) labrum. (3) Gynandromorph M. genalis. (a) Head, width~3.32 mm; (b) labrum.
Figure 8 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 8. Maximum clade credibility phylogram obtained with Bayesian inference using combined data: morphological matrix without gamete-related characters and molecular data (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA). Values above branches are posterior probabilities supports.
Figure 3 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 3. The four states coded in the present study for the shape of the apophyses for the insertion of the stylet muscles (AISM) (characters 14, 15; Table 2). A State 1: AISM divided in two; B AISM shaped as one ridge; C AISM shaped as two ridges; D AISM shaped as three ridges. The images represent half a buccal tube in lateral view. The arrow in B indicates an apophysis for the insertion of the stylet muscles connecting with the end of the mouth. The rest of the apophyses for the insertion of the stylet muscles connect with the beginning of the buccal tube.
Figure 1 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 1. Eutardigrade peribuccal structures indicated by arrows. A, lamellae (state 1 in Tables 3 and 4); B, papulae (state 3 in Tables 3 and 4); C, lobes.
Figure 7 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 7. Agreement subtree with groups present with all concavities obtained with the Ratchet algorithm for parsimonious analyses using combined data: morphological matrix without gamete-related characters and molecular data (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA). Values above branches are bootstrap supports after 1000 replicates with a k-value of 16. Values under branches are Bremer relative supports with a k-value of 16.
Figure 5. Agreement subtree cladogram obtained with the Ratchet algorithm for parsimonious analyses using the complete morphological matrix without gamete-related characters. Values above branches are bootstrap supports after 1000 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 5. Agreement subtree cladogram obtained with the Ratchet algorithm for parsimonious analyses using the complete morphological matrix without gamete-related characters. Values above branches are bootstrap supports after 1000 replicates; values under branches are Bremer relative supports.
Figure 2 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 2. Different states (from 0 to 5) coded in the present study for the shape of the furcae (character 13; Table 2).
Figure 4 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 4. Different types of claws present amongst eutardigrades (A–N) and in the outgroup Echiniscidae (O). M modified from Pilato (1971). Dotted lines in F and G indicate right angles in Isohypsibius- and Hypsibius-type claws, respectively. Arrows in D and E indicate cuticular bars joining external and internal claws in Dactylobiotus and Macroversum, respectively. Arrows in L indicate claw position. PIII, third pair of legs. PIV, fourth pair of legs.
Data and Code for: Isotopic Niche Size of Coregonus artedi (sensu lato) Increases in the Presence of Mysis diluviana, Expanded Habitat Use and Phenotypic Diversity
<p>Post-glacial colonization of lakes in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada resulted in food webs with cisco (<i>Coregonus artedi</i> sensu lato) and either <i>Mysis</i> <i>diluviana</i> or <i>Chaoborus </i>spp. as the dominant diel migrator. <i>Mysis</i> as prey, its diel movements and benthic occupancy, are hypothesized to be key elements of ecological opportunity for cisco diversity in the Laurentian Great Lakes. If correct, the hypothesis strongly implies that lakes with <i>Mysis</i> would have greater trophic niche size and drive greater adaptive radiation of cisco forms relative to lakes without <i>Mysis</i>. The dichotomy in diel migrator in Algonquin Park lakes was an opportunity to assess the isotopic niche size of cisco (δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>13</sup>C) and determine if niche size expands with <i>Mysis </i>presence. We found the presence of <i>Mysis</i> is necessary to expand isotopic niche size in our study lakes. The use of habitats not typically associated with the ancestral form of cisco (e.g., benthic habitats) and phenotypic diversity (blackfin and cisco) also continue to expand niche size in <i>Mysis</i>-based food webs. Partial ecological speciation based on a large niche space appears to be present in one lake (Cauchon Lake) where use of alternative habitats is the only real difference in cisco. The presence of blackfin expands niche space in Cedar and Radiant Lakes. This was not matched in Hogan Lake where niche space was relatively smaller with similar forms. Possible reasons for this discrepancy may be related to the asymmetric basin of Hogan Lake and whether the two forms overlap during cool and cold-water periods of the annual temperature cycle. By comparing trophic niche size among lakes with and without <i>Mysis</i> we conclude that <i>Mysis</i> provides a key ecological opportunity for cisco diversity in our study lakes and likely more widely.</p>
Figure 3 in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 3. Phylogenetic networks of the three analysed loci and three historical scenarios explaining the origin of the CLAOS population tested using the DIYABC program. The colour of each individual shown in the network corresponds to the taxonomic assignment colour in the DIYABC analysis. Scenario 2 was the most likely model selected by the program (~60% posterior support), and scenario 1 also received moderate support (~30% posterior support). Results of posterior support among scenarios and model checking, in addition to the estimated parameter values (population sizes and divergence times), can be found in the Supporting Information (Figs S3–S8).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.