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23,351 results for “Comparative”
Comparing raccoon MHC diversity in native and introduced ranges: evidence for the importance of functional immune diversity for adaptation and survival in novel environments.
<p>The adaptive potential of invasive species is related to the genetic <span class="il">diversity</span> of the invader, which is influenced by genetic drift and natural selection. Typically, the genetic <span class="il">diversity</span> of invaders is studied with neutral genetic markers, however, the expectation of reduced <span class="il">diversity</span> has not been consistently supported by empirical studies. Here, we describe and interpret genetic <span class="il">diversity</span> at both neutral microsatellite loci and the immune related <span class="il">MHC</span>-DRB locus of <span class="il">native</span> and invasive populations of <span class="il">raccoon</span> to better understand of how drift and selection impact patterns of genetic <span class="il">diversity</span> during the invasion process. We found that despite the loss of many <span class="il">MHC</span> alleles in comparison with <span class="il">native</span> populations, functional <span class="il">MHC</span> supertypes are preserved in the invasive region. In the <span class="il">native</span> <span class="il">raccoon</span> population the number of supertypes within individuals was higher than expected under a neutral model. The high level of individual functional divergence may facilitate the adaptation to local conditions in the invasive range. These results suggest that selection is driving divergent allele combinations despite drift causing allelic loss. In the invasive populations, we also detected increased population structure at microsatellites compared to the <span class="il">MHC</span> locus, further suggesting that balancing selection is acting on adaptively important regions of the <span class="il">raccoon</span> genome. Finally, we found that alleles known to exhibit resistance to rabies in the <span class="il">native</span> range, Prlo-DRB*4, Prlo-DRB*16 and Prlo-DRB*102, were the most common alleles in the European populations, suggesting directional selection is acting on this locus. Our research shows empirical support for the importance of functional immune <span class="il">diversity</span> for adaptation and survival in novel environments.</p>
Comparative analysis of larval growth in Lepidoptera reveals instar-level constraints
1. Juvenile growth trajectories evolve via the interplay of selective pressures on age and size at maturity, and developmental constraints. In insects, the moulting cycle is a major constraint on larval growth trajectories. 2. Surface area to volume ratio of a larva decreases during growth, so renewal of certain surfaces by moulting is likely needed for the maintenance of physiological efficiency. A null hypothesis of isometry, implied by Dyar's Rule, would mean that the relative measures of growth remain constant across moults and instars. 3. We studied ontogenetic changes and allometry in instar-specific characteristics of larval growth in 30 lepidopteran species in a phylogenetic comparative framework. 4. Relative instar-specific mass increments (RMI) typically, but not invariably, decreased across instars. Ontogenetic change in RMIs varied among families with little within-family variation. End-of-instar growth deceleration (GD) became stronger with increasing body size across instars. Across-instar change in GD was conserved across taxa. Ontogenetic allometry was generally non-isometric both in RMI and GD. 5. Results indicate that detailed studies on multiple species are needed for generalizations concerning growth trajectory evolution. Developmental and physiological mechanisms affecting growth trajectory evolution show different degrees of evolutionary conservatism, which must be incorporated into models of age and size at maturation.
Data from: Urban rat races: spatial population genomics of brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) compared across multiple cities
Urbanization often substantially influences animal movement and gene flow. However, few studies to date have examined gene flow of the same species across multiple cities. In this study, we examine brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) to test hypotheses about the repeatability of neutral evolution across four cities: Salvador, Brazil; New Orleans, USA; Vancouver, Canada; New York City, USA. At least 150 rats were sampled from each city and genotyped for a minimum of 15,000 genome-wide SNPs. Levels of genome-wide diversity were similar across cities, but varied across neighborhoods within cities. All four populations exhibited high spatial autocorrelation at the shortest distance classes (< 500 m) due to limited dispersal. Coancestry and evolutionary clustering analyses identified genetic discontinuities within each city that coincided with a resource desert in New York City, major waterways in New Orleans, and roads in Salvador and Vancouver. Such replicated studies are crucial to assessing the generality of predictions from urban evolution, and have practical applications for pest management and public health. Future studies should include a range of global cities in different biomes, incorporate multiple species, and examine the impact of specific characteristics of the built environment and human socioeconomics on gene flow.
Comparing Non-invasive Diabetes Risk Scores for Detecting Patients in Clinical Practice
<p>The Cork and Kerry Diabetes and Heart Disease Study (Phase II – Mitchelstown Cohort) was a single centre study conducted between 2010 and 2011. A random sample was recruited from a large primary care centre in Mitchelstown, County Cork, Ireland. The Livinghealth Clinic serves a population of approximately 20,000 Caucasian-European subjects, with a mix of urban and rural residents. Stratified sampling was employed to recruit equal numbers of men and women from all registered attending patients in the 46–73-year age group. In total, 3,807 potential participants were selected from the practice list. Following the exclusion of duplicates, deaths and subjects incapable of consenting or attending appointment, 3,051 were invited to participate in the study and of these, 2,047 (49% male) completed the questionnaire and physical examination components of the baseline assessment (response rate: 67%). Individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease or T2DM were not excluded from the cohort.</p>
Data from: Comparative phylogeography biogeography of forest-dependent mammals reveals paleo-forest corridors throughout Sundaland
The evolutionary history of the colugo, a gliding arboreal mammal distributed throughout Sundaland, was influenced by the location of and connections between forest habitats. By comparing colugo phylogenetic patterns, species ecology, sample distributions, and times of divergence to those of other Sundaic taxa with different life history traits and dispersal capabilities, we inferred the probable distribution of paleo-forest corridors. We identified a consistent pattern of early diversification between east and west Bornean lineages in colugos, lesser mouse deer, and Sunda pangolins. This phylogenetic pattern has not been commonly described in mammals, and we found no evidence for this pattern in the greater mouse deer. Colugos on West Borneo diverged from colugos in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra in the late Pliocene, however most other mammalian populations distributed across these same geographic regions diverged from a common ancestor more recently in the Pleistocene. Low genetic divergence between colugos on large landmasses and their neighboring satellite islands indicated that past forest distributions were recently much larger than present refugial distributions. Our analysis of colugo evolutionary history reveals dynamic forested connections throughout Sundaland, and reconstructs Borneo as the most likely ancestral area of origin for Sunda colugos.
Data from: Comparative water use by maize, perennial crops, restored prairie, and poplar trees in the US Midwest
Water use by plant communities across years of varying water availability indicates how terrestrial water balances will respond to climate change and variability as well as to land cover change. Perennial biofuel crops, likely grown mainly on marginal lands of limited water availability, provide an example of a potentially extensive future land cover conversion. We measured growing-season evapotranspiration (ET) based on daily changes in soil profile water contents in five perennial systems—switchgrass, miscanthus, native grasses, restored prairie, and hybrid poplar—and in annual maize (corn) in a temperate humid climate (Michigan, USA). Three study years (2010, 2011 and 2013) had normal growing-season rainfall (480–610 mm) whereas 2012 was a drought year (210 mm). Over all four years, mean (±SEM) growing-season ET for perennial systems did not greatly differ from corn (496 ± 21 mm), averaging 559 (±14), 458 (±31), 573 (±37), 519 (±30), and 492 (±58) mm for switchgrass, miscanthus, native grasses, prairie, and poplar, respectively. Differences in biomass production largely determined variation in water use efficiency (WUE). Miscanthus had the highest WUE in both normal and drought years (52–67 and 43 kg dry biomass ha−1 mm−1, respectively), followed by maize (40–59 and 29 kg ha−1 mm−1); the native grasses and prairie were lower and poplar was intermediate. That measured water use by perennial systems was similar to maize across normal and drought years contrasts with earlier modeling studies and suggests that rain-fed perennial biomass crops in this climate have little impact on landscape water balances, whether replacing rain-fed maize on arable lands or successional vegetation on marginal lands. Results also suggest that crop ET rates, and thus groundwater recharge, streamflow, and lake levels, may be less sensitive to climate change than has been assumed.
Simulating gas giant exoplanet atmospheres with Exo-FMS: Comparing semi-grey, picket fence and correlated-k radiative-transfer schemes.
<p>NetCDF dataset for paper titled: Simulating gas giant exoplanet atmospheres with Exo-FMS: Comparing semi-grey, picket fence and correlated-k radiative-transfer schemes.</p> <p> </p> <p>Contains:</p> <p>1. Heng benchmark GCM data</p> <p>2. Rauscher benchmark GCM data</p> <p>3. HD209 model using semi-grey RT</p> <p>4. HD 209 model using non-grey picket fence RT</p> <p>5. HD 209 model using corr-k RT scheme</p>
Comparative migration ecology of striped bass and Atlantic sturgeon in the US Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight flyway
<p>Seasonal migrations are key to the production and persistence of marine fish populations but movements within shelf movement corridors or, "flyways", are poorly known. Atlantic sturgeon and striped bass, two anadromous species of concern, are known for their extensive migrations along the US Middle-Atlantic Bight. Seasonal patterns of habitat selection are well described within spawning rivers, estuaries, and shelf foraging habitats, but information on the location and timing of key coastal migrations is limited. Using a gradient-based array of acoustic telemetry receivers, we compared the seasonal incidence and movement behavior of these species in the near-shelf region of Maryland, USA. Atlantic sturgeon incidence was highest in the spring and fall and tended to be biased toward shallow regions, while striped bass had increased presence during spring and winter months and selected deeper waters. Incidence was transient (mean = ~2 d) for both species with a pattern of increased residency (> 2 d) during autumn and winter, particularly for striped bass, with many individuals exhibiting prolonged presence on the outer shelf during winter. Flyways also differed spatially between northern and southern migrations for both species and were related to temperature: striped bass were more likely to occur in cool conditions while Atlantic sturgeon preferred warmer temperatures. Observed timing and spatial distribution within the Middle-Atlantic flyway were dynamic between years and sensitive to climate variables. As shelf ecosystems come under increasing maritime development, gridded telemetry designs represent a feasible approach to provide impact responses within key marine flyways like those that occur within the US Middle-Atlantic Bight. </p>
Data from: Comparative analysis of the shape and size of the middle ear cavity of turtles reveals no correlation with habitat ecology
<p>The middle ear of turtles differs from other reptiles in being separated into two distinct compartments. Several ideas have been proposed as to why the middle ear is compartmentalized in turtles, most suggesting a relationship with underwater hearing. Extant turtle species span fully marine to strictly terrestrial habitats, and ecomorphological hypotheses of turtle hearing predict that this should correlate with variation in the structure of the middle ear due to differences in the fluid properties of water and air. We investigate the shape and size of the air-filled middle ear cavity of 56 extant turtles using 3D data and phylogenetic comparative analysis to test for correlations between habitat preferences and the shape and size of the middle ear cavity. Only weak correlations are found between middle ear cavity size and ecology, with aquatic taxa having proportionally smaller cavity volumes. The middle ear cavity of turtles exhibits high shape diversity among species, but we found no relationship between this shape variation and ecology. Surprisingly, the estimated acoustic transformer ratio, a key functional parameter of impedance-matching ears in vertebrates, also shows no relation to habitat preferences (aquatic/terrestrial) in turtles. We suggest that middle ear cavity shape may be controlled by factors unrelated to hearing, such as the spatial demands of surrounding cranial structures. A review of the fossil record suggests that the modern turtle ear evolved during the Early to Middle Jurassic in stem turtles broadly adapted to freshwater and terrestrial settings. This, combined with our finding that evolutionary transitions between habitats caused only weak evolutionary changes in middle ear structure, suggests that tympanic hearing in turtles evolved as a compromise between subaerial and underwater hearing.</p>
Scanners compared output
We scanned the same model with the Wacom Mobile Studio Pro, Artec EVA and Artec Space Spider, all using Artec Studio and Autopilot. We hope this helps with seeing the different levels of definition. If you start with the Wacom, you can always add an EVA or Space Spider, contact us at[ Patrick Thorn & Co](http://www.patrick-thorn.co.uk) in the UK. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
A comparative usability analysis of eye-tracking and mouse click data taken from digital libraries
<p>This dataset is the result of a study, in which we analyzed parallels and differences between clicks as well as eye movements on two different digital library homepages. For this analysis we used diverse tracking tools for mouse clicks and eye tracking data that where further studied with respect to specific areas of interest (AOI). </p> <p>The dataset contains two screenshots indicating the areas of interest (AOIs; entitled “AreasOfInterest_Kartenportal.jpg and AreasOfInterest_Webportal.jpg), which separate the homepages into analyzable parts. It also contains eight screenshots of the homepages containing the total amount of collected clicks (each name starting with “clicks”) and two screenshots with the eye tracking heat maps (starting with “Heatmap”). The screenshots have directly been extracted from the click and eye tracking tools and matched with the before mentioned AOIs in order to gain the total count of clicks and views as well as the view duration the concerned area.</p> <p>All data are synthesized in a document containing three sheets with different tables: a first one with the initial data compilation for all AOIs of the two analyzed homepages (entitled “Data”), a second one with a more visual compiled data analysis for both homepages and all AOIs (entitled “Data2) and last one with the duration of the view as well as the duration of the fixation and the compiled click data (entitled « Eye tracking study data »).</p>
Experimental Data for: Comparing Trace Visualizations for Program Comprehension through Controlled Experiments
<p>For efficient and effective program comprehension, it is essential to provide software engineers with appropriate visualizations of the program's execution traces. Empirical studies, such as controlled experiments, are required to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of proposed visualization techniques.</p> <p>We present controlled experiments to compare the trace visualization tools EXTRAVIS and ExplorViz in typical program comprehension tasks. We replicate the first controlled experiment with a second one targeting a differently sized software system. In addition to a thorough analysis of the strategies chosen by the participants, we report on common challenges comparing trace visualization techniques. Besides our own replication of the first experiment, we provide a package containing all our experimental data to facilitate the verifiability, reproducibility and further extensibility of our presented results.</p> <p>Although subjects spent similar time on program comprehension tasks with both tools for a small-sized system, analyzing a larger software system resulted in a significant efficiency advantage of 28 percent less time spent by using ExplorViz. Concerning the effectiveness (correct solutions for program comprehension tasks), we observed a significant improvement of correctness for both object system sizes of 39 and 61 percent with ExplorViz.</p> <p>This package contains the experimental data.</p>
Comparing Machine Learning Classifiers and Linear/Logistic Regression to Explore the Relationship between Hand Dimensions and Demographic Characteristics
<p>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>Data for "<strong>Comparing Machine Learning Classifiers and Linear/Logistic Regression to Explore the Relationship between Hand Dimensions and Demographic Characteristics</strong>" (PLOSONE)</p> <p>Oscar Miguel-Hurtado<sup>1</sup>, Richard Guest<sup>1</sup>, Sarah V. Stevenage<sup>2</sup>,Greg J. Neil<sup>2</sup>,Sue Black<sup>3</sup><br> </p> <ul> <li><sup>1</sup> School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK</li> </ul> <p>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>For more information please contact: O.Miguel-Hurtado-98@kent.ac.uk (Oscar Miguel)</p> <p>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>The zip contains right and left hand geometry images from 112 participants. The images were captured using a Nikon D200 SLR camera (format: jpg, size: 3504x2336 pixels), with both the palm of the hand and camera facing downwards. Participants placed each hand on an acetate sheet with a series of positioning pegs.</p> <p>-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>The excel contains a series of length measurements (based on the underlying skeleton of the hand) manually extracted (see Figure 1 for details) along with demographic information from the participants: sex (male or female), height (in cm), weight (in kg) and foot size (in UK sizes).</p>
Assembled RADseq Data: "Historical introgression among the American live oaks and the comparative nature of tests for introgression"
<p>Assembled sequence data for Eaton et al. (2015) "Historical introgression among the American live oaks and the comparative nature of tests for introgression". The unassembled sequence data are available on NCBI SRA. </p> <p>Data sets were assembled using pyrad v.2.13 as described in notebook 1 from the study.</p>
Dataset for: Spinal motion and muscle activity during active trunk movements - comparing sheep and humans adopting upright and quadrupedal postures
<p>Datasets used for the manuscript "Spinal motion and muscle activity during active trunk movements - comparing sheep and humans adopting upright and quadrupedal postures", accepted in PLOS ONE</p>
NDVI datasets related with the article "A comparative study of cross-product NDVI dynamics in the Kilimanjaro region - a matter of sensor, degradation calibration, and significance"
<p>AHVRR GIMMS and MODIS NDVI input datasets and main results on seasonal and long-term NDVI dynamics related with the manuscript "A comparative study of cross-product NDVI dynamics in the Kilimanjaro region - a matter of sensor, degradation calibration, and significance" recently published in Remote Sensing 8(2), 159, doi: 10.3390/rs8020159.</p>
Training for RD Management: Comparative European Approaches, Raw data & Tidied Data
<p>Raw and tidied data of responses to the Knowledge Exchange survey around Training for Research Data management. The data accompanies the Knowledge Exchange report 'Training for RD Management: Comparative European Approaches' DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.50068</p> <p> </p>
Comparing distribution of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) derived from satellite telemetry and passive acoustic monitoring
<p>Data used for publication in Plos One. Two excel files. The satellite_filtered_data is the filtered satellite positions used for MaxEnt modelling in R. The CPOD_data_PPH is the raw C-POD data expressed here as porpoises positive hours (PPH) and can easily be converted to porpoise positive days (PPD).</p>
The Free-Breathing Motion-Corrected Phase Sensitive Inversion Recovery Sequence Provides Improved Myocardial Fibrosis Evaluation while Significantly Shortening Acquisition Time Compared to Conventional Gradient Echo Sequences.
<p>This article includes original research performed at a US Academic Center related to comparison of three separate Phase-Sensitive Inversion Recovery (PSIR) pulse sequences (Breath-hold Single-Shot SFFP, Breath-hold TurboFLASH, and Free-breathing Motion-Corrected SSFP) evaluating the ability of each PSIR sequence to demonstrate myocardial hyperenhancement. All three PSIR sequences were performed as a part of a cardiac MRI performed on a patient clinically referred for cardiac MRI with and without contrast. A total of 28 patients were examined with the three PSIR sequences. All three PSIR sequences were performed in the short axis 10 – 25 minutes after intravenous injection of a Gadolinium-based contrast agent. </p> <p>Evaluation of the PSIR sequences ability to detect myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was performed by a retrospective review by two blinded, experienced cardiovascular imagers. The review was a qualitative inspection that included grading by a 5-point Likert scale for the sequence’s ability to resist motion artifact, image resolution, ability to visualize hyperenhancement, and overall satisfaction. The number of myocardial segments demonstrating LGE was also quantitated, and the acquisition time of each PSIR sequence was performed.</p> <p>To our knowledge this is the first study that compares the 3 available PSIR LGE sequences with a specific attention to acquisition time (TA). Given our initial study resulted in the conclusion that the motion-corrected SSFP PSIR sequence was superior the the TurboFLASH Gradient Echo PSIR sequence in regards to evaluator grading and acquisition time efficiency.</p>
Disability and Industrial Society 1780-1948: A Comparative Cultural History of British Coalfields: Statistical Compendium
<p>This statistical compendium gives information about accidents and injuries in the British coal industry from 1780 to 1948. It provides in tabular form statistics about the occurrence of non-fatal accidents, and various welfare and medical responses. It was produced as part of a Wellcome Trust Programme Grant in Medical History, 'Disability and Industrial Society: A Comparative Cultural History of British Coalfields 1780-1948' (095948/Z/11/Z)</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.