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30,334 results for “Responsiveness”
Social-like responses are inducible in the asocial and blind Mexican cavefish despite the continued exhibition of strong repetitive behavior
<p>Demo code and demo video files for the manuscript of "Social-like responses are inducible in the asocial and blind Mexican cavefish despite the continued exhibition of strong repetitive behavior." This zip file contains three folders, representing (1) ImageJ script for background subtraction; (2) python script to adjust swapped IDs in the result of idTracker analysis; and (3) MatLab script for detecting the social interactions</p>
Behavioural responses to warming differentially impact survival in introduced and native dung beetles
<p>Background: Anthropogenic changes are often studied in isolation but may interact to affect biodiversity. For example, climate change could exacerbate the impacts of biological invasions if climate change differentially affects invasive and native species. Behavioural plasticity may mitigate some of the impacts of climate change, but species vary in their degree of behavioural plasticity. In particular, invasive species may have greater behavioural plasticity than native species since plasticity helps invasive species establish and spread in new environments. This plasticity could make invasives better able to cope with climate change.</p> <p>Goal: Here our goal was to examine whether reproductive behaviours and behavioural plasticity vary between an introduced and a native Onthophagus dung beetle species in response to warming temperatures and how differences in behaviour influence offspring survival.</p> <p>Methods: Using a repeated measures design, we exposed small colonies of introduced O. taurus and native O. hecate to three temperature treatments, including a control, low warming, and high warming treatment, and then measured reproductive behaviours, including the number, size, and burial depth of brood balls. We reared offspring in their brood balls in developmental temperatures that matched those of the brood ball burial depth to quantify survival.</p> <p>Results: We found that the introduced O. taurus produced more brood balls and larger brood balls, and buried brood balls deeper than the native O. hecate in all treatments. However, the two species did not vary in the degree of behavioural plasticity in response to warming. Differences in reproductive behaviours did affect survival, such that warming temperatures had a greater effect on survival of offspring of native O. hecate compared to introduced O. taurus.</p> <p>Broader implications: Overall, our results suggest that differences in behaviour between native and introduced species is one mechanism through which climate change may exacerbate negative impacts of biological invasions. </p>
Data from: Distinct genomic signals of lifespan and life history evolution in response to postponed reproduction and larval diet in Drosophila
Reproduction and diet are two major factors controlling the physiology of aging and life history, but how they interact to affect the evolution of longevity is unknown. Moreover, while studies of large-effect mutants suggest an important role of nutrient sensing pathways in regulating aging, the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in lifespan remains poorly understood. To address these questions, we analyzed the genomes of experimentally evolved Drosophila melanogaster populations subjected to a factorial combination of two selection regimes: reproductive age (early versus postponed), and diet during the larval stage ('low', 'control', 'high'), resulting in six treatment combinations with four replicate populations each. Selection on reproductive age consistently affected lifespan, with flies from the postponed reproduction regime having evolved a longer lifespan. In contrast, larval diet affected lifespan only in early-reproducing populations: flies adapted to the 'low' diet lived longer than those adapted to control diet. Here we find genomic evidence for strong independent evolutionary responses to either selection regime, as well as loci that diverged in response to both regimes, thus representing genomic interactions between the two. Overall, we find that the genomic basis of longevity is largely independent of dietary adaptation. Differentiated loci were not enriched for 'canonical' longevity genes, suggesting that naturally occurring genic targets of selection for longevity differ qualitatively from variants found in mutant screens. Comparing our candidate loci to those from other 'evolve-and-resequence' studies of longevity demonstrated significant overlap among independent experiments. This suggests that the evolution of longevity, despite its presumed complex and polygenic nature, might be to some extent convergent and predictable.
Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances learning of cue-reward contingency
<p>The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for associating initially neutral cues with appetitive and aversive stimuli and receives dense neuromodulatory acetylcholine (ACh) projections. We measured BLA ACh signaling and activity of neurons expressing CaMKIIα (a marker for glutamatergic principal cells) in mice during cue-reward learning using a fluorescent ACh sensor and calcium indicators. We found that ACh levels and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) cholinergic terminal activity in the BLA (NBM-BLA) increased sharply in response to reward-related events and shifted as mice learned the cue-reward contingency. BLA CaMKIIα<sup> </sup>neuron activity followed reward retrieval and moved to the reward-predictive cue after task acquisition. Optical stimulation of cholinergic NBM-BLA terminal fibers led to quicker acquisition of the cue-reward contingency. These results indicate BLA ACh signaling carries important information about salient events in cue-reward learning and provides a framework for understanding how ACh signaling contributes to shaping BLA responses to emotional stimuli.</p>
Landscape heterogeneity shapes bird phylogenetic responses at forest-matrix interfaces in Atlantic Forest, Brazil
<p>Agricultural intensification is one of the major factors driving biodiversity loss. However, most studies in human-dominated landscapes have used taxonomic diversity in their analysis, ignoring evolutionary relationships. Consequently, the relationship between landscape structure and phylogenetic diversity is not well understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that landscape heterogeneity is positively related to bird phylogenetic indexes of diversity and structure, leading to over-dispersed phylogenies in very heterogeneous landscapes. We analyzed phylogenetic responses in interfaces between forest edges and anthropogenic matrices (forest-pasture and forest-eucalyptus) using generalized linear mixed models. We also compared these indexes between land covers to assess which one best preserves the phylogenetic history of communities. We used both traditional phylogenetic indexes and those corrected for species richness. Our results showed that phylogenetic diversity varied significantly between land cover types, but this did not occur when we removed effects associated with species richness, suggesting that all land covers preserve similar levels of evolutionary history. Additionally, our best models showed a positive relationship between landscape heterogeneity and bird phylogenetic indexes of diversity and structure, but the strength of these relationships may be land-cover dependent. In summary, our work highlights the influence of landscape heterogeneity on the phylogenetic diversity and structure of bird communities, reinforcing the need for its incorporation into conservation-based studies.</p>
In My Backyard: On-Site Survey Responses Raw Dataset
<p>In My Backyard: On-Site Survey Responses Raw Dataset</p> <p>In My Backyard is a citizen science project promoted by Rio Neiva – Environmental NGO and its partner CEA – Municipal Centre for Environmental Education, both based in Esposende, Portugal. It was funded through the ACTION project. In My Backyard aimed to understand the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers in home farming and gardening and uncovering sustainable alternatives practiced within domestic backyards. </p> <p>www.rioneiva.com/nomeuquintal</p>
In My Backyard: Online Survey Responses Raw Dataset
<p>In My Backyard: Online Survey Responses Raw Dataset</p> <p>In My Backyard is a citizen science project promoted by Rio Neiva – Environmental NGO and its partner CEA – Municipal Centre for Environmental Education, both based in Esposende, Portugal. It was funded through the ACTION project. In My Backyard aimed to understand the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers in home farming and gardening and uncovering sustainable alternatives practiced within domestic backyards. </p> <p>www.rioneiva.com/nomeuquintal</p>
Social hierarchy reveals thermoregulatory trade-offs in response to repeated stressors
<p>Coping with stressors can require substantial energetic investment, and when resources are limited, such investment can preclude simultaneous expenditure on other biological processes. Among endotherms, energetic demands of thermoregulation can also be immense, yet our understanding of whether a stress response is sufficient to induce changes in thermoregulatory investment is limited. Using the black-capped chickadee as a model species, we tested a hypothesis that stress-induced changes in surface temperature (T<sub>s</sub>), a well-documented phenomenon across vertebrates, stem from trade-offs between thermoregulation and stress responsiveness. Because social subordination is known to constrain access to resources in this species, we predicted that Ts and dry heat loss of social subordinates, but not social dominants, would fall under stress exposure at low ambient temperatures (T<sub>a</sub>), and rise under stress exposure at high T<sub>a</sub>, thus permitting a reduction in total energetic expenditure toward thermoregulation. To test our predictions, we exposed four social groups of chickadees to repeated stressors and control conditions across a Ta gradient (n=30 days/treatment/group), whilst remotely monitoring social interactions and T<sub>s</sub>. Supporting our hypothesis, we show that: (1) social subordinates (n=12), who fed less than social dominants and alone experienced stress-induced mass-loss, displayed significantly larger changes in T<sub>s</sub> following stress exposure than social dominants (n=8), and (2) stress-induced changes in Ts significantly increased heat conservation at low T<sub>a</sub> and heat dissipation at high T<sub>a</sub> among social subordinates alone. These results suggest that chickadees adjust their thermoregulatory strategies during stress exposure when resources are limited by ecologically relevant processes.</p> <p> </p>
Satellite-based habitat monitoring reveals long-term dynamics of deer habitat in response to forest disturbances
<p class="StandardohneEinzug">Disturbances play a key role in driving forest ecosystem dynamics, but how disturbances shape wildlife habitat across space and time often remains unclear. A major reason for this is a lack of information about changes in habitat suitability across large areas and longer time periods. Here, we use a novel approach based on Landsat satellite image time series to map seasonal habitat suitability annually from 1986 to 2017. Our approach involves characterizing forest disturbance dynamics using Landsat-based metrics, harmonizing these metrics through a temporal segmentation algorithm, and then using them together with GPS telemetry data in habitat models. We apply this framework to assess how natural forest disturbances and post-disturbance salvage logging affect habitat suitability for two ungulates, roe deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>) and red deer (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), over 32 years in a Central European forest landscape. We found that red and roe deer differed in their response to forest disturbances. Habitat suitability for red deer consistently improved after disturbances, whereas the suitability of disturbed sites was more variable for roe deer depending on season (lower during winter than summer) and disturbance agent (lower in windthrow versus bark-beetle-affected stands). Salvage logging altered the suitability of bark beetle-affected stands for deer, having negative effects on red deer and mixed effects on roe deer, but generally did not have clear effects on habitat suitability in windthrows. Our results highlight long-lasting legacy effects of forest disturbances on deer habitat. For example, bark beetle disturbances improved red deer habitat suitability for at least 25 years. The duration of disturbance impacts generally increased with elevation. Methodologically, our approach proved effective for improving the robustness of habitat reconstructions from Landsat time series: integrating multi-year telemetry data into single, multi-temporal habitat models improved model transferability in time. Likewise, temporally segmenting the Landsat-based metrics increased the temporal consistency of our habitat suitability maps. As the frequency of natural forest disturbances is increasing across the globe, their impacts on wildlife habitat should be considered in wildlife and forest management. Our approach offers a widely applicable method for monitoring habitat suitability changes caused by landscape dynamics such as forest disturbance</p>
Foraging in nature: contrasting responses to resource heterogeneity at small and large spatial scales.
<p>A key problem faced by foragers is how to forage when resources are distributed heterogeneously in space. This heterogeneity and associated trade-offs may change with spatial scale. Furthermore, foragers may also have to optimize acquiring multiple resources. Such complexity of decision-making while foraging is poorly understood. We studied the butterfly <i>Ypthima huebneri</i> to examine how foraging decisions of adults are influenced by spatial scale and multiple resources. We predicted that, at a small-spatial scale, the time spent foraging in a patch should be proportional to resources in the patch, but at large-spatial scales, due to limitations arising from large travel costs, this relationship should turn negative. We also predicted that both adult and larval resources should jointly affect foraging butterflies. To test these predictions, we laid eleven plots, and sub-divided them into patches. We mapped nectar and larval resources and measured butterfly behavior in these patches and plots. We found that adult foraging behavior showed contrasting relationships with adult resource density at small versus large-spatial scales. At the smaller-spatial scale, butterflies spent more time feeding in resource-rich patches, whereas at the large-scale, butterflies spent more time feeding in resource-poor plots. Furthermore, both adult and larval resources appeared to affect foraging decisions, suggesting that individuals may optimize search costs for different resources. Overall, our findings suggest that the variation in foraging behavior seen in foragers might result from animals responding to complex ecological conditions, such as, resource heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales and the challenges of tracking multiple resources.</p>
Insights into the genetic basis of predator-induced response in Daphnia galeata
<p>Phenotypic plastic responses allow organisms to rapidly adjust when facing environmental challenges - these responses comprise morphological, behavioral but also life-history changes. Alteration of life-history traits when exposed to predation risk have been reported often in the ecological and genomic model organism <i>Daphnia</i>. However, the molecular basis of this response is not well understood, especially in the context of fish predation. Here, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of two <i>Daphnia galeata</i> clonal lines with opposed life histories when exposed to fish kairomones. First, we conducted a differential gene expression, identifying a total of 125 candidate transcripts involved in the predator-induced response, uncovering substantial intra-specific variation. Second, we applied a gene co-expression network analysis to find clusters of tightly linked transcripts revealing the functional relations of transcripts underlying the predator-induced response. Our results showed that transcripts involved in remodeling of the cuticle, growth and digestion correlated with the response to environmental change in <i>D. galeata</i>. Furthermore, we used an orthology-based approach to gain functional information for transcripts lacking gene ontology (GO) information, as well as insights into the evolutionary conservation of transcripts. We could show that our candidate transcripts have orthologs in other <i>Daphnia</i> species but almost none in other arthropods. The unique combination of methods allowed us to identify candidate transcripts, their putative functions and evolutionary history associated with predator-induced responses in <i>Daphnia</i>. Our study opens up to the question as to whether the same molecular signature is associated with fish kairomones-mediated life-history changes in other <i>Daphnia</i> species.</p>
Pupillary responses obey Emmert's law and co-vary with autistic traits
<p>This dataset is reported in the manuscript published in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders</p>
Gene expression remodelling and immune response during adaptive divergence in an African cichlid fish
<p><span>Variation in gene expression contributes to ecological speciation by facilitating population persistence in novel environments. Likewise, immune response can be a relevant factor in speciation driven by adaptation to different environments. Previous studies examining gene expression differences between recently diverged ecotypes often relied on only one pair of populations, targeted the expression of only a subset of genes, or used wild caught-individuals. Here, we investigated the contribution of habitat-specific parasites and symbionts and the underlying immunological capabilities of ecotype hosts to adaptive divergence in lake-river population pairs of the cichlid fish <i>Astatotilapia burtoni</i>. To shed light on the role of phenotypic plasticity in adaptive divergence, we compared parasite and microbiota communities, immune response, and gene expression patterns of fish from natural habitats and a lake-like pond setup. In all investigated population pairs, lake fish were more heavily parasitized than river fish, both in terms of parasite taxa composition and infection abundance. Innate immune response in the wild was higher in lake than in river populations and elevated in a river population exposed to lake parasites in the pond setup. Environmental differences between lake and river habitat and their distinct parasite communities shaped differential gene expression, involving genes functioning in osmoregulation and immune response. Most changes in gene expression between lake and river samples in the wild and in the pond setup were based on a plastic response. Finally, gene expression and bacterial communities of wild-caught individuals and individuals acclimated to lake-like pond conditions showed shifts underlying adaptive phenotypic plasticity.</span></p>
Fast and exact single and double mutation-response scanning of proteins: data and results
<p>Data, data analysis code, and results accompanying the manuscript: <strong>Fast and exact single and double mutation-response scanning of proteins: </strong>https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.23.352955</p> <p>In addition, the code needed to generate the data must be downloaded from <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4123149">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4123149</a> and put in a subfolder named mutenm/</p>
Density responses of lesser-studied carnivores to habitat and management strategies in southern Tanzania's Ruaha-Rungwa landscape
<p>Study using camera trapping and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR) to provide baseline status estimates for population densities of serval, striped hyaena and aardwolf in the Ruaha-Rungwa landscape and to assess the impact of habitat, management strategies and levels of anthropogenic impact on their population densities.</p>
BIRD: Big Impulse Response Dataset
<p>BIRD is an open dataset that consists of 100,000 multichannel room impulse responses generated using the image method. This makes it the <strong>largest multichannel open dataset currently available</strong>. We provide some Python code that shows how to download and use this dataset to perform online data augmentation. The code is compatible with the PyTorch dataset class, which eases integration in existing deep learning projects based on this framework.</p>
The response of the ozone layer to quadrupled CO2 concentrations: implications for climate
<p>The quantification of the climate impacts exerted by stratospheric ozone changes in abrupt 4 × CO2 forcing experiments is an important step in assessing the role of the ozone layer in the climate system. Here, we build on our previous work on the change of the ozone layer under 4 × CO2 and examine the effects of ozone changes on the climate response to 4 × CO2, using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. We show that the global-mean radiative perturbation induced by the ozone changes under 4 × CO2 is small, due to nearly total cancellation between high and low latitudes, and between longwave and shortwave fluxes. Consistent with the small global-mean radiative perturbation, the effect of ozone changes on the global-mean surface temperature response to 4 × CO2 is negligible. However, changes in the ozone layer due to 4 × CO2 have a considerable impact on the tropospheric circulation. During boreal winter, we find significant ozone-induced tropospheric circulation responses in both hemispheres. In particular, ozone changes cause an equatorward shift of the North Atlantic jet, cooling over Eurasia, and drying over northern Europe. The ozone signals generally oppose the direct effects of increased CO2 levels and are robust across the range of ozone changes imposed in this study. Our results demonstrate that stratospheric ozone changes play a considerable role in shaping the atmospheric circulation response to CO2 forcing in both hemispheres and should be accounted for in climate sensitivity studies.</p>
Replication File for Paper "The Role of Time, Weather and Google Trends in Understanding and Predicting Web Survey Response"
<p>This updated zip file contains the necessary codes and data files to reproduce all the findings presented in the accepted manuscript "The Role of Time, Weather and Google Trends in Understanding and Predicting Web Survey Response" by Qixiang Fang, Joep Burger, Ralph Meijers and Kees van Berkel. </p> <p>Compared with the last one, this new version provides more instructions in the README.txt files and indicates the exact versions of R, R studio and the R packages used.</p>
Calcareous nannofossil size and abundance response to the Messinian Salinity Crisis onset and paleoenvironmental dynamics
<p>The file contains calcareous nannofossils (<em>Helicosphaera carteri, Sphenolithus abies, Umbilicosphaera rotula, Coccolithus pelagicus, Reticulofenestra minuta</em>) biometry data collected in the Messinian Perales section (Sorbas Basin, Spain) and in the Banengo and Pollenzo sections (Piedmont Basin, Italy)</p>
Temperature response of water-saturated compact Longmenshan limestone and porous Rajasthan sandstone to changes in confining pressure
<p>Three data sets are stored in this data submission. The first data set includes the temperature response of water-saturated compact Longmenshan limestone (L27) and porous Rajasthan sandstone (RJS) to changes in confining pressure under drained/undrained conditions. The second data set includes the thermal properties of rock-forming minerals and estimations of thermal characteristic time/distance. The third data set includes the internal temperature evolution of the water-saturated sample within 1 s after instantaneous loading in models M-01, M-02 and M03, in which the thermal properties of the solid grains are set to be that of gypsum, average values of the main rock-minerals and <em>α</em>-quartz, respectively.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.