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FIGURE 6. A–B in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

FIGURE 6. A–B. Astylosternus batesi (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photos IDlR.; C–E. Leptodactylodon cf. stevarti (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photos IDlR.

FIGURE 8. A–B in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

FIGURE 8. A–B. Leptopelis aubryi (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photos IDlR.; C. Leptopelis boulengeri (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photo IDlR.; D. Leptopelis brevirostris (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photo IDlR.; E. Leptopelis calcaratus (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photo IDlR.; F. Leptopelis ocellatus (Atoc Lake surrounding, Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photo IDlR.; G–H. Leptopelis rufus (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photos IDlR.

FIGURE 3. A in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

FIGURE 3. A. Arthroleptis adelphus (Caldera de Luba, Bioko Sur, Bioko). Photo IM.; B–C. Arthroleptis adelphus (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photos IDlR.; D. Arthroleptis aff. poecilonotus, female (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photo IDlR.; E. Arthroleptis aff. poecilonotus, male (Río Muni). Photo TL.; F. Arthroleptis sylvaticus (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photo IDlR.; G–H. Arthroleptis variabilis (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photos IDlR.

FIGURE 1. A in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

FIGURE 1. A. Moka, Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni. Photo IDlR; B. Los Altos de Nsork, Río Muni. Photo TL; C. Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni. Photo IDlR; D. Atoc Lake, Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni. Photo IDlR.

MAP 1 in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

MAP 1. Map of Equatorial Guinea showing Bioko and Río Muni with their respective natural protected areas.

FIGURE 5. A–B in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

FIGURE 5. A–B. Cardioglossa elegans (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photos IDlR.; C. Cardioglossa gracilis (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photo IDlR.; D–E. Cardioglossa leucomystax (Monte Alén National Park, Río Muni). Photos IDlR.

MAPS 12A–C in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

MAPS 12A–C. Distribution maps for Equatorial Guinean records of (A) Sclerophrys gracilipes; (B) Sclerophrys latifrons; (C) Sclerophrys superciliaris.

MAPS 2A–C in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

MAPS 2A–C. Distribution maps for Equatorial Guinean records of (A) Arthroleptis adelphus; (B) Arthroleptis bioko; (C) Arthroleptis aff. poecilonotus.

MAPS 14A–C in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

MAPS 14A–C. Distribution maps for Equatorial Guinean records of (A) Conraua goliath; (B) Acanthixalus spinosus; (C) Afrixalus dorsalis.

MAPS 6A–C in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

MAPS 6A–C. Distribution maps for Equatorial Guinean records of (A) Leptodactylodon cf. stevarti; (B) Nyctibates corrugatus; (C) Scotobleps gabonicus.

MAPS 11A–C in Synopsis of the Amphibians of Equatorial Guinea based upon the Authors' Field Work and Spanish Natural History Collections

MAPS 11A–C. Distribution maps for Equatorial Guinean records of (A) Nectophryne batesii; (B) Sclerophrys camerunensis; (C) Sclerophrys funerea.

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On the study of fauna (macroinvertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) of the lower course of Shokhdara river valley in Pamir, Mountain Bodakhshan, Tajikistan.Appendices. Lists of terrestrial vertebrates recorded in the field survey at the Shokhdara and Panj Rivers

Appendix 1. A list of records of batracho- and herpetofauna in the field survey. Appendix 2. List of avifauna of the surveyed region. Appendix 3 A list of mammals recorded in the field survey.

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Optimising recovery of DNA from minimally-invasive sampling methods: efficacy of buccal swabs, preservation strategy and DNA extraction approaches for amphibian studies_Dataset_Rscript

Datasets and Rscript associated with paper draft titled: "Optimising recovery of DNA from minimally-invasive sampling methods: efficacy of buccal swabs, preservation strategy and DNA extraction approaches for amphibian studies".   Abstract: Studies in evolution, ecology and conservation are increasingly based on genetic and genomic inferences. With increased focus on molecular approaches, ethical concerns about destructive or more invasive techniques need to be considered, with a push for minimally invasive sampling to be optimised. Buccal swabs have been increasingly used to collect DNA in a number of taxa, including amphibians.  However, DNA yield and purity from swabs is often low, limiting its use. In this study we compare different types of swabs, preservation method and storage, and DNA extraction technique in three case studies to assess the optimal approach for recovering DNA in anurans. Out of the five different types of swab that we tested, Isohelix MS-02 and Rapidry swabs generated higher DNA yields than other swabs. When comparing storage buffers, ethanol is a better preservative than a non-alcoholic alternative. Dried samples resulted in similar or better final DNA yields than ethanol-fixed samples if kept cool. DNA extraction via a Qiagen™ DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit and McHale’s salting out extraction method resulted in similar DNA yields but the Qiagen™ kit extracts contained less contamination. We also found that samples produce better DNA recovery if frozen as soon as possible after collection. We provide recommendations for sample collection and extraction under different conditions, including budgetary considerations, size of individual sampled, access to cold storage facilities, and DNA extraction methodology. Maximising efficacy of all of these factors for better DNA recovery will allow buccal swabs to be used for genetic and genomic studies in a range of vertebrates.

Fig. 60. Part 5 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life

Fig. 60. Part 5 of anurans from the general tree (fig. 50 [insert]): Thoropidae, Dendrobatidae, and Bufonidae.

Fig. 63. Part 8 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life

Fig. 63. Part 8 of anurans from the general tree (fig. 50 [insert]): Ptychadenidae, Ceratobatrachidae, Micrixalidae, Phrynobatrachidae, Petropedetidae, Pyxicephalidae, and Dicroglossidae.

Fig. 53 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life

Fig. 53. Salamander section of general tree (fig. 50 [insert]). See discussion in ''Taxonomy'' for subfamilies of Plethodontidae and Salamandridae. New taxonomy is on right.

Fig. 49 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life

Fig. 49. Delorme et al.'s (2005) dendrogram of rhacophorids, based on undisclosed molecular and morphological data (although characters were summarized for some genera and suprageneric groups), redrawn to illuminate the paraphyly of groupings.

Fig. 21 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life

Fig. 21. Bayesian tree of anuran exemplars of Biju and Bossuyt (2003), with particular reference to Neobatrachia. Underlying data are two mtDNA fragments, covering part of 12S rRNA, complete t RNAVal, and part of 16S rRNA. In addition, one fragment of the nuclear genome: exon 1 of rhodopsin, single exon of RAG1, and exon 2 of CXCR4, for a total of 2,325 bp of sequence. Alignment was made using Clustal X (Thompson et al., 1997), alignment costs not disclosed, with ambiguous sections excluded and gaps excluded as evidence. Model of nucleotide substitution assumed for analysis was GTR 1 G1 I.

Fig. 8 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life

Fig. 8. Composite tree of hypothesized relationships among Plethodontidae as inferred from 1966– 2004 literature; subfamilies and tribes noted on the right (D.B. Wake, 1966; D.B. Wake and Lynch, 1976; J.F. Lynch and Wake, 1978; D.B. Wake et al., 1978; Maxson et al., 1979; Larson et al., 1981; Maxson and Wake, 1981; Hanken and Wake, 1982; J.F. Lynch et al., 1983; D.B. Wake and Elias, 1983; Lombard and Wake, 1986; D.B. Wake, 1993; Jackman et al., 1997; GarcíaParís and Wake, 2000; and ParraOlea et al., 2004). Quotation marks denote nonmonophyletic taxa.

Fig. 55 in The Amphibian Tree Of Life

Fig. 55. Trees of intergeneric relationships within Pipidae (from fig. 19). A, Cannatella and Trueb (1988). B, Báez and Pugener (2003); C, Roelants and Bossuyt (2005); D, De Sá and Hillis (1990; results consistent with B, C, and E); E, This work. (Undirected network on lower right shows rooting points of each result, except for D.)