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Fig. 2 in A new cryptic species of yellow-eared bat Vampyressa melissa species complex (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Colombia
Fig. 2.—Geographic distribution of the four species of the Vampyressa melissa complex. Stars are V. voragine sp. nov. from Colombia. Pentagons are localities of collection of V. elisabethae from Panama. Squares represent V. sinchi from Colombia. Circles are V. melissa from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Black symbols are the type localities of each species.
Fig. 4 in A new cryptic species of yellow-eared bat Vampyressa melissa species complex (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Colombia
Fig. 4.—Comparative morphology of Vampyressa melissa (left, ICN 23802♀) and Vampyressa voragine sp. nov. (right, ICN 21938♀). (A and B) Morphology of ethmoturbinal bones with respect to the mesethmoid; and the differences in bilobated morphology and shape of inner upper
Figure 1 in Cryptic diversity of Italian bats and the role of the Apennine refugium in the phylogeography of the western Palaearctic
Figure 1. Minimum (pmin, light) and maximum (pmax, dark) genetic distances of mitochondrial sequence marker detected between bat populations from Italy and the rest of their western Palaearctic ranges measured as uncorrected p-distances. Species codes are as follows: MSC, Miniopterus schreibersii; MAL, Myotis alcathoe; NLE, Nyctalus leisleri; PKU, Pipistrellus kuhlii; REU, Rhinolophus euryale; MEM, Myotis emarginatus; RFE, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum; TTE, Tadarida teniotis; MMS, Myotis mystacinus; PAU, Plecotus auritus; PPI I, Pipistrellus pipistrellus clade I; ESE, Eptesicus serotinus; BBA, Barbastella barbastellus; HSA, Hypsugo savii; MDA, Myotis daubentonii; MBR, Myotis brandtii; MPU, Myotis punicus; MCA, Myotis capaccinii; MMY, Myotis myotis/blythii; MNA I, Myotis nattereri clade I; PPI II, Pipistrellus pipistrellus clade II; MBE, Myotis bechsteinii; MNA II, Myotis nattereri clade II (see also Fig. 2).
FIG. 4 in Morphometrics and Taxonomy of Bats of the Genus Pteronotus (Subgenus Phyllodia) in Venezuela
FIG. 4.—Scores of specimens on the 1st components of the principal component analyses performed with craniodental (x axis) and appendicular (y axis) measurements. Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus (males, solid diamonds; females, open diamonds), P. parnellii fuscus (males, solid dots; females, open dots), and P. p. paraguanensis (males, solid triangles; females, open triangles).
FIG. 3.—A in Morphometrics and Taxonomy of Bats of the Genus Pteronotus (Subgenus Phyllodia) in Venezuela
FIG. 3.—A) Lateral, B) dorsal, and C) ventral views of a cranium, and D, E) views of mandible and F) 2nd lower molar of Mormoops megalophylla (drawings taken from Gutiérrez 2004) showing the method used for obtaining craniodental measurements on mormoopid bats. Measurements: 1 ¼ occipitonasal length, 2 ¼ condylobasal length, 3 ¼ zygorostral length, 4 ¼ braincase depth, 5 ¼ premaxillaeinfraorbital foramen length, 6 ¼ maxillary toothrow length, 7 ¼ upper canine height, 8 ¼ upper PM3 length, 9 ¼ upper PM4 height, 10 ¼ rostral breadth, 11 ¼ interorbital breadth, 12 ¼ anterior braincase breadth, 13 ¼ posterior braincase breadth, 14 ¼ zygomatic breadth, 15 ¼ upper 1st incisor breadth, 16 ¼ palatal length, 17 ¼ ectotympanic bulla length, 18 ¼ basioccipital breadth, 19 ¼ M3 breadth, 20 ¼ mandibular toothrow length, 21 ¼ mandibular condylocanine length, 22 ¼ mandibular depth, 23 ¼ m2 breadth, 24 ¼ m2 length, 25 ¼ intercondylar breadth, 26 ¼ mandibular condyle breadth.
Swift-BAT Response Files for NITRATES: Forward Ray Tracings at IMX > 0
<p>These tarred files contain the forward ray tracings onto the BAT detector plane for source positions at IMX ranging from 0.0 to 1.8 and IMY ranging from -1 to 1 with a grid spacing of 0.002. The files are in a npy format and are designed for use in the NITRATES analysis. </p>
Swift-BAT Response Files for NITRATES: Forward Ray Tracings at IMX < 0
<p>These tarred files contain the forward ray tracings onto the BAT detector plane for source positions at IMX ranging from -1.8 to 0.0 and IMY ranging from -1 to 1 with a grid spacing of 0.002. The files are in a npy format and are designed for use in the NITRATES analysis. </p>
Data for: Reflections of Grinnellian and Eltonian niches on the distribution of phyllostomid bats in Atlantic Forest of South America
<p>Abstract</p> <p><b>Aim: </b>Ecological niches are complex and the product of interactions with biotic and abiotic environments across the entire geographic range of species. One recent distinction is between Grinnellian niche characteristics that reflect influences at large spatial scales such as climate and Eltonian niche characteristics that reflect influences at the local level such as distribution of resources and how they are shared among species. Aims of this research were to estimate Grinnellian and Eltonian niche characteristics of phyllostomid bats distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest, examine degree of phylogenetic non-independence of distribution and niche characteristics, and estimate relative contribution of niche characteristics to distribution of bats across this large Neotropical region.\</p> <p><b>Location: </b>The Atlantic Forest</p> <p>T<b>axon:</b> Phyllostomid bats</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Canonical correlation analysis was used to characterize association between Grinnellian and Eltonian niche characteristics. Phylogenetic non-independence was estimated with phylogenetic eigenvector regression. Variation partitioning was used to distinguish relative contributions of different niche characteristics to distribution of bats.</p> <p><b>Results: </b> Grinnellian and Eltonian niche characteristics were strongly and significantly associated. Phylogenetic signal was weak for Grinnellian and strong for Eltonian niche characteristics. Both suites accounted for significant unique variation in distribution of phyllostomid bats in the Atlantic Forest. Grinnellian niche characteristics accounted for more than five times the variation in distribution than Eltonian characteristics.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusions: </b> Distinct Grinnellian and Eltonian perspectives on the niche provide valuable insights into the distribution of species. The degree to which these two different set of characteristics account for distribution is likely scale dependent with Grinnellian characteristics more important at geographic spatial scales and Eltonian characteristics more important at local spatial scales. Grinnellian and Eltonian niches are important corollaries of α- and β- niches and their associated traits and similarities and differences in the two distinct concepts should be better explored across different taxa and geographic domains.</p>
Body mass and hibernation microclimate may predict bat susceptibility to white-nose syndrome
<p>In multi-host disease systems, differences in mortality between species may reflect variation in host physiology, morphology, and behavior. In systems where the pathogen can persist in the environment, microclimate conditions, and the adaptation of the host to these conditions, may also impact mortality. White-nose syndrome is an emerging disease of hibernating bats caused by an environmentally persistent fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans. We assessed the effects of body mass, torpid metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, and hibernaculum temperature and water vapor deficit on predicted overwinter survival of bats infected by P. destructans. We used a hibernation energetics model in an individual-based model framework to predict the probability of survival of nine bat species at eight sampling sites across North America. The model predicts time until fat exhaustion as a function of species-specific host characteristics, hibernaculum microclimate, and fungal growth. We fit a linear model to determine relationships with each variable and predicted survival and semi-partial correlation coefficients to determine the major drivers in variation in bat survival. We found host body mass and hibernaculum water vapor deficit explained over half of the variation in survival with white-nose syndrome across species. As previous work on the interplay between host and pathogen physiology and the environment has focused on species with narrow microclimate preferences, our view on this relationship is limited. Our results highlight some key predictors of interspecific survival among western bat species and provide a framework to assess impacts of white-nose syndrome as the fungus continues to spread into western North America.</p>
Data used for analyzing a turning-ascending flight of a H. pratti bat
<p>Bats exhibit a high degree of agility and provide an excellent model system for bioinspired flight. The current study investigates an ascending right turn of a H. pratti bat and elucidates on the kinematic features and aerodynamic mechanisms used to effectuate the maneuver. To initiate and sustain the turn, the bat utilizes roll and yaw rotations of the body to different extents synergistically to generate the centripetal force for a stable turn. The turning moments are generated by drawing the wing inside the turn closer to the body, by introducing phase lags in force generation between the wings and redirecting force production to the outer part of the wing outside of the turn. Deceleration in flight speed, an increase in flapping frequency, shortening of the upstroke, and thrust generation at the end of the upstroke was observed during the ascending maneuver. The bat consumes about 0.67 W power to execute the turning ascending maneuver which is approximately two times the power consumed by similar bats during level flight. Upon comparison with a similar maneuver by a H. armiger bat [P. Windes, D.K. Tafti, R. Müller, Kinematic and aerodynamic analysis of a bat performing a turning-ascending maneuver, Bioinspiration and Biomimetics. 16 (2020). doi:10.1088/1748-3190/abb78d.], some commonalities as well as differences were observed in the detailed wing kinematics and aerodynamics.</p>
Forbidden fruits? Ecosystem services from seed dispersal by fruit bats in the context of latent zoonotic risk
<p>Old world fruit bats are important seed dispersers of forest plants as well as of commercial fruit crops. Bats scatter seeds across landscapes and also aggregate (clump) seeds under feeding and roosting trees. In agroforestry landscapes, bat frugivory and seed dispersal can result in simultaneous accrual of socio-economic benefits and costs to humans, which may be further affected by human health risks from zoonotic spillover through human-bat interactions. In our study, we used an integrated approach to assess socio-economic benefits (from seed dispersal) and costs (from frugivory) from bats, in relation to latent zoonotic risk. We carried out the study in five agroforestry landscapes along India's Western Ghats, for selected commercial fruit crops (cashew, areca, banana, and other pulpy/fleshy fruits). Specifically, we hypothesized that people's perceptions of benefits from fruit bats would be correlated with measured extents of clumped seed dispersal in fruit plantations. We conducted ecological studies to investigate the effects of fruit crop type and plantation attributes on clump-dispersal, and in turn, on perceived "net benefits" assessed from interviews with plantation-associated people. We then explored associations between perceived socio-economic net benefits and spatial data on disease risk factors for fruit-bat-linked henipavirus transmission. We found that the extent of bat-mediated clump-dispersal was highest for cashew, especially in isolated plantations. People's perceptions of benefits from fruit bats matched the measured extents of clump-dispersal of cashew and areca. These benefits came with some costs from scatter-dispersal and damage to other fleshy fruits from frugivory by bats. Interestingly, we did not detect tradeoffs between perceived net benefits from bats and disease risk, which is of significance for bat conservation and its implications for human well-being. Overall, our results highlight that bat-mediated seed dispersal needs to be sustained as an important ecosystem service, despite some latent zoonotic risk, in the Anthropocene.</p>
Crowding after sudden habitat loss affects demography and social structure in a bat population
<p>1. The sudden loss of habitats due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances causes displacement of mobile animals from affected areas to refuge habitats, where large but often transitory concentrations of individuals may occur. While these local density increases have been previously described, the hypothesis that crowding disrupts demographic processes remains largely untested.</p> <p>2. Here we used the sudden flooding of a river valley by a hydroelectric reservoir as a quasi-experiment to investigate the consequences of crowding on demography, fecundity, and social structure in the European free-tailed bat (<i>Tadarida teniotis</i>).</p> <p>3. We monitored bat populations at roosts near and far from the flooded area, before (2013-2014), during (2015) and after (2016) habitat flooding. We assessed population demographic parameters using Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) models (3821 PIT-tagged individuals), and used genetic relatedness among individuals (1407 individuals genotyped for 14 microsatellite markers) to infer changes in social structure.</p> <p>4. Habitat loss through flooding was associated with significant but transitory increases in the number of bats using nearby roosts. This may be related to the higher probability of individuals arriving at those roosts during flooding, together with increases in individual local residency through time, particularly among males. Individual apparent survival was highest during flooding and lowest in the following year, while the probability of leaving a roost safe from flooding was higher near the impact area than farther away. Crowding did not negatively affect fecundity, but the arrival of new individuals led to changes in social structure as revealed by lower genetic relatedness between individuals after disturbance at roosts near the flooding area, but not in those farther afield.</p> <p>5. Our study documents a clear example of crowding effects, suggesting that bats losing roosts due to a hydroelectric reservoir moved to alternative roosts, where local increases in population size and the arrival of new individuals reduced genetic relatedness and apparent survival, but not fecundity. These results support the hypothesis that crowding after habitat loss can disrupt population processes, even though effects may be subtle and short-lived. Also, they point out the need to duly consider crowding effects when assessing and mitigating anthropogenic impacts on animal populations.</p>
FIGURES 80–83 in Two new species of Ptecticus Loew, 1855 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), from bat guano in a Colombian cave
FIGURES 80–83. Larva of P. pseudospatulatus in a previous instar (possibly five): 80–81, head, thorax and first abdominal segment. 80 dorsal; 81 ventral; 82–83, abdominal segments three to eight. 82, dorsal; 83 ventral (while taking the photo to temporarily dry larvae it collapses slightly, so what it seems a dark longitudinal mark is a shade).
FIGURES 74–79 in Two new species of Ptecticus Loew, 1855 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), from bat guano in a Colombian cave
FIGURES 74–79. Larvae mature of P. pseudospatulatus sp. nov.: 74, dorsal; 75, ventral, 76, head dorsal; 77, head ventral; 78–79, abdomen ventral. Scale bar 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 42–47 in Two new species of Ptecticus Loew, 1855 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), from bat guano in a Colombian cave
FIGURES 42–47. Schemes of male genitalia: P. benecki sp. nov. 42, lateral; 44, ventral, 46, dorsal. P. pseudospatulatus sp. nov. 43, lateral; 45, ventral; 47, dorsal. Abbrev. cerc= cercus, epand= epandrium, ge= genital capsule, gonst= gonostylus, prct= proctiger, ph= phallus.
FIGURES 14–17 in Two new species of Ptecticus Loew, 1855 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), from bat guano in a Colombian cave
FIGURES 14–17. Heads in frontal view: Ptecticus benecki sp. nov. 14, male; 16, female. Ptecticus pseudospatulatus sp. nov. 15, male; 17, female. Abbrev: fr cl= frontal callus, lw fr= lower frons, md ar= medial area of upper frons, oc tub= ocellar tubercle, prbs= proboscis, vrt= vertex. Scale bar 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 62–65 in Two new species of Ptecticus Loew, 1855 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), from bat guano in a Colombian cave
FIGURES 62–65. Puparium of P. pseudospatulatus sp. nov.: 62, head and first thoracic segment ventral; 63, head and first thoracic segment dorsal; 64, second-third thoracic segments and abdomen ventral; 65, second-third thoracic segments and abdomen dorsal. Scale bar 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 1–5 in Two new species of Ptecticus Loew, 1855 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), from bat guano in a Colombian cave
FIGURES 1–5. Study area and field work: 1, map of Colombia showing sampling location; 2–3, cave opening and surrounds; 4, collecting bat guano, photograph by N. Echavarría; 5, specimen of Carollia perspicillata Linnaeus from cave, identified by D. Zurc, photograph by C. Henao-Sepúlveda.
FIGURES 26–27 in Two new species of Ptecticus Loew, 1855 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), from bat guano in a Colombian cave
FIGURES 26–27. Pleura: 26, P. benecki sp. nov.; 27, P. pseudospatulatus sp. nov. Abbrev: anepm= anepimeron, anepst= anepisternum, hlt= halter, kepm= katepimeron, kepst= katepisternum, ltg= laterotergite, mr= meron, mtanepst= metanepisternum, mtg= mediotergite, mtkepst= metakatepisternum, mtn= metanotum, npl sut= notopleural suture, pprn= postpronotum, pprn lobe= postpronotal lobe, prepm= proepimeron, prepst= proepisternum, sct= scutum, sctl= scutellum. Scale bar 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 38–41 in Two new species of Ptecticus Loew, 1855 (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), from bat guano in a Colombian cave
FIGURES 38–41. Abdomen: P. benecki sp. nov. Male. 38, specimen dry; 39, specimen in ethanol solution. P. pseudospatulatus sp. nov. Male. 40, specimen dry; 41, specimen in ethanol. Abbrev: T1= 1st tergite, T2= 2nd tergite, T3= 3rd tergite, T4= 4th tergite. Scale bar 1.0 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.