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FIGURE 1 in A new species of the genus Calotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from high elevations of the Knuckles Massif of Sri Lanka

FIGURE 1. Holotype male (86.6 mm SVL) of Calotes pethiyagodai sp. nov., WHT6211; a, dorsal head; b, lateral head; c, ventral head; d, pectoral scales: note greater snout scales and smaller occipital scales (a); longer snout (b); smaller mid gular scales (c), and not-enlarged pectoral scales (d), (Photos: M. De Silva).

FIGURE 6. A in A new species of the genus Calotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from high elevations of the Knuckles Massif of Sri Lanka

FIGURE 6. A live adult male (104.9 mm SVL) of C. liocephalus (not collected) at 1500m elevations of Peak Wilderness (Photo: D. Samarasinghe).

FIGURE 3. A in A new species of the genus Calotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from high elevations of the Knuckles Massif of Sri Lanka

FIGURE 3. A live adult male (86.6 mm SVL) of C. pethiyagodai sp. nov. (not collected) at 1300 m elevation of the Knuckles (Photo: V. Weeratunge).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the genus Calotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from high elevations of the Knuckles Massif of Sri Lanka

FIGURE 2. Scales on abdomen of; a, Calotes pethiyagodai sp. nov., WHT6211, holotype (86.6 mm SVL) and; b, Calotes liocephalus, BMNH 1946.8.11.33, holotype (91.4 mm SVL): note partially and slightly carinate, and acuminate abdominal scales of C. pethiyagodai sp. nov. and completely and strongly carinate, and mucronate scales of C. liocephalus; subcaudals of; c, Calotes pethiyagodai sp. nov., WHT6211, holotype (86.6 mm SVL) and; d, Calotes liocephalus, BMNH 1946.8.11.33, holotype (91.4 mm SVL): note elongate subcaudal scales of C. pethiyagodai sp. nov. and shortened scales of C. liocephalus (Illustration: A.A.T. Amarasinghe).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of the genus Calotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from high elevations of the Knuckles Massif of Sri Lanka

FIGURE 5. Holotype male (91.4 mm SVL) of Calotes liocephalus, BMNH 1946.8.11.33; a, dorsal head; b, lateral head; c, ventral head; d, pectoral scales: note greater snout scales and occipital scales (a); shorter snout (b); larger mid gular scales (c), and enlarged pectoral scales (d) respectively (Photos: A.A.T. Amarasinghe).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of the genus Calotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from high elevations of the Knuckles Massif of Sri Lanka

FIGURE 7. Habitat of; a, C. pethiyagodai sp. nov. at high elevations of the Knuckles massif; b, C. liocephalus at mid elevations of Peak Wilderness (Photos: W.M.S. Botejue).

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Dataset for: Variations in the reproductive cycle of Bornean montane tree species along elevational gradients on ultrabasic and non-ultrabasic soils

Although lowland tree species in the ever-wet regions of Southeast Asia are characterised by the supra-annual cycle of reproduction, the reproductive phenology of montane tree species remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the reproductive phenology of montane tree species using litter samples that were collected every two weeks from six rainforest sites, consisting of three elevations (1700, 2700, and 3100 m), on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. At each elevation, one site was on infertile ultrabasic soil and one was on relatively fertile non-ultrabasic soil. We used a composite sample from 10 or 20 litter traps per site and sorted it by species. Therefore, the obtained data captured reproductive phenology in the population of each species rather than in an individual tree. Ten-year time series of flower and fruit litterfall were obtained for 30 and 39 tree species, respectively. Fourier analysis was used to identify the dominant cycle of each time series. The most abundant cycle across species was supra-annual, followed by sub-annual, and annual cycles. Many species at higher elevations showed supra-annual cycles of flower litterfall, whereas species in the 1700 m sites often showed annual or sub-annual cycles regardless of soil type. No systematic differences were found among sites for fruit litterfall. Mechanisms underlying these elevational patterns in the reproductive cycle remain unclear but may include more severe El Niño droughts, lower primary productivity, lower soil fertility, and the absence of some sub-annually or annually reproducing families at higher elevations.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Changes in microbial community structure and functioning with elevation are linked to local soil characteristics as well as climatic variables

Mountain forests are important carbon stocks but are threatened by increased insect outbreaks and climate driven forest conversion. Soil microorganisms play an eminent role in nutrient cycling in forests and form the basis of soil food webs. Uncovering the driving factors shaping microbial communities and functioning at mountainsides worldwide is of importance to better understand their dynamics at local and global scales. We investigated microbial communities and their drivers along an elevational gradient of primary forests at Changbai Mountain, China. We analysed substrate-induced respiration and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in litter and two soil layers at seven sites. In the litter layer the increase in microbial biomass (Cmic) as well as in stress indicator ratios with elevation were negatively correlated with Ca concentrations indicating increased nutritional stress in high microbial biomass communities at sites with lower Ca availability. PLFA profiles in litter separated low and high elevations, this was less pronounced in soil, suggesting that leaflitter functions as buffer for soil microbial communities. Annual variations in temperature correlated with PLFA profiles in all layers, while annual variations in precipitation correlated with PLFA profiles in upper soil only. Furthermore, the availability of resources, soil moisture, Ca concentrations and pH structured the microbial communities. Pronounced changes in Cmic and stress indicator ratios in the litter layer between pine dominated (800 – 1100 m) and spruce dominated (1250 – 1700 m) forests indicated a shift in the structure and functioning of microbial communities between forest types. The study highlights strong changes in microbial community structure and functioning along elevational gradients, but also shows that these changes and their driving factors vary between layers. Besides annual variations in temperature and precipitation, carbon accumulation and nitrogen acquisition shape changes in microbial communities with elevation at Changbai Mountain.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Nitrification, denitrification, and related functional genes under elevated CO2: a meta-analysis in terrestrial ecosystems

This file encompasses the data that support the findings of the study entitled "Nitrification, denitrification, and related functional genes under elevated CO2: a meta-analysis in terrestrial ecosystems" by Robin Gineyts and Audrey Niboyet in Global Change Biology.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Staying in situ or shifting range under ongoing climate change: A case of an endemic herb in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains across elevational gradients

Aim: How species respond to ongoing climate change has been a hot research topic, especially with the controversy in shifting range (movement) or persisting in local habitat (in situ) as the primary response. Assessing the relative roles of range shifts, phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation helps us predict the evolutionary fate of species. We aim to explore the evolutionary strategies of plants under climate change from a keystone herb in alpine ecosystems, Mirabilis himalaica, along its elevational gradient. Location: Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains, China. Methods: We combined evidence from population genomics and ecological data in both space and time to investigate the state of "staying" or "moving". We identified migration events by assessing historical and contemporary gene flow, and changes in species distribution. Morphological variation was compared by measuring five traits using specimen data. Moreover, we explored climate-driven genetic variation and local selection regimes acting on populations in the alpine landscape along an elevational gradient. Results: Our results argue that staying in situ by morphological variation and local genetic evolution rather than range shifting plays an important role in M. himalaica response to climate change. We first found trace evidence of upward or climatic-driven shifting along an elevational gradient, although asymmetric gene flow was restricted within microenvironments of mid-elevational populations. Furthermore, morphological variation comparisons revealed clinal variation, as resource allocation showed a declining pattern in vegetative growth but increased reproductive growth with increasing elevation. Outlier tests and environment association analyses indicated adaptative loci primarily related to thermal-driven selection and continuous adaptations to high elevation in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Main conclusions: Our findings show M. himalaica may persist in local habitats rather than shifting range under climate change, exhibiting a low risk of genomic vulnerability in current habitats. This study has important implications for improving our understanding of the evolutionary response in alpine plants to climate change.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

FIGURE 3 in Phylogeny of the Ficus sarmentosa complex (Moraceae) uncovered an omitted species and the rank elevation of F. pubigera var. maliformis

FIGURE 3. Illustration of Ficus muricata Zhen Zhang & Hong-Qing Li. A, Vegetative branches. B, Reproduction branches. C, Adaxial surface of bathphylls. D, Abaxial surface of bathphylls. E, Adaxial surface of acrophylls. F, Abaxial surface of acrophylls. G, Final structure of lamina beneath. H, Fruit branch. I, Dorsal view of fruit branch. J, Syconia. K, Profile of staminate inflorescence. L, Profile of pistillate inflorescence. M, Staminate flowers. N, Gall flowers. O, Pistillate flowers.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

FIGURE 1 in Phylogeny of the Ficus sarmentosa complex (Moraceae) uncovered an omitted species and the rank elevation of F. pubigera var. maliformis

FIGURE 1. The phylogenetic tree of the F. sarmentosa complex based on three nuclear loci ITS, ETS and G3pdh. The values above the branches showed the posterior probability and maximum likelihood bootstrap orderly.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Data and code for: Red-listed plants are contracting their elevational range faster than common plants in the European Alps

Dataset of the publication Geppert C., Bertolli A., Prosser F., Marini L., (2023): Red-listed plants are contracting their elevational range faster than common plants in the European Alps. PNAS. Contacts: costanza.geppert@unipd.it - lorenzo.marini@unipd.it. This data repository consists of plant records collected in the Trento Province from 1990 to 2019, species' elevational range shifts, ecological traits, hotspots' files and R script.  Description of the dataset: please see ReadMe.docx containing information on each file and instructions for use.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Repeated elevational clines of early life-history traits and their proximate mechanisms in brown trout

1. Climate warming imposes a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems, which are dominated by ectotherms such as fish and aquatic insects. To better predict the effects of climate warming on thermally sensitive ecosystems, information on how temperature affects individual traits within populations is fundamental. 2. Patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients provide valuable information. Immediate temperature effects on individual traits can be inferred from the shape of the thermal reaction norm. The way that temperature and associated environmental conditions (to which populations have been exposed over generations) affect individual traits through transgenerational plasticity in, and/or natural selection on, these traits can also be inferred from patterns of trait variation along a geographic thermal gradient. 3. Many studies have documented patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients. However, most previous studies cannot exclude the possibility that the observed geographic patterns are solely explained by random processes, such as isolation by distance, due to the lack of replication of geographic gradients. Here, we show consistent patterns in intraspecific trait variation along geographic thermal gradients using Salmo trutta (brown trout), which is an ecologically and economically important fish in alpine streams. 4. We kept trout embryos collected from 52 families from 14 populations along wide and replicated elevational gradients from three Alpine drainages (Danube, Po, and Rhine) in two temperature treatments (3.2 and 6.2 °C). Timing and body size at emergence from the nest, which are key early life-history traits of trout affecting their early growth and survival, were measured. 5. Besides faster embryonic development at warmer temperatures, we found that offspring from low-elevation parents took very slightly more days to reach emergence from fertilisation and were larger than offspring from high-elevation parents. Importantly, this was evident for all three drainages. Further analyses found that the higher number of days until- and larger body length at- emergence of low-elevation trout were mainly due to the larger eggs laid by low-elevation females, which had larger body size than high-elevation females. 6. Trout female body size, which is positively correlated with egg size, is susceptible to temperatures and associated environmental conditions. Consequently, climate warming may not only immediately accelerate development rate but also shift timing and size at emergence through egg-size-mediated maternal effects within a relatively short time scale.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Bimodal activity of diurnal flower visitation at high elevation

Successful pollination in animal-pollinated plants depends on the temporal overlap between flower presentation and pollinator foraging activity. Variation in the temporal dimension of plant-pollinator networks has been investigated intensely across flowering seasons. However, over the course of a day, the dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions may vary strongly due environmental fluctuations. It is usually assumed there is a unimodal, diurnal, activity pattern, while alternative multi-modal types of activity patterns are often neglected and deserve greater investigation. Here, we quantified the daily activity pattern of flower visitors in two different habitats contrasting high elevation meadows versus forests in Southwest China to investigate the role of abiotic conditions in the temporal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions. We examined diurnal activity patterns for the entire pollinator community. Pollinator groups may differ in their ability to adapt to habitats and abiotic conditions, which might be displayed in their patterns of activity. We hypothesized, that 1) pollinator communities show multi-modal activity patterns, 2) patterns differ between pollinator groups and habitat types, and 3) abiotic conditions explain observed activity patterns. In total, we collected 4988 flower visitors belonging to six functional groups. There was a bimodal activity pattern when looking at the entire pollinator community, and in five out of six flower visitor groups (exempting solitary bees). Bumblebees, honeybees, dipterans, lepidopterans, and other insects showed activity peaks in the morning and afternoon, whereas solitary bees were most active at midday. Activity of all six pollinator groups increased as solar radiation increased and then decreased after reaching a certain threshold. Our findings suggest that in habitats at higher elevations, a bimodal activity pattern of flower visitation is commonly employed across most pollinator groups that are diurnal foragers. This pattern may be caused by insects avoiding overheating due to elevated temperatures when exposed to high solar radiation at midday.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Interactive effects of elevated temperature and drought on plant carbon metabolism: A meta‐analysis

Elevated temperature (Te) and drought often co-occur and interactively affect plant carbon (C) metabolism and thus the ecosystem C cycling, but the magnitude of their interaction is unclear, making the projection of global change impacts challenging. Here, we compiled 107 journal articles in which temperature and water availability were jointly manipulated and performed a meta-analysis of interactive effects of Te and drought on leaf photosynthesis (Agrowth) and respiration (Rgrowth) at growth temperature, nonstructural carbohydrates and biomass of plants, and their dependencies on experimental and biological moderators (e.g., treatment intensity, plant functional type). Our results showed that, overall, there was no significant interaction of Te and drought on Agrowth. Te accelerated Rgrowth under well-watered conditions rather than under drought conditions. The Te × drought interaction on leaf soluble sugar and starch concentrations were neutral and negative, respectively. The effect of Te and drought on plant biomass displayed a negative interaction, with Te deteriorating the drought impacts. Drought induced an increase in root-to-shoot ratio at ambient temperature but not at Te. The magnitudes of Te and drought negatively modulated the Te drought interactions on Agrowth. Root biomass of woody plants was more vulnerable to drought than that of herbaceous plants at ambient temperature, but this difference diminished at Te. Perennial herbs exhibited a stronger amplifying effect of Te on plant biomass in response to drought than did annual herbs. Te exacerbated the responses of Agrowth and stomatal conductance to drought for evergreen broadleaf trees rather than for deciduous broadleaf and evergreen coniferous trees. A negative Te × drought interaction on plant biomass was observed on the species level rather than on the community level. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of the interactive effects of Te and drought on plant C metabolism, which would improve the prediction of climate change impacts.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Ukraine's elevation

The data employed is the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Europe, which is a dataset that provides information about the elevation of the Earth's surface in Europe by the European Environment Agency (EEA).

opennotspecifiedMar 2019View details →

FIG. 1 in Body Size Increases with Elevation in Pyrenean Newts (Calotriton asper)

FIG. 1.—Map of the study area (France, Andorra, and Spain) showing the eight Calotriton asper populations sampled in 2017. The highlighted area within the inset map shows the known distribution of the species.

opennotspecifiedMar 2019View details →

FIG. 2 in Body Size Increases with Elevation in Pyrenean Newts (Calotriton asper)

FIG. 2.—Relationships between abiotic variables and morphometric measurements of adult Pyrenean Newts (Calotriton asper) sampled in 2017. (A) Mean annual temperature (°C) vs. snout–vent length (SVL, in mm); (B) mean annual precipitation (mm) vs. SVL; (C) mean annual temperature vs. relative hindlimb length (derived from residuals of the linear regression between hind-limb length and SVL). Filled circles ¼ males; open circles ¼ females. Dotted lines represent the regression lines based on linear models.