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Figure 3. A–D in Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds from the New World
Figure 3. A–D, skulls in dorsal view: Crypturellus undulatus (A); Nothoprocta ornata (B); Eudromia formosa (C); and Nothura maculosa (D). E–H, skulls in occipital view: Crypturellus cinnamomeus (E); Taoniscus nanus (F); Nothoprocta taczanowskii (G); and Rhynchotus maculicollis (H). Abbreviations: cns, crista nuchalis sagittalis; cnt, crista nuchalis transversa; co, condylus occipitalis; en, external nares; fm, foramen magnum; fn, fossa glandulare nasalis; fnh, foramen n. hypoglossi; fnv, foramen n. vagi; foe, foramen v. occipitalis externa; fof, foramen n. ophthalmici; j, os jugale; la, os lacrimale; os, ossicula supraorbitales; p, pila supranasalis; pc, prominentia cerebellaris; po, processus postorbitalis; pp, processus paroccipitalis; ppm, processus parasphenoidalis medialis; pz, processus zygomaticus; rm, rostrum maxillare; sfp, sutura frontoparietalis; soe, sulcus v. occipitalis externa. The numbers denote characters and character states as listed in Appendix 2. Figures are not drawn to scale.
Figure 1 in Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds from the New World
Figure 1. Reduced strict consensus of the phylogenetic analysis of fossils and living tinamous under implied weight. Differences between topologies under equal versus implied weights analyses are marked with an ' '. Alternative positions of the fossils excluded from the strict consensus a posteriori are indicated above branches (A, MACN-SC-H; B, MACN-SC-T; C, Nothura sp.; D, Crypturellus reai). Support values of the phylogenetic analysis of extant species and analysis including fossils, respectively, are below branches.
Figure 5 in Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds from the New World
Figure 5. Skulls in ventral view: Tinamotis pentlandii (A); Crypturellus cinnamomeus (B); Nothura minor (C); Eudromia formosa (D); Nothoprocta perdicaria (E); and Rhynchotus maculicollis (F). Abbreviations: cm, condylus medialis; fch, fossa choanalis; fnh, foramen n. hypoglossi; fnv, foramen n. vagi; foe, foramen v. occipitalis externa; fof, foramen n. ophthalmici, jm, jugamentum maxillopalatinum; lch, pars choanalis (os palatinum); lp, lamina parasphenoidale; occ, ostium canalis carotici; pb, processus basipterygoideus; pc, processus caudomedialis; pmp, processsus maxillaris (os palatinum); ppm, processus maxillopalatinus (os maxillare); pp, processus paroccipitalis; rm, rostrum maxillare; rp, rostrum parasphenoidalis; ta, tuba auditiva. The numbers denote characters and character states as listed in Appendix 2. Figures are not drawn to scale.
Figure 12. A–D in Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds from the New World
Figure 12. A–D, tarsometatarsus, plantar view: Tinamotis pentlandii (A); Apteryx australis (B); Nothocercus bonapartei (C); and Crypturellus erythopus (D). E–H, tarsometatarsus, proximal view: Megapodius freycinet (E); Tinamotis pentlandii (F); Crypturellus soui (G); and Eudromia elegans (H). I–L, tarsometatarsus, distal end (dorsal view): Tinamotis pentlandii (I); Rhynchotus rufescens (J); Eudromia elegans (K); and Megapodius freycinet (L). Abbreviations: ci, crista intermedia hypotarsi; cl, crista lateralis hypotarsi; cm, crista medialis hypotarsi; fp, foramen vasculare proximale; fd, foramen vasculare distale; fm, fossa metatarsi I; fv, foramen vasculare distale; il, incisura intertrochlearis lateralis; II, trochlea metatarsi II; III, trochlea metatarsi III; IV, trochlea metatarsi IV; la, cotyla lateralis; me, cotyla medialis. The numbers denote characters and character states as listed in Appendix 2. Figures are not drawn to scale.
Figure 10. A–F in Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds from the New World
Figure 10. A–F, pelvis, lateral view: Crypturellus cinnamomeus (A); Megapodius freycinet (B); Tinamus solitarius (C); Nothocercus bonapartei (D); Nothoprocta perdicaria (E); and Nothoprocta taczanowskii (F). G–I, pelvis, dorsal view: Tinamus solitarius (G); Tinamotis pentlandi (H); and Nothura darwinii (I). J–L, pelvis, ventral view: Nothura darwinii (J); Crypturellus cinnamomeus (K); and Tinamus solitarius (L). Abbreviations: ac, foramen acetabuli; at, antitrochanter; c, crista for attachment of ilioischiatic membrane; cd, crista dorsolateralis ilii; cs, crista spinosa synsacri; cv, corpus vertebrae; f, fenestra ischiopubica; fc, fovea costalis; fe, foramen ilioischiadicum; fi, foramina intertransversaria; fn, fenestra intertransversaria; is, ischium; pc, processus costalis; pr, ala praeacetabularis ilii; po, ala postacetabularis ilii; pt, processus transversus; pu, pubis; si, sutura iliosynsacralis; sy, synsacrum; tb, tuberculum praeacetabulare; va, vertebra acetabularis. The numbers denote characters and character states as listed in Appendix 2. Figures are not drawn to scale.
Figure 6. A–E in Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds from the New World
Figure 6. A–E, mandible, caudal end (dorsal view): Tinamus major (A); Crypturellus cinnamomeus (B); Eudromia formosa (C); Rhynchotus maculicollis (D); and Nothoprocta ornata (E). F–K, quadrate, medial view: Nothocercus nigrocapillus (F); Tinamus major (G); Nothura darwinii (H); Eudromia elgans (I); Nothoprocta taczanowskii (J); and Nothoprocta perdicaria (K). Abbreviations: cc, condylus caudalis; ccl, cotylae caudalis et lateralis; cm, condylus medialis; cp, condylus pterygoideus; cr, crest from prominentia submeatica (Elzanowski, 1987); fap facies articularis parasphenoidalis; fn, foramen pneumaticum; ot, processus oticus; pm, processus medialis mandibularis; po, processus orbitalis; pr, processus retroarticularis; ps, prominentia submeatica (Elzanowski, 1987). The numbers denote characters and character states as listed in Appendix 2. Figures are not drawn to scale.
Figure 7. A, B, E, F in Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds from the New World
Figure 7. A, B, E, F, axis, left lateral side: Rhynchotus maculicollis (A); Eudromia elegans (B); Nothoprocta pentlandii (E); and Tinamotis pentlandii (articulated with atlas, F). C, D, G, H, cervical vertebra 3, left lateral view: Rhynchotus maculicollis (C); Tinamotis pentlandii (D); Eudromia elegans (G); Nothoprocta pentlandii (H). I–K, notarium (lateral view): Nothocercus bonapartei (I); Tinamus solitarius (J); and Nothoprocta taczanowskii (K). Abbreviations: a, atlas; ca, corpus axis; cn, corpus notarii; cr, crista spinosa notarii; cv, corpus vertebrae; d, dens; ec, eminentia costolateralis; fa, facies articularis costalis fc, facies articularis caudalis; fe, fenestra intercristalis; fi, fenestra intertransversaria; fn, foramen pneumaticum; ic, incisura caudalis; lt, lamina transversa notarii; p, processus costalis; pc, processus articularis caudalis; ps, processus spinosus; pv, processus ventralis; zca, zygapophysis caudalis; zcr, zygapophysis cranialis. The numbers denote characters and character states as listed in Appendix 2. Figures are not drawn to scale.
Figure 4 in Phylogenetic interrelationships of living and extinct Tinamidae, volant palaeognathous birds from the New World
Figure 4. Skulls in lateral view: Tinamotis pentlandii (A); Cypturellus soui (B); Nothoprocta ornata (C); Tinamus major (D); Nothura maculosa (E); and Rhynchotus maculicollis (F). Abbreviations: e, os ectethmoidale; en, external nares; fi, fonticuli interorbitales; fdl, foramen ductus lacrimalis; fno, foramen n. olfactorii; fo, fonticuli orbitocraniales; fol, foramen orbitonasale laterale; ft, fossa temporalis; ila, incisura ductus lacrimalis; j, os jugale; la, os lacrimale; me, os mesethmoidale; po, processus postorbitalis; pp, processus paroccipitalis; pr, processus orbitalis; ps, prominentia suprameatica; pz, processus zygomaticus; q, os quadratum; qj, os quadratojugale; rm, rostrum maxillare; si, septum interorbitale; so, sulcus n. olfactorii; sf, sutura frontoparietalis. The numbers denote characters and character states as listed in Appendix 2. Figures are not drawn to scale.
Figure 12 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 12. Phylogenetic tree of Testudo spp. included in this study, based on the most parsimonious cladogram depicted in Figure 11 and further indicating the approximate stratigraphical range of the depicted taxa. Age boundaries (in million years ago or mega-annums, Ma) for epochs, stages, European land mammal ages (ELMA) and Mammal Neogene units (MN) are based on Hilgen, Lourens & Van Dam (2012; see this reference for the full name of stages and ELMA abbreviated in this figure). For illustration purposes, divergence times are arbitrarily set one million years before the oldest record of each clade. Similarly, successive branching points within ghost lineages are separated by one million years to avoid their collapse in the figure. For full taxon names, see Table 3.
Figure 9 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 9. Reconstruction of the shell of Testudo (Chersine) catalaunica based on the specimens from the Valles- Penedes Basin described in this paper. (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. Thick lines correspond to scute sulci, whereas dotted lines denote plate sutures. Ab, abdominal scute; An, anal scute; Ce, cervical scute; co, costal plate; ent, entoplastron plate; epi, epiplastron plate; Fe, femoral scute; Gu, gular scute; Hu, humeral scute; hyo, hyoplastron plate; hyp, hypoplastron plate; Ma, marginal scute; ne, neural plate; nu, nuchal plate; Pe, pectoral scute; per, peripheral plate; Pl, pleural scute; py, pygal plate; sp, suprapygal; Ve, vertebral scute; xi, xiphiplastron plate.
Figure 8 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 8. New fossil postcranial remains of Testudo (Chersine) catalaunica from Castell de Barbera (CB), Hostalets de Pierola Superior (els Hostalets de Pierola, HPS) and Can Mata indeterminate (CM). (A, B) proximal fragment of right femur IPS36396b from CB in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. (C, D) proximal fragment of left femur IPS30905 from CM in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. (E, F) proximal fragment of left femur IPS87219 from CM in dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views. (G, H) proximal fragment of left femur IPS16441 from HPS in dorsal (G) and ventral (H) views.
Figure 3 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 3. Schematic drawings corresponding to the fossil remains depicted in Figure 2. Thick lines correspond to scute sulci, dashed lines denote plate sutures, and oblique lines denote missing portions or sediment encrusting the fossils.
Figure 7 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 7. Schematic drawings corresponding to the fossil remains depicted in Figure 6. Thick lines correspond to scute sulci, dashed lines denote plate sutures, and oblique lines denote missing portions or sediment encrusting the fossils.
Figure 2 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 2. Previously published shell and postcranial remains of Testudo (Chersine) catalaunica from Sant Quirze. (A–F) almost complete shell MGSB25324a (lectotype) in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and right lateral (C) views, together with details of the nuchal in dorsal view (D), the pygal in external view (E), and the entoplastron in ventral view (F). (G) partial right scapula 'Specimen A' (paralectotype) in posterior view (reproduced from Bataller, 1926). (H, I) partial left peripheral 7 'Specimen B' (paralectotype), in external (H) and internal (I) views (reproduced from Bataller, 1926). J–L, right anterior shell portion MGSB31642 (paralectotype) in dorsal (J), ventral (K), and right lateral (L) views. M–V, partial shell MGM1561 (holotype of Testudo catalaunica irregularis) in dorsal (M), ventral (N), and right lateral (O) views, together with details of the anterior plastral lobe in left lateral view (P), the nuchal in dorsal (Q) and visceral (R) views, the pygal in external (S) and internal (T) views, and the entoplastron in ventral (U) and visceral (V) views. (W–X), partial plastron MGSB25324b in ventral view (W), together with details of the entoplastron in ventral view (X). Y–D', partial plastron MGM236M, in visceral (Y) and ventral (Z) views, together with details of the anterior plastral lobe in left lateral (A') and anterior (B') views, and the entoplastron in ventral (C') and dorsal (D') views.
Figure 5 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 5. Schematic drawings corresponding to the fossil remains depicted in Figure 4. Thick lines correspond to scute sulci, dashed lines denote plate sutures, and oblique lines denote missing portions or sediment encrusting the fossils.
Figure 6 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 6. New fossil shell remains of Testudo (Chersine) catalaunica from Sant Quirze (SQ) and Castell de Barbera (CB). (A, B) anterior plastral lobe MGB V61-3 from SQ in visceral (A) and ventral (B) views. (C, D) partial shell IPS2073 from SQ in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. (E, F) nuchal and left peripheral 1–3 IPS33180 from CB in dorsal (E) and visceral (F) views. (G–N) almost complete shell IPS36396a from CB in dorsal (G) and ventral (H) views, together with details of the nuchal in dorsal (I) and visceral (J) views, the pygal in external (K) and internal (L) views, and the entoplastron in ventral (M) and visceral (N) views.
Figure 4 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 4. New shell remains of Testudo (Chersine) catalaunica from Abocador de Can Mata. (A, B) partial shell IPS30074 in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. (C) partial carapace IPS30073 in dorsal view. (D) posterior portion of carapace IPS30052 in posterior view. (E) partial plastron IPS30061 in ventral view. (F, G) partial shell IPS4417 in dorsal (F) and ventral (G) views. (H, I) posterior portion of carapace IPS4423 in dorsal (H) and ventral (I) views. J–N, complete shell IPS4411 in dorsal (J), ventral (K), left lateral (L), right lateral (M), and posterior (N) views. O–S, complete shell IPS4420 in dorsal (O), ventral (P), left lateral (Q), right lateral (R), and posterior (S) views. (T, U) anterior shell portion IPS4415 in dorsal (T) and ventral (U) views. V–Y, complete shell IPS4419 in dorsal (V), ventral (W), left lateral (X), and posterior (Y) views. (Z, A'), almost complete shell IPS32957 in dorsal (Z) and ventral (A') views.
Figure 1 in The Miocene tortoise Testudo catalaunica Bataller, 1926, and a revised phylogeny of extinct species of genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae)
Figure 1. Schematic geological map of the Valles-Penedes Basin, showing the location of sites that have yielded remains of Testudo (Chersine) catalaunica. ACM, Abocador de Can Mata; CB, Castell de Barbera; CM, Can Mata indeterminate; HPS, Hostalets de Pierola Superior; SQ, Sant Quirze.
Figure 9 in The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)
Figure 9. Graph of log-transformed body mass (g) vs. log-transformed endocranial volume (mm3). Red star, Raphus cucullatus; black star, Pezophaps solitaria; white circle, Caloenas nicobarica; black diamond, Goura cristata; black square, Gallicolumba luzonica; black circle, Phaps chalcoptera; white diamond, Chalcophaps indica; white square, Columba livia. Grey region indicates maximum and minimum ranges.
Figure 7 in The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes)
Figure 7. Ventral view of the endocasts of nine species of Columbiformes. A, Raphus cucullatus; B, Pezophaps solitaria; C, Caloenas nicobarica; D, Goura cristata; E, Gallicolumba luzonica; F, Didunculus strigirostris; G, Phaps chalcoptera; H, Chalcophaps indica; I, Columba livia. Abbreviations: c, cerebrum; cca, cranial carotid artery; fl, flocculus; mo, medulla oblongata; ob, olfactory bulb; och, optic chiasm; ol, optic lobe; pb, pituitary body; se, sagittal eminence; II–XI, cranial nerves II–XI. Scale bars = 15 mm.
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OpenNeuro
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