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Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species

Figure 1. Molecular phylogeny of 26 Holarctic ant taxa belonging to the subgenus Lasius sensu Wilson (1955) and two outgroup taxa (L. pallitarsis and L. mixtus). The phylogeny was calculated under the coalescent model and incorporates data from 9 genes (mtDNA: COI, COII, 16S, nuDNA: Defensin, H3, LR, Wg, Top1 & 28S). Names of species native to the Nearctic are shown in red and those of species native to the Palearctic in blue. Node labels show posterior probability (Bayesian inference) followed by bootstrap support (Maximum likelihood). The scale bar indicates the length of 0.01 substitutions/site.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

dryad40/100

Data for Contrasting life-history responses to climate variability in eastern and western North Pacific sardine populations

Massive populations of sardines inhabit both the western and eastern boundaries of the world's subtropical ocean basins, supporting both commercial fisheries and populations of marine predators. Sardine populations in western and eastern boundary current systems have responded oppositely to decadal scale anomalies in ocean temperature, but the mechanism for differing variability has remained unclear. Here, based on otolith microstructure and high-resolution stable isotope analyses, we show that habitat temperature, early life growth rates, energy expenditure, metabolically optimal temperature and, most importantly, the relationship between growth rate and temperature were remarkably different between the two subpopulations in the western and eastern North Pacific. Varying metabolic response to environmental changes partly explain the contrasting growth responses. Consistent differences in the life-history traits are observed between subpopulations in the western and eastern boundary current systems around South Africa. These growth and survival characteristics can facilitate the contrasting responses of sardine populations to climate change.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

North China Record-Breaking Rainfall of July 2021 tied to the Arctic Sea-ice change

1、General Introduction: This dataset includes the model simulation data used in the article going to be submitted to Geophysical Research Letters, named “North China Record-Breaking Rainfall of July 2021 tied to the Arctic Sea-ice change”. The Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5; Neale et al., 2012) in the Community Earth System Model, version 1.2.1 (CESM1.2.1) with a 1.9◦ ×2.5◦ finite volume grid and 30 hybrid sigma pressure levels is utilized to conduct atmospheric model experiments. To validate the impact of the Arctic sea-ice, the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5; Neale et al., 2012) in the Community Earth System Model, version 1.2.1 (CESM1.2.1) with a 1.9◦ ×2.5◦ finite volume grid and 30 hybrid sigma pressure levels is adopted. Two experiments are designed. One is called the control experiment (CTL). In this experiment, the model is forced by the seasonal-varying climatology of SST and SIC as the lower boundary forcing. Another is called the sensitivity experiment (SEN). This experiment is the same as the CTL except that SIC and SST over the Barents-East Siberian Sea region (50°–165°E, 70°–80°N) in June and July are set to be the observational values in 2021. Both the CTL and SEN experiments are integrated for 35 years including a 10-year spin-up, whilst the last 25-year ensemble mean is analyzed in the article. The differences between the SEN and CTL experiments (SEN-CTL) reflect the atmospheric responses to the reduced SIC and increased SST over the Barents-East Siberian Sea region in June-July 2021. 2、Description of this dataset: CTL represents the control experiment while SEN represents the sensitive experiment. OMEGA, PRECC, PRECL, T, U, V, Z3, and TS denote the vertical velocity, convective precipitation rate, large-scale (stable) precipitation rate, temperature, zonal wind, meridional wind, geopotential height, and surface temperature respectively. All files contain a time coverage from 1 to 35 model-year with a monthly time resolution. The post-processing from 30 hybrid sigma pressure levels to 17 pressure levels has been conducted on the raw data of the model simulations for the variables of OMEGA, T, U, V, and Z3.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

WRF 3.5km North Atlantic August - October 2020 (TC tracks and atmospheric composites data)

This zip file contains simulated TC tracks and some atmospheric composites for August to October 2020. - TC tracks information: timing, intensity, and location - Composites: vertical wind shear (200 - 850 hPa), potential intensity, 850 hPa absolute vorticity, and 700 hPa specific humidity.

FIG. 1 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 1. Heads, frontal views, of native North American species of the Drosophila funebris group. A. D. limpiensis (ex: type locality: Limpia Canyon, Texas). B. D. macrospina (ex: Rochester, NY). C. D. subfunebris (ex: type series: Pasadena, CA). D. D. trispina (ex: type series: Earp, CA). To the same scale.

FIG. 8 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 8. Detail of apices of aedeagi (ventral views) of native North American species of the D. funebris group (all to the same scale). A. D. limpiensis. B. D. macrospina (ex: New Orleans, LA). C. D. macrospina (ex: Piqua, OH). D. D. macrospina (ex: Missouri). E. D. trispina. F. D. subfunebris.

FIG. 2 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 2. Heads, lateral views, of native North American species of the Drosophila funebris group. A. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). B. D. macrospina (ex: Piqua, OH). C. D. subfunebris (ex: Pasadena, CA). D. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA). To the same scale.

FIG. 5 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 5. Male genitalia of native North American species of the Drosophila funebris group, ventral views (to same scale). A. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). B. D. macrospina (ex: St. Catherine's Island, GA). C. D. macrospina (ex: Rochester, NY). D. D. subfunebris (ex: Pasadena, CA). E. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA).

FIG. 1 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 1. Shaded relief map (based on Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 3 arcsecond/90 m digital elevation model) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, showing the location of the 8abc limestone locality.

FIG. 2 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 2. Nearly complete left maxilla of USNM PAL 768729. A, lateral and B, medial views. Medial view also shows the palpebral, which remained attached to the maxilla. C, Close-up of third (preserved) maxillary tooth from rear. Abbreviations: ASAF, anterior superior alveolar foramen; cr.tv., crista transversalis; fac.pr., facial process; j.gr., jugal groove; l.fac., lacrimal facet; lat.r., lateral ridge (= crista lateralis); l.rec., lacrimal recess; n.fac., nasal facet; palp., palpebral; prf.rec., prefrontal recess.

FIG. 6 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 6. Central fragment of left scapulocoracoid of USNM PAL 768729. The scapula and coracoid are indistinguishably fused. Abbreviations: cc.for., coracoid foramen; gl.fos., glenoid fossa; sc-cc.fen., scapulocoracoid fenestra; sc.for., scapular foramen.

FIG. 4 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 4. Epandria (male) of native North American species of the Drosophila funebris group; posterolateral views (to same scale). A. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). B. D. macrospina (ex: Magazine Mtn., AR). C. D. subfunebris (ex: Pasadena, CA). D. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA).

FIG. 5 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 5. Dorsal vertebra of USNM PAL 768729. A, dorsal, B, left lateral, and C, ventral views. Note the low neural spine. Abbreviations: cond., condyle; cot., cotyle; n.sp., neural spine; poz., postzygapophysis; prz., prezygapophysis; syn., synapophysis.

FIG. 7 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 7. Aedeagi with aedeagal apodemes, ejaculatory apodemes (B, D, E), lateral views (all to same scale). A. D. macrospina (ex: Magazine Mtn., AR). B. D. macrospina (ex: Rochester, NY). C. D. limpiensis (Limpia Canyon, TX). D. D. trispina. E. D. subfunebris.

FIG. 6 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 6. External details of male terminalia, A–G: Cercal spines, right lateral views; H–K: Surstyli, lateral views. All to same scale. A. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). B. D. limpiensis (ex: Patagonia, Arizona). C. D. macrospina (ex: New Orleans, LA). D. D. macrospina (ex: Piqua, OH), dashed line indicates spine sometimes missing. E. D. subfunebris ex: Pasadena, CA). F. G. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA), G. showing right cercus with one less spine. H. D. limpiensis (ex: Limpia Canyon, TX). I. D. macrospina (ex: New Orleans, LA). J. D. subfunebris (ex: Pasadena, CA). K. D. trispina (ex: Earp, CA).

FIG. 8 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 8. Phylogenetic relationships of USNM PAL 768729 based on four methods (above and opposite page). A, Maximum parsimony with enforced molecular constraint. Numbers above branches are bootstrap support based on 1000 replications. Results with no constraint have identical topology with respect to Pan-Xenosaurus. B, Standard Bayesian inference. Numbers above branches are posterior probabilities. C, Fossilized birth-death

FIG. 7 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 7. Relation between maxillary tooth length and snout-vent length (SVL) in iguanid lizards (log-log space). Ordinary least squares regression was used to predict SVL from tooth length. Iguanid lizards were preferred to anguimorphs because the broad spectrum of body size covered by available skeletons did not require extrapolation. Red dot represents prediction for USNM PAL 768729.

FIG. 4 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 4. Partial left mandible of USNM PAL 768729 in medial view. A, Articular region, with broken retroarticular process. B, Middle region, including coronoid and angular. Abbreviations: ang., angular; cb.I, ceratobranchial I; cn., coronoid; part., prearticular; p.mh.f., posterior mylohyoid foramen; ra.pr., retroarticular process; spl.fac., splenial facet.

FIG. 3 in New diminutive Eocene lizard reveals high K-Pg survivorship and taxonomic diversity of stem xenosaurs in North America

FIG. 3. Right jugal of USNM PAL 768729. A, lateral and B, medial views. Abbreviations: mx.fac., maxillary facet; qj.tub., quadratojugal tubercle.

FIG. 3 in The Drosophila funebris Species Group in North America (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

FIG. 3. Drosophila macrospina thorax and abdomen (all ex: Rochester, NY). A. Head and thorax, dorsal. B. Thorax, lateral. C. Abdomen, male. D. Abdomen, female.