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Figures 34–45 in The tribe Bryocorini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae): phylogeny, description of a new genus, and adaptive radiation on ferns

Figures 34–45. Scanning electron micrographs of particular characters: 34–41, evaporatory area – 34, 35, Hekista laudator, 36, Bryocoris pteridis, 37, Punctifulvius kerzhneri, 38, Pycnoderes sp., 39, Helopeltis clavifer, 40, Dicyphus testaceus, 41, Cylapus citus; 42–45, femoral trichobotria – 42, Diplazicoris lombokianus sp. nov., 43, Punctifulvius kerzhneri, 44, Pycnoderes sp., 45, Stenotus binotatus.

Figures 46–58 in The tribe Bryocorini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae): phylogeny, description of a new genus, and adaptive radiation on ferns

Figures 46–58. Scanning electron micrographs of particular characters: 46, 47, tarsi in lateral view – 46, Diplazicoris lombokianus sp. nov., 47, Stenotus binotatus; 48–56, pretarsus – 48, 52, D. lombokianus sp. nov., 49, 54, Punctifulvius kerzhneri, 50, Monalocoris filicis, 51, Helopeltis clavifer, 53, Nesidiocoris tenuis, 55, Pycnoderes sp., 56, Stenotus binotatus; 57, 58, genital capsule in caudal view – 57, Bryocoris pteridis, 58, Monalocoris filicis.

Figures 22–33 in The tribe Bryocorini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae): phylogeny, description of a new genus, and adaptive radiation on ferns

Figures 22–33. Scanning electron micrographs of particular characters: 22–26, head and thorax in ventral view – 22, Diplazicoris lombokianus sp. nov., 23, Bryocoris pteridis, 24, Monalocoris filicis, 25, Nesidiocoris tenuis, 26, Hekista laudator; 27–30, scutellum and hemelytra – 27, D. lombokianus sp. nov., 28, Hekista laudator, 29, Bryocoris pteridis, 30, Nesidiocoris tenuis; 31–33, evaporatory area – 31, 32, D. lombokianus sp. nov., 33, Monalocoris filicis.

Figures 10–21 in The tribe Bryocorini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae): phylogeny, description of a new genus, and adaptive radiation on ferns

Figures 10–21. Scanning electron micrographs of particular characters: 10–14, head and pronotum in lateral view – 10, Diplazicoris lombokianus sp. nov., 11, Dicyphus testaceus, 12, Punctifulvius kerzhneri, 13, Monalocoris filicis, 14, Bryocoris pteridis; 15–21, head and pronotum in dorsal view – 15, D. lombokianus sp. nov., 16, Nesidiocoris tenuis, 17, Punctifulvius kerzhneri, 18, Cylapus citus, 19, Monalocoris filicis, 20, Bryocoris pteridis, 21, Sinervus baerensprungi.

FIGURE 8 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 8. Habitat and habitus views of adult, larva, and case of Hydroptila ishiura sp. nov. 8A, adult habitus on leaf of riparian tree; 8B, larva and case in hygropetric habitat, left lateral; 8C, same, enlargement of small section of case showing piece of bryophyte (a) and diatom (b); 8D, larvae with cases on rock, dorsal; 8E, hygropetric habitat at type locality; 8F, stony stream habitat at Takinoura-gawa, Ani-jima.

FIGURE 2 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic trees of six species of Hydroptila endemic to the Ogasawara Islands (H. demersa sp. nov., H. ishiura sp. nov., H. tokoyo sp. nov., H. hahajima sp. nov., H. nagahama sp. nov., and H. ogasawaraensis Ito 2011, in Ito et al. 2011) and the outgroup H. pulchricornis Species Group from mainland Japan (H. phenianica Botosaneanu 1970, H. chinensis Xue & Yang 1990, H. oguranis Kobayashi 1974 and/or H. dampfi Ulmer 1929), based on (2A) 429-bp mitochondrial COI and (2B) 306-bp nuclear 28S sequences. See Table 1 and Fig. 1 for locality of each specimen. The topology is the same between the trees drawn by the neighbor-joining method (NJ) and the maximum likelihood (ML). The numerals at nodes show % bootstrap probabilities in ML (NJ).

FIGURE 5 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 5. Larva, case, and habitat of Hydroptila demersa sp. nov. in type locality. 5A & 5B, larvae in cases: 5A, dorsal, in field; 5B, left lateral, in alcohol. 5C & 5D, habitat.

FIGURE 3 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 3. Male of Hydroptila demersa sp. nov. 3A, habitus, dorsal; 3B, head and thorax, dorsal; 3C, head, right lateral; 3D, abdominal segments I–X, left lateral, with enlargement figures of anterolateral process (paired) of sternite V and posteroventral process of sternite VII; 3E, genitalia, left lateral; 3F, same, dorsal; 3G, same, ventral; 3H, phallic apparatus, left lateral. Abbreviations: IX = abdominal segment IX; dh = dorsolateral hump; dp = dorsal plate; ia = inferior appendage (paired); lap = labial palpus (paired); map = maxillary palpus (paired); pa = phallic apparatus; sp = subgenital plate.

FIGURE 10 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 10. Habitats (type localities) and immature stages of Hydroptila spp. H. ogasawaraensis Ito 2011 (in Ito et al. 2011, 10A–10D): 10A, habitat, larvae found on rock in region enclosed by dashed oval; 10B, other part of habitat; 10C, habitus of larva in case in field, dorsal; 10D, habitus of larva in case in alcohol, right lateral. H. spp., possibly H. ogasawaraensis or H. tokoyo n. sp., Tokoyo-no-taki (type locality of H. tokoyo) (10E, 10F): 10E, habitat; 10F, habitus of larva in case in alcohol, left lateral. Scale bars, 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 7. Larva of Hydroptila ishiura sp. nov. 7A, habitus, right lateral; 7B, habitus, dorsal; 7C, head, ventral; 7D, right antenna, right lateral; 7E, right foretrochantin and foreleg, right lateral; 7F1–7F3, abdominal segment I, dorsal, variations; 7G, anal claw, right lateral (paired). 8, 9 = primary setae 8 and 9 (Wiggins 1996).

FIGURE 11 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 11. Adults of Hydroptila hahajima sp. nov. and H. nagahama sp. nov. Adults of H. hahajima (11A–11G): 11A, male abdominal segments I–X, left lateral; 11B, male genitalia, left lateral; 11C, same, dorsal; 11D, same, ventral; 11E, phallic apparatus, left lateral; 11F, female abdominal segments VIII–X, ventral; 11G, vaginal apparatus, ventral. Adults of H. nagahama (11H–11N): 11H, male abdominal segments I–X, left lateral; 11I, male genitalia, left lateral; 11J, same, dorsal; 11K, same, ventral; 11L, phallic apparatus, left lateral; 11M, female abdominal segments VIII–X, ventral; 11N, vaginal apparatus, ventral. Abbreviations: VIII–X = abdominal segments VIII–X; ch = curled hook (paired); dp = dorsal plate; dsp IX = dark and setose plate of segment IX; ia = inferior appendage (paired); pa = phallic apparatus; lp = lateral process; sp = subgenital plate.

FIGURE 6 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 6. Adults of Hydroptila ishiura sp. nov. Male (6A–6E): 6A, abdominal segments I–X, left lateral; 6B, genitalia, left lateral; 6C, same, dorsal; 6D, same, ventral; 6E, phallic apparatus, left lateral. Female (6F, 6G): 6F, abdominal segments VIII–X, ventral; 6G, vaginal apparatus, ventral. Abbreviations: VIII–X = abdominal segments VIII–X; dp = dorsal plate; dsp IX = dark and setose plate of segment IX; ia = inferior appendage (paired); lp = lateral process (paired); pa = phallic apparatus; sp = subgenital plate.

FIGURE 9 in The family Hydroptilidae Curtis (Trichoptera) in the Ogasawara Islands, northwestern Pacific, with particular reference to adaptive radiation in the oceanic islands

FIGURE 9. Adults of Hydroptila ogasawaraensis Ito 2011 (in Ito et al. 2011) and H. tokoyo sp. nov. Hydroptila ogasawaraensis (type specimens) (9A–9G): 9A, male abdominal segments I–X, left lateral; 9B, male genitalia, left lateral, with enlarged figure of apex of subgenital plate; 9C, same, dorsal; 9D, same, ventral; 9E, phallic apparatus, left lateral; 9F, female abdominal segments VIII–X, ventral; 9G, vaginal apparatus, ventral. Male of H. tokoyo sp. nov. (9H–9L): 9H, abdominal segments I–X, left lateral; 9I, genitalia, left lateral, with enlarged figure of apex of subgenital plate; 9J, same, dorsal; 9K, same, ventral; 9L, phallic apparatus, left lateral, with enlargement of apical 1/3. Abbreviations: VIII–X = abdominal segments VIII–X; dp = dorsal plate; dsp IX = dark and setose plate of segment IX; ia = inferior appendage (paired); lh = lateral hump; lp = lateral plate; pa = phallic apparatus; sp = subgenital plate.

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FIGURE 2. S in Two new species of Hydraena Kugelann, 1794 from São Tomé Island-an apparent adaptive radiation (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)

FIGURE 2. S"o Tomé Hydraena habitats and distribution. A) Hydraena saotometerrestris sp. nov., below Pico de S"o Tomé, 1936 m, leaf litter sifting (photo Clive Turner); B) Hydraena turneri sp. nov., seepage in primary forest beside track from Ponta Figo, 629 m (photo Clive Turner); C) known distribution on S"o Tomé, red circles Hydraena saotometerrestris sp. nov., yellow circle Hydraena turneri sp. nov., black outlines indicate type localities.

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FIGURE 1. S in Two new species of Hydraena Kugelann, 1794 from São Tomé Island-an apparent adaptive radiation (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)

FIGURE 1. S"o Tomé Hydraena habitus and aedeagi (ventral and lateral views). A–B) Hydraena saotometerrestris sp. nov.; C–D) Hydraena turneri sp. nov. Scale bars A & C) = 1.0 mm; B & D) = 100 μm.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenomics, biogeography, and adaptive radiation of grapes

Fig. 4. Divergence time estimation of Vitis inferred from the MCMC tree program in PAML. Blue bars indicate the 95% highest posterior density credibility interval for node ages. Star indicates calibration point. HPD = Highest Posterior Density; Ma = million years ago.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenomics, biogeography, and adaptive radiation of grapes

Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny and geographic distribution of East Asian grapes. Outgroups are not shown. Approximate ranges of the geographic distribution of the individual species are shown in the maps, using different colors. Tree branches are colored according to the geographic distribution of each species. Orange = Subclade I; yellow = Subclade II; green = Subclade III; Purple and blue tones = Subclade IV. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Phylogenomics, biogeography, and adaptive radiation of grapes

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationship and ancestral areas of subgenus Vitis. (a) Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny of Vitis based on 2068 single-copy orthologous genes. All nodes are supported by 100% bootstrap support except from one, whose support is indicated in the figure. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support estimated in RAxML while numbers below branches indicate bootstrap support estimated in PhyML. (b) Ancestral area reconstructions of subgenus Vitis using BBM, implemented in RASP. Possible ancestral ranges and their respective probabilities are shown at each node. Most Likely States (MLS) are shown at the center of each node. The four areas of endemism considered are: (A) North America; (B) Europe and West Asia; (C) Northeastern Asia, North China, and the northern edge of the Himalayas; and (D) Central and South China, northern South Asia, and northern Southeast Asia. Dashed arrows indicate inferred migration routes for subgenus Vitis. Three possible migration routes of subgenus Vitis from North America to Euroasia are shown, i.e., the North Atlantic land bridges (NALB), the Bering land bridge (BLB), and intercontinental long distance dispersal (LDD).

Fig. 6 in Phylogenomics, biogeography, and adaptive radiation of grapes

Fig. 6. Ecological environments occupied by various Vitis. (a) V. romanetii is one of the highest climbing species of Vitis, which usually occurs in forest habitats. (b) V. sinocinerea is one of the lowest climbing species of Vitis, which usually occurs in shrubby or open habitats.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenomics, biogeography, and adaptive radiation of grapes

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny and geographic distribution of North American grapes. Approximate ranges of geographic distribution of species are labeled in the map using different colors. Tree branch colors match the geographic distribution of each species. Blue = Subclade I; Green and purple = Subclade II. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)