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Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776 — S Africa N to Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000 — C Asia including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. M. c. concisa Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Algeria, Morocco, and Subsaharan Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia. M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906 — C Africa from Gabon to Tanzania. M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal. \g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792 — India and Pakistan. M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923 — Kenya and Somalia. \J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946 — S Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909 — Guinea and Sierra Leone. \f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920 — Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776 — S Africa N to Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000 — C Asia including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. M. c. concisa Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Algeria, Morocco, and Subsaharan Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia. M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906 — C Africa from Gabon to Tanzania. M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal. \g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792 — India and Pakistan. M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923 — Kenya and Somalia. \J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946 — S Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909 — Guinea and Sierra Leone. \f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920 — Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.

Distribution. NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan, NW, N, NE & S India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, N Myanmar, N Vietnam, S, SE & E China, Taiwan, Korean Peninsula, extreme S Russian Far East, and Japan (except Hokkaido); it may occur in Bhutan and Bangladesh. in Miniopteridae

Distribution. NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan, NW, N, NE & S India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, N Myanmar, N Vietnam, S, SE & E China, Taiwan, Korean Peninsula, extreme S Russian Far East, and Japan (except Hokkaido); it may occur in Bhutan and Bangladesh.

Subspecies and Distribution. L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, SW China (Tibet [= Xizang]), and W Myanmar; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan. L. l. sinense K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907 — S China, S Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Peninsular Malaysia in Megadermatidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. l. lyra E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 - extreme E Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, SW China (Tibet [= Xizang]), and W Myanmar; this subspecies may also occur in Bhutan. L. l. sinense K. Andersen & Wroughton, 1907 — S China, S Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Peninsular Malaysia

Distribution. Arid mountainous regions of the Middle East. Known populations in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The species also ranges across much of Afghanistan and Iran, and surrounding regions in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. in Canidae

Distribution. Arid mountainous regions of the Middle East. Known populations in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The species also ranges across much of Afghanistan and Iran, and surrounding regions in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Subspecies and Distribution. V. c. corsac Linnaeus, 1768 — N part of range to pre-Altai steppe. Vc. kalmykorum Ognev, 1935 — Volgo-Ural steppes and Volga Basin. V. c. scorodumovi Dorogostaiski, 1935 — N China, Mongolia, and Russia (Transbaikalia). V. c. turemenicus Ognev, 1935 — plains of C Asia and N Afghanistan, NE Iran, and Kazakhstan. in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. c. corsac Linnaeus, 1768 — N part of range to pre-Altai steppe. Vc. kalmykorum Ognev, 1935 — Volgo-Ural steppes and Volga Basin. V. c. scorodumovi Dorogostaiski, 1935 — N China, Mongolia, and Russia (Transbaikalia). V. c. turemenicus Ognev, 1935 — plains of C Asia and N Afghanistan, NE Iran, and Kazakhstan.

Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. pardus Linnaeus, 1758 — Sudan and NE Zaire. P. p. adersi Pocock, 1932 — Zanzibar I (could be extinct). P. p. adusta Pocock, 1927 — Ethiopian highlands. P. p. ciscaucasicus Satunin, 1914 — Caucasus mountains. P. p. dathei Zukowsky, 1959 — S and C Iran (of dubious validity). P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930 — S China to Malay Peninsula. P. p. fusca Meyer, 1794 — Indian subcontinent. P. p. japonensis Gray, 1862 — NC China. P. p. jarvisi Pocock, 1932 — Sinai Peninsula. P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1949 — Sri Lanka. P. p. leopardus Schreber, 1777 — Rain forests of W and C Africa. P. p. melanotica Gunther, 1775 — S Africa. P. p. melas Cuvier, 1809 — Java. P. p. nanopardus Thomas, 1904 — Somali arid zone. P. p. nimr Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 —S Israel to Arabian peninsula. P. p. orientalis Schlegel, 1857 — Russian Far East, Korea, and NE China. P. p. panthera Schreber, 1777 — N Africa. P. p. pernigra Gray, 1863 — Kashmir through Nepal to SW Xizang and Sichuan. P. p. reichenow: Cabrera, 1918 — Savannas of Cameroon. P. p. ruwenzori Camerano, 1906 — Ruwenzori and Virunga mountains of Zaire, Rwanda, and Burundi. P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927 — N Iran and S Turkmenistan E to Afghanistan. P. p. sindica Pocock, 1930 — SE Afghanistan through W and S Pakistan. P. p. suahelicus Neumann, 1900 — E Africa, from Kenya S to Mozambique. P. p. tulliana Valenciennes, 1856 — Turkey. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. pardus Linnaeus, 1758 — Sudan and NE Zaire. P. p. adersi Pocock, 1932 — Zanzibar I (could be extinct). P. p. adusta Pocock, 1927 — Ethiopian highlands. P. p. ciscaucasicus Satunin, 1914 — Caucasus mountains. P. p. dathei Zukowsky, 1959 — S and C Iran (of dubious validity). P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930 — S China to Malay Peninsula. P. p. fusca Meyer, 1794 — Indian subcontinent. P. p. japonensis Gray, 1862 — NC China. P. p. jarvisi Pocock, 1932 — Sinai Peninsula. P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1949 — Sri Lanka. P. p. leopardus Schreber, 1777 — Rain forests of W and C Africa. P. p. melanotica Gunther, 1775 — S Africa. P. p. melas Cuvier, 1809 — Java. P. p. nanopardus Thomas, 1904 — Somali arid zone. P. p. nimr Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 —S Israel to Arabian peninsula. P. p. orientalis Schlegel, 1857 — Russian Far East, Korea, and NE China. P. p. panthera Schreber, 1777 — N Africa. P. p. pernigra Gray, 1863 — Kashmir through Nepal to SW Xizang and Sichuan. P. p. reichenow: Cabrera, 1918 — Savannas of Cameroon. P. p. ruwenzori Camerano, 1906 — Ruwenzori and Virunga mountains of Zaire, Rwanda, and Burundi. P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927 — N Iran and S Turkmenistan E to Afghanistan. P. p. sindica Pocock, 1930 — SE Afghanistan through W and S Pakistan. P. p. suahelicus Neumann, 1900 — E Africa, from Kenya S to Mozambique. P. p. tulliana Valenciennes, 1856 — Turkey.

Distribution. Known only from three localities in E Uzbekistan and SW Tajikistan. Erroneously reported from Afghanistan. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Known only from three localities in E Uzbekistan and SW Tajikistan. Erroneously reported from Afghanistan.

Distribution. Verified records based on analyzed specimens are from NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab), and NW & N India (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Sikkim), but distribution likely includes other regions of NW India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang]); it probably also occurs in Nepal, although further sample comparison is needed. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Verified records based on analyzed specimens are from NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab), and NW & N India (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Sikkim), but distribution likely includes other regions of NW India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang]); it probably also occurs in Nepal, although further sample comparison is needed.

Distribution. NE Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, SC & SE China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian) including Hainan I, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (including Cat Ba and Phu Quoc Is), and N & E Cambodia. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. NE Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, SC & SE China (Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian) including Hainan I, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (including Cat Ba and Phu Quoc Is), and N & E Cambodia.

Distribution. SW Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, NE Iran, SE Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. SW Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, NE Iran, SE Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India.

Distribution. N Afghanistan E in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. N Afghanistan E through Himalayas to C & E China, N Laos, and N Vietnam, including Taiwan.

Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.serotinusSchreber,1774—muchofEuropeexceptforSIberianPeninsulaandmostofScandinavia,beingfoundinSBritainandfromN&CIberianPeninsulaEtoextremeSScandinavia,SWEuropeanRussia,Caucasus,andN&ETurkeyalongwithnumerousMediterraneanIs(BalearicIs,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily),includingIonian(Corfu)andAegeanIs(Samothrace,Lesbos,Skyros,Euboea,Samos,Crete,andRhodes). E.s.mirzadeFilippi,1865—STurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andNW,C&SWIran. E. s. turcomanus Eversmann, 1840 — Central Asia in SC Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, N Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, and NW China (Xinjiang). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.serotinusSchreber,1774—muchofEuropeexceptforSIberianPeninsulaandmostofScandinavia,beingfoundinSBritainandfromN&CIberianPeninsulaEtoextremeSScandinavia,SWEuropeanRussia,Caucasus,andN&ETurkeyalongwithnumerousMediterraneanIs(BalearicIs,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily),includingIonian(Corfu)andAegeanIs(Samothrace,Lesbos,Skyros,Euboea,Samos,Crete,andRhodes). E.s.mirzadeFilippi,1865—STurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andNW,C&SWIran. E. s. turcomanus Eversmann, 1840 — Central Asia in SC Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, N Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, and NW China (Xinjiang).

Distribution. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, NW & NE Iran, S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, W Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, NW Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India (Jammu and Kashmir). in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, NW & NE Iran, S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, W Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, NW Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India (Jammu and Kashmir).

Subspecies and Distribution. P.k.kuhliiNatterer,1817—C&SEurope,fromNFranceandIberianPeninsulaEtotheBalkans,limitinginNinSGermany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P.k.tkhwaniusCheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P.k.lepidusBlyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.k.kuhliiNatterer,1817—C&SEurope,fromNFranceandIberianPeninsulaEtotheBalkans,limitinginNinSGermany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P.k.tkhwaniusCheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P.k.lepidusBlyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt.

Distribution. NE Afghanistan (Nangarhar Province), N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces), India, Sri Lanka, Andaman and NicobarIs, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, S China (S Tibet [= Xizang]), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. NE Afghanistan (Nangarhar Province), N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces), India, Sri Lanka, Andaman and NicobarIs, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, S China (S Tibet [= Xizang]), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

Distribution. WC Afghanistan (Nangarhar and Paktika provinces) and along the S Himalayas of N India (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) and W Nepal; it apparently occurs in N Pakistan, but this requires confirmation. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. WC Afghanistan (Nangarhar and Paktika provinces) and along the S Himalayas of N India (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) and W Nepal; it apparently occurs in N Pakistan, but this requires confirmation.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pipistrellusSchreber,1774—mostofEurope(fromIrelandandIberianPeninsulaEtoRussia),Turkey,Levant,Caucasus,andNAfrica(MtsofMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia,andLibya). P. p. aladdin Thomas, 1905 — SW & E Asia (Iran E to Kazakhstan and Afghanistan, India, NE Myanmar, W, E & S China, and Taiwan I). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pipistrellusSchreber,1774—mostofEurope(fromIrelandandIberianPeninsulaEtoRussia),Turkey,Levant,Caucasus,andNAfrica(MtsofMorocco,Algeria,Tunisia,andLibya). P. p. aladdin Thomas, 1905 — SW & E Asia (Iran E to Kazakhstan and Afghanistan, India, NE Myanmar, W, E & S China, and Taiwan I).

Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.muscatellumThomas,1903—EArabianPeninsulaatAl-HajarMts(EUnitedArabEmiratesandNEOman). R. m. secanum Thomas, 1913 — W & S Iran, S Afghanistan, and S Pakistan, up to 34° N; perhapsalso India, but records from Genji in Rajasthan and Gingee in Tamil Nadu are doubtful (suspected misidentification). in Rhinopomatidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.muscatellumThomas,1903—EArabianPeninsulaatAl-HajarMts(EUnitedArabEmiratesandNEOman). R. m. secanum Thomas, 1913 — W & S Iran, S Afghanistan, and S Pakistan, up to 34° N; perhapsalso India, but records from Genji in Rajasthan and Gingee in Tamil Nadu are doubtful (suspected misidentification).

Distribution. Polycentric, W part of distribution restricted to narrow belt from SE Iraq to W margin of Strait of Hormuz in SW Iran, E part from E Afghanistan and N & E Pakistan to most of India. The E margin of distribution is not clear; extreme Indian record is from Calcutta, West Bengal, 88° E. in Rhinopomatidae

Distribution. Polycentric, W part of distribution restricted to narrow belt from SE Iraq to W margin of Strait of Hormuz in SW Iran, E part from E Afghanistan and N & E Pakistan to most of India. The E margin of distribution is not clear; extreme Indian record is from Calcutta, West Bengal, 88° E.