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Fig. 7 in Anthocyanin 5,3 -aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora, a structural insight into biosynthesis of a blue anthocyanin

Fig. 7. HPLC profiles of the reaction mixtures of delphinidin 3,5,3′-triglucoside and caffeoyl CoA with recombinant Gt5,3′ acyltransferase (A), EGAT (B), GEAT (C) and Eg5 acyltransferase (D). The representative reaction of three independent reactions is shown. The average ratios of the produced gentiodelphin to delphinidin 3- glucoside 5-caffeoyl-glucoside 3′-glucoside were 9.33%, 4.66%, 0.73%, and 0.58%, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Anthocyanin 5,3 -aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora, a structural insight into biosynthesis of a blue anthocyanin

Fig. 3. Caffeoyl-CoA binding site. The backbone structures are depicted as tubes, and the amino acid residues and caffeoyl-CoA are depicted as sticks. (A) Caffeoyl group interactions. Hydrogen bonds are indicated by dashed lines. (B) Backbone movement. The backbone structures of the apo and complexed form of Gt5,3′ acyltransferase are shown in blue and gray, respectively. The backbone shifts are indicated by arrows upon caffeoyl-CoA binding. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6. Delphinidin3,5,3 in Anthocyanin 5,3 -aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora, a structural insight into biosynthesis of a blue anthocyanin

Fig. 6. Delphinidin3,5,3′-triglucoside interaction model. The surface models are shown in blue (N-lobe) and green (C-lobe), respectively. (A) Putative binding site of delphinidin 3,5,3′-triglucoside. The binding site is indicated by magenta dots. (B) Docking models for Gt5,3′ acyltransferase•delphinidin 3,5,3′- triglucoside. Delphinidin 3,5,3′-triglucoside molecules are depicted by the stick model directing the position 5 to the bottom (left panel) and the position 3' (right panel). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Anthocyanin 5,3 -aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora, a structural insight into biosynthesis of a blue anthocyanin

Fig. 2. Molecular structure of Gt5,3′ acyltransferase. The structure is depicted by a ribbon model. The secondary structures are colored in pink (α-helices) and blue (β-strand). The caffeoyl-CoA molecule is shown as stick model, and the electron densities are contoured at 2.5σ. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in Biosynthesis and emission of methyl hexanoate, the major constituent of floral scent of a night-blooming water lily Victoria cruziana

Fig. 6. Gene expression pattern of VcSABATH1 (A) and VcSABATH3 (B) in four different parts of V. cruziana flowers. Gene transcript levels were measured using RT-qPCR with VcGADPH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) gene as the internal control. The reactions were performed with three biological repeats, and the data was calculated by 2 ΔΔCT method. The highest levels of expression for each gene were arbitrarily set as 1.0. Different letters denote statistically significant differences among the means according to ANOVA analysis (P <0.05).

Fig. 7 in Biosynthesis and emission of methyl hexanoate, the major constituent of floral scent of a night-blooming water lily Victoria cruziana

Fig. 7. The phylogenetic analysis of VcSABATHs with the SABATH genes identified from N. corolata, non-seed and model species. 39 full-length proteins starting with "Os" are from rice, 24 proteins starting with "At" are from Arabidopsis, seven full-length proteins starting with "NC" are from Nymphaea colorata, five proteins starting with "Pa" are from Picea abies, three proteins starting with "Pt" are from poplar and three proteins starting with "Vc" are from V. cruziana. IAMT: indole-3-acetic acid MT; SAMT: salicylic acid MT; JAMT: jasmonic acid MT; GAMT: gibberellic acid MT; BSMT: benzoic acid/salicylic acid MT; FAMT: farnesoic acid MT. PpSABATH1 from the moss Physcomitrella patterns (Zhao et al., 2012) was used as an outgroup. Bootstrap values of 50 % or higher are indicated. The water lily-specific cluster was shaded.

Fig. 5 in Biosynthesis and emission of methyl hexanoate, the major constituent of floral scent of a night-blooming water lily Victoria cruziana

Fig. 5. GC chromatogram of product of methyltransferase enzyme assays for VcSABATH1-3. The assay conducted with proteins expressed in E. coli with pET32a without any gene insert (empty vector) was used as a negative control. Also shown was the GC chromatogram of the authentic standard methyl hexanoate. Hexanoic acid was used as substrate. While no product was detected from the VcSABATH2 assay, both VcSABATH1 and VcSABATH3 catalyzed the formation of methyl hexanoate (peak 1).

Fig. 4 in Biosynthesis and emission of methyl hexanoate, the major constituent of floral scent of a night-blooming water lily Victoria cruziana

Fig. 4. Multiple sequence alignment of VcSABATHs with selected known SABATHs. Conserved residues are in shade with the more conserved the darker. Residues indicated with "&" are S-adenosyl-L-methionine-binding residues. Residues indicated with "*" are residues that interact with the carboxyl moiety of substrate. CbSAMT, Clarkia breweri salicylic acid methyltransferase (accession No. AAF00108.1); NcDEMT, Nymphaea colorata decanoic acid methyltransferase (accession No. NC11G0120830).

Fig. 3 in Biosynthesis and emission of methyl hexanoate, the major constituent of floral scent of a night-blooming water lily Victoria cruziana

Fig. 3. Emission dynamic of floral volatiles from V. cruziana flowers during two consecutive days of blooming and closing. A, representative flower at four stages during blooming. B, the emission dynamics of total volatiles. C, the emission dynamcis of benzenoids. D. the emission dynamics of methyl hexanoate. Different letters denote statistically significant differences among the means according to ANOVA analysis (P <0.05).

Fig. 1 in Biosynthesis and emission of methyl hexanoate, the major constituent of floral scent of a night-blooming water lily Victoria cruziana

Fig. 1. The identification of volatiles emitted from the flowers of V. cruziana. A, the chromatogram of the volatile emission from the flower during the first bloom. The four peaks were identified as methyl hexanoate (peak 1), benzyl alcohol (peak 2), benzyl 2-methylbutanoate (peak 3), and benzyl tiglate (peak 4). IS stands for internal standard, nonyl acetate. B, chromatogram of three authentic compounds. Peak a1: methyl hexanoate; peak a2: benzyl alcohol (peak 2); peak a3: benzyl tiglate. C. mass spectrum of three compounds from flowers (peaks 1, 2 and 4) and their corresponding authentic standard (peaks a1, a2 and a3).

Fig. 2 in Biosynthesis and emission of methyl hexanoate, the major constituent of floral scent of a night-blooming water lily Victoria cruziana

Fig. 2. Emission of floral volatiles from different of parts of V. cruziana flowers. Intact fully opened flowers were separated into petals, pistils, sepals and stamen, which were subject to headspace collection and GC-MS analysis. In addition to total volatiles (VOCs), the emissions of methyl hexanoate and benzenoids were analyzed separately.

Fig. 2 in Characterization of NAC family genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza and NAC2 potentially involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships, gene structures and conserved motifs of Sm-NAC genes. a, phylogenetic tree of 84 Sm-NAC genes; b, exon—intron structures of Sm-NAC genes, blue boxes denote untranslated 5′-and 3′- regions; yellow boxes denote exons; black lines denote introns; numbers denote the phase of the corresponding intron; and c, Sm-NAC protein motifs. Each motif is indicated by a colored box numbered at the bottom. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Characterization of NAC family genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza and NAC2 potentially involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationship among the NAC family members of S. miltiorrhiza and Arabidopsis. Full-length amino acid sequences were aligned using ClustalW, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using the MEGA7 method. The tree clustered the NAC proteins into different groups, which are indicated by different colors within the clades. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Characterization of NAC family genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza and NAC2 potentially involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones

Fig. 3. Genetic transformation of Sm-NAC2 in S. miltiorrhiza transgenic roots. a, the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways in tanshinone biosynthesis, and the expression of key enzyme-encoding genes HMGR, DXS, DXR, GGPPS, CPS, KSL, CYP76AH1 in the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway; b, the transgenic roots phenotypes; c, tanshinone I (T–I), tanshinone IIA (T-IIA), cryptotanshinone (CT), and dihydrotanshinone I (DT-I) contents in transgenic roots of S. miltiorrhiza transgenic and control lines.

Fig. 6 in Flavonoid biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus L. is early regulated during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Fig. 6. Most-important flavonoids from roots of resistant carnation cultivar (GRC) at 96 h post-inoculation (hpi). (a) Top-ranked rt/m/z features by t-test associated with Fod-inoculated or non-inoculated (control) plants of GRC. The ranking is organized from top to bottom according t-test. Each colored cell on the map the heat map indicates the higher (red) or lower (blue) autoscaled feature intensities. Bold numbers in parenthesis correspond to the annotated features listed in Table 1. (b) Classical receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the three top-ranked features comparing Fod-inoculated/control plants of GRC at 96 hpi. Sensitivity on the y-axis; Specificity on the x-axis. Area-under-the-curve (AUC) in blue. Box-plots of the autoscaled intensity of each selected feature between inoculated and control groups within the dataset are presented at left side of each ROC curve. A horizontal red line in box-plots define the optimal cutoff. (c) Time-course profiles of crossvalidated, top-ranked features of GRC. GRC = red time-course; MSC = green time-course. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 7 in Flavonoid biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus L. is early regulated during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Fig. 7. Fod inoculation effect on transcriptional levels of putative genes encoding the CHS, CHI and FLS enzymes (i.e., chi, chs and fls) and gene encoding the MYB11 transcription factor (cmyb11) in carnation roots for 'Golem' resistant (GRC) and 'Mizuki' susceptible (MSC) cultivars. Gene expression levels of Fod-inoculated and non-inoculated (control) carnation plants based on real-time RT-PCR experiments. Box plots for the relative quantification of mRNA to histone (left) and the ratio of inoculated/control mRNA levels (right) for (a) chs, (b) chi, (c) fls, and (d) cmyb11. Green boxes = control GRC; light green boxes = inoculated GRC; Blue boxes = control MSC; light blue boxes = inoculated MSC; red boxes = inoculated/control mRNA level ratio of GRC; purple boxes = inoculated/control mRNA level ratio of MSC. Different letter indicates significant differences for each post-inoculation time examined according to Tukey test (P <0.05). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Flavonoid biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus L. is early regulated during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Fig. 4. Important features selected by fold-change (FC) analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate empirical bayes approach (MEBA) of carnation samples according to the profiles of constitutive flavonoids from both non-inoculated cultivars. (a) Paired FC analysis with threshold |2| of GCR/MSC ratio as comparison type. UV-based filtered features were labelled retention time–mass/charge ratio (rt/m/z) pairs. A feature was highlighted as significant if this ratio was above/below threshold. Red dots represent features above the threshold and related to GRC; Blue dots represent features below the threshold and related to MSC. (b) PCA-derived 3D-scores plot (81% of explained variance). Cultivars are differentiated by colors (blue = MSC; red = GRC); Sampling times (in h) are differentiated by shapes (circles = 0 h; squares = 12 h; triangles = 24 h; diamonds = 48 h; octagons = 96 h). GRC samples collected at later times (24, 48, and 96 h) are highlighted with the semi-transparent red ellipse. (c) PCA-derived 3D-loadings plot. Each dot represents a feature and the distribution across the 3D-plot is related to its statistical influence on principal components for discriminating the samples. The most-influencing GCR-related features are highlighted the semi-transparent red ellipse. (d) Time-course profiles of those high-ranked features for GRC. GRC = red time-course; MSC = green time-course. (e) Hotelling-T2-ranked features from MEBA. Autoscaled relative abundances per cultivar according to the heat map colors: red = higher; blue = lower. Bold numbers in parenthesis correspond to the annotated features listed in Table 1. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Flavonoid biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus L. is early regulated during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Fig. 3. (a) Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and (b) Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of carnation roots at early times during the 96-h Fod-inoculation in vivo assay. TPC expressed as micrograms of gallic acid equivalents per gram of fresh weight (μg CE/100 g fw). TFC expressed as micrograms of catechin equivalents per gram of fresh weight (μg CE/g fw). Each data point is expressed as mean values ± standard error of the mean (SEM) as vertical bars (n = 3). Different letter indicates significant differences for each post-inoculation time examined according to Tukey test (P <0.05). Carnation cultivars: GRC = 'Golem' resistant cultivar; MSC = 'Mizuki' susceptible cultivar.

Fig. 2 in Flavonoid biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus L. is early regulated during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Fig. 2. Vascular wilt severity, expressed as severity index (SI), during the 7- week in vivo assay. Each data point is expressed as mean SI ± standard error of the mean (SEM) as vertical bars (n = 3). Different letter marking each data point indicates significant differences for each post-inoculation time examined according to Tukey test (P <0.05). Carnation cultivars: GRC = 'Golem' resistant cultivar; MSC = 'Mizuki' susceptible cultivar.

Fig. 5 in Flavonoid biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus L. is early regulated during interaction with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Fig. 5. Distribution and factor-associated patterns of flavonoid-related features during the in vivo Fod-inoculation assay. (a) Two-factor clustering in the form of heat map ordering by condition (i.e., combinations of GRC/MSC cultivars and Fod-inoculated/non-inoculated (as control) plants) and post-inoculation times (12, 24, 48, 96 hpi). Condition was used for primary ordering. Each colored cell on the map indicates the higher (red) or lower (blue) autoscaled relative abundances. (b) Major patterns identified by ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) associated with condition (b-1) and time (b-2). G + i = inoculated GRC; GC = GRC control; M + i = inoculated MSC; MC = MSC control. (c) Major patterns identified by ASCA associated with two-component factor interaction submodels: interaction 'condition × time' scores on the first (c-1 and c-3) and second (c-2 and c-4) components. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)