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180 results for “Body scales”
Data from: Allometric scaling of indirect effects: body size ratios predict non-consumptive effects in multi-predator systems
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Data from: Large-scale evolution of body temperatures in land vertebrates
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Data from: Genetic and environmental effects on the scaling of metabolic rate with body size
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Data from: Ecology of ontogenetic body-mass scaling of gill surface area in a freshwater crustacean
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Data from: Body-size scaling of metabolic rate in the trilobite Eldredgeops rana
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Data for: Wild bees and landcover: bee species’ body size does not predict the scale of effect, but bee phenology predicts association with landcover type
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Fig. 3 in Contribution to the Willowsia species having body scales of the long basal rib type: four new species and a redescription of W. qui (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
Fig. 3. Willowsia fascia Zhang & Pan sp. nov. A. Thoracic chaetotaxy. B–C. Abdominal chaetotaxy. B. Abd. I–IV (long sens on Abd. IV incomplete). C. Abd. V. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Data from: Temperature-driven colour lightness and body size variation scale to local assemblages of European Odonata but are modified by propensity for dispersal
<p>1. Previous macrophysiological studies suggested that temperature-driven colour lightness and body size variations strongly influence biogeographical patterns in ectotherms. However, these trait-environment relationships scale to local assemblages and the extent to which they can be modified by dispersal remains largely unexplored. We test whether the predictions of the thermal melanism hypothesis and the Bergmann's rule hold for local assemblages. We also assess whether these trait-environment relationships are more important for species adapted to less stable (lentic) habitats, due to their greater dispersal propensity compared to those adapted to stable (lotic) habitats.</p> <p>2. We quantified the colour lightness and body volume of 99 European dragon- and damselflies (Odonata) and combined these trait information with survey data for 518 local assemblages across Europe. Based on this continent-wide yet spatially explicit dataset, we tested for effects temperature and precipitation on the colour lightness and body volume of local assemblages and assessed differences in their relative importance and strength between lentic and lotic assemblages, while accounting for spatial and phylogenetic autocorrelation.</p> <p>3. The colour lightness of assemblages of odonates increased and body size decreased with increasing temperature. Trait-environment relationships in the average and phylogenetic predicted component were equally important for assemblages of both habitat types but were stronger in lentic assemblages when accounting for phylogenetic autocorrelation.</p> <p>4. Our results show that the mechanism underlying colour lightness and body size variations scale to local assemblages, indicating their general importance. These mechanisms were of equal evolutionary significance for lentic and lotic species, but higher dispersal ability seems to enable lentic species to cope better with historical climatic changes. The documented differences between lentic and lotic assemblages also highlight the importance of integrating interactions of thermal adaptations with proxies of the dispersal ability of species into trait-based models, for improving our understanding of climate-driven biological responses.</p>
Data from: Environmental and scale-dependent evolutionary trends in the body size of crustaceans
The ecological and physiological significance of body size is well recognized. However, key macroevolutionary questions regarding the dependency of body size trends on the taxonomic scale of analysis and the role of environment in controlling long-term evolution of body size are largely unknown. Here, we evaluate these issues for decapod crustaceans, a group that diversified in the Mesozoic. A compilation of body size data for 792 brachyuran crab and lobster species reveals that their maximum, mean and median body size increased, but no increase in minimum size was observed. This increase is not expressed within lineages, but is rather a product of the appearance and/or diversification of new clades of larger, primarily burrowing to shelter-seeking decapods. This argues against directional selective pressures within lineages. Rather, the trend is a macroevolutionary consequence of species sorting: preferential origination of new decapod clades with intrinsically larger body sizes. Furthermore, body size evolution appears to have been habitat-controlled. In the Cretaceous, reef-associated crabs became markedly smaller than those in other habitats, a pattern that persists today. The long-term increase in body size of crabs and lobsters, coupled with their increased diversity and abundance, suggests that their ecological impact may have increased over evolutionary time.
Data from: Allometry of wing twist and camber in a flower chafer during free flight: how do wing deformations scale with body size?
Intraspecific variation in adult body mass can be particularly high in some insect species, mandating adjustment of the wing's structural properties to support the weight of the larger body mass in air. Insect wings elastically deform during flapping, dynamically changing the twist and camber of the relatively thin and flat aerofoil. We examined how wing deformations during free flight scale with body mass within a species of rose chafers (Coleoptera: Protaetia cuprea) in which individuals varied more than threefold in body mass (0.38–1.29 g). Beetles taking off voluntarily were filmed using three high-speed cameras and the instantaneous deformation of their wings during the flapping cycle was analysed. Flapping frequency decreased in larger beetles but, otherwise, flapping kinematics remained similar in both small and large beetles. Deflection of the wing chord-wise varied along the span, with average deflections at the proximal trailing edge higher by 0.2 and 0.197 wing lengths compared to the distal trailing edge in the downstroke and the upstroke, respectively. These deflections scaled with wing chord to the power of 1.0, implying a constant twist and camber despite the variations in wing and body size. This suggests that the allometric growth in wing size includes adjustment of the flexural stiffness of the wing structure to preserve wing twist and camber during flapping.
Data from: Evolution of size-dependent intraspecific competition predicts body size scaling of metabolic rate
1. Growth in body size is accompanied by changes in foraging capacity and metabolic costs, which lead to changes in competitive ability during ontogeny. The resulting size-dependent competitive asymmetry influences population dynamics and community structure, but it is not clear whether natural selection leads to asymmetry in intraspecific competition. 2. We address this question by using a size-structured consumer-resource model, in which the strength and direction of competitive asymmetry between different consumer individuals depends on the scaling of maximum ingestion and maintenance metabolism with consumer body size. We use adaptive dynamics to study selection on the scaling exponents of these processes. 3. Selection leads to an identical scaling of maximum ingestion and maintenance metabolism with consumer body size. Equal scaling exponents neutralise strong competitive differences within the consumer population, because all consumer individuals require the same amount of resources to cover maintenance requirements. Furthermore, the scaling exponents respond adaptively to changes in mortality such that biomass production through growth or reproduction increases in the life stage that is subject to increased mortality. Also, decreasing size at birth leads to increased investment in juvenile growth, while increasing maximum size leads to increased investment in post-maturation growth and reproduction. 4. These results provide an explanation for observed variation in the ontogenetic scaling of metabolic rate with body size. Data of teleost fish are presented that support these predictions. However, selection towards equal scaling exponents is contradicted by empirical findings, which suggests that additional ecological complexity beyond this basic consumer-resource interaction is required to understand the evolution of size-dependent asymmetry in intraspecific competition.
Scaling the extinction vortex: Body size as a predictor of population dynamics close to extinction events
<ol> <li class="Body">Mutual reinforcement between abiotic and biotic factors can drive small populations into a catastrophic downward spiral to extinction – a process known as the 'extinction vortex.' However, empirical studies investigating extinction dynamics in relation to species' traits have been lacking.</li> <li class="Body">We assembled a database of 35 vertebrate populations monitored to extirpation over a period of at least ten years, represented by 32 different species, including 25 birds, five mammals and two reptiles. We supplemented these population time series with species-specific mean adult body size to investigate whether this key intrinsic trait affects the dynamics of populations declining towards extinction.</li> <li class="Body">We performed three analyses to quantify the effects of adult body size on three characteristics of population dynamics: time to extinction, population growth rate, and residual variability in population growth rate.</li> <li class="Body">Our results provide support for the existence of extinction vortex dynamics in extirpated populations. We show that populations typically decline non-linearly to extinction, while both the rate of population decline, and variability in population growth rate increase as extinction is approached. Our results also suggest that smaller-bodied species are particularly prone to the extinction vortex, with larger increases in rates of population decline and population growth rate variability when compared to larger-bodied species.</li> <li class="Body">Our results reaffirm and extend our understanding of extinction dynamics in real-life extirpated populations. In particular, we suggest that smaller-bodied species may be at greater risk of rapid collapse to extinction than larger-bodied species, and thus management of smaller-bodied species should focus on maintaining higher population abundances as a priority. </li> </ol>
Figure 7. Fine-scale components RDA 1-3 in Effects of temperature patterns on the spawining phenology and niche overlap of fish assemblages in the water bodies of the Dnipro River basin
Figure 7. Fine-scale components RDA 1-3 of the annual temperature variation. Black line – the original data, colored lines – smoothed data. The abscissa axis – the number of days from 1 July of the previous year to June 31 of the next year.
Figure 6. Medium-scale components RDA 1-3 in Effects of temperature patterns on the spawining phenology and niche overlap of fish assemblages in the water bodies of the Dnipro River basin
Figure 6. Medium-scale components RDA 1-3 of the annual temperature variation. Black line – the original data, colored lines – smoothed data. The abscissa axis – the number of days from 1 July of the previous year to June 31 of the next year.
Рис. 3. Theristus securus sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (a, c, d), паратип самки (b). a, b — общий виΔ; c — гоΛова; d — спикуΛярный аппарат. Масштаб: a — 150 мкм; b — 250 мкм; c, d — 30 мкм Fig. 3. Theristus securus sp. nov., male holotype (a, c, d) and female paratype (b). a, b — general view; c — head; d — spicular apparatus. Scale bars: a — 150 µm; b — 250 µm; c, d — 30 µm in Two New Species Of The Family Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951 (Nematoda, Monhysterida) From The Water Bodies Of Vietnam
Рис. 3. Theristus securus sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (a, c, d), паратип самки (b). a, b — общий виΔ; c — гоΛова; d — спикуΛярный аппарат. Масштаб: a — 150 мкм; b — 250 мкм; c, d — 30 мкм Fig. 3. Theristus securus sp. nov., male holotype (a, c, d) and female paratype (b). a, b — general view; c — head; d — spicular apparatus. Scale bars: a — 150 µm; b — 250 µm; c, d — 30 µm
Рис. 2. Фотографии Metadesmolaimus longicaudatus sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (a, c, d, g, h) и паратип самки (b, e, f, j). a, b — общий виΔ; c — переΔний конец теΛа; d, e — гоΛова; f — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; g — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; h, j — заΔний конец теΛа. Масштаб: a, b — 100 мкм; c — 50 мкм; f, h, j — 20 мкм; d, e, g — 10 мкм Fig. 2. Light micrograph of Metadesmolaimus longicaudatus sp. nov., male holotype (a, c, d, g, h) and female paratype (b, e, f, j), a, b — general view; c — anterior body end; d, e — head; f — vulvar region; g — cloaca region; h, j — posterior body end;. Scale bars: a, b — 100 μm; c — 50 μm; h, j — 20 μm; d, e, g — 10 μm in Two New Species Of The Family Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951 (Nematoda, Monhysterida) From The Water Bodies Of Vietnam
Рис. 2. Фотографии Metadesmolaimus longicaudatus sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (a, c, d, g, h) и паратип самки (b, e, f, j). a, b — общий виΔ; c — переΔний конец теΛа; d, e — гоΛова; f — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; g — теΛо в обΛасти кΛоаки; h, j — заΔний конец теΛа. Масштаб: a, b — 100 мкм; c — 50 мкм; f, h, j — 20 мкм; d, e, g — 10 мкм Fig. 2. Light micrograph of Metadesmolaimus longicaudatus sp. nov., male holotype (a, c, d, g, h) and female paratype (b, e, f, j), a, b — general view; c — anterior body end; d, e — head; f — vulvar region; g — cloaca region; h, j — posterior body end;. Scale bars: a, b — 100 μm; c — 50 μm; h, j — 20 μm; d, e, g — 10 μm
Data from: Pollinator body size mediates the scale at which land use drives crop pollination services
1. Ecosystem services to agriculture, such as pollination, rely on natural areas adjacent to farmland to support organisms that provide services. Native insect pollinators depend on natural or semi-natural land surrounding farms for nesting and alternative foraging resources. Despite interest in conserving pollinators through habitat restoration, the scale at which land use affects pollinators and thus crop pollination services is not well understood. 2. We measured abundance of native, wild bee pollinators and the pollination services they provided to highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L. crops at 16 sites that varied in the proportion of surrounding agricultural land cover at both the field scale (300 m radius) and the landscape scale (1500 m radius). We designed our study such that agricultural land cover at the field scale was uncorrelated with agricultural cover at the landscape scale across sites. We used model selection to determine which spatial scale better predicted aggregate bee abundance, abundance of large versus small bees, and crop pollination services. 3. We found that, overall, bees responded more strongly to farm-scale than to landscape-scale land cover, but the scale at which land cover had the strongest effect varied by bee body size. Large bees showed a negative response to increasing agricultural cover at both scales, but were most strongly affected by the landscape scale. Small bees were negatively affected by agricultural land cover but only at the farm scale, while they had a small positive response to agricultural cover at the landscape scale. 4. Aggregate pollination services from native bees were more strongly influenced by local agricultural cover, due to the combined effects of both large and small bees responding at that scale. 5. Synthesis and applications. Bee abundance and pollination services were strongly determined by farm-scale agricultural cover, suggesting that farm-scale set-asides may provide significant benefits to pollination services. Further, we found that pollinators respond differently to land use depending on body size, but all groups of bees benefit from decreasing agricultural cover at the farm scale. Therefore, small-scale modifications to habitat can have significant impacts on both pollinator abundance and pollination services to crop plants.
Figure 6. Acanthocyrtus lineatus Womersley. A, habitus. B, interocular setae. C, dorsal body chaetotaxy. D, hind claw. E, dental spines. F, mucro. G, I, body scales. H in Revision of Acanthocyrtus (Collembola: Entomobryidae), with description of a new genus from eastern Asia
Figure 6. Acanthocyrtus lineatus Womersley. A, habitus. B, interocular setae. C, dorsal body chaetotaxy. D, hind claw. E, dental spines. F, mucro. G, I, body scales. H, scales on dens. Scale bars: A and C = 0.5 mm; B, D–I = 25 Mm.
Data from: A metabolic and body-size scaling framework for parasite within-host abundance, biomass, and energy flux
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Data from: Evolution of size-dependent intraspecific competition predicts body size scaling of metabolic rate
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Allen Brain Atlas
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