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FIGURE 1. Magnolia vargasiana. A. Gynoecium. B. Stamen. C. Inner petal. D. Outer petal. E. Sepal. F. Flowering branch. G. Leaf. H. Flowering bud. I in Magnolia vargasiana (Magnoliaceae), a new Andean species and a key to Ecuadorian species of subsection Talauma, with notes on its pollination biology
FIGURE 1. Magnolia vargasiana. A. Gynoecium. B. Stamen. C. Inner petal. D. Outer petal. E. Sepal. F. Flowering branch. G. Leaf. H. Flowering bud. I. Hypsophylls. Drawing by Efrén Merino-Santi, Kichuan artist and student at Universidad Estatal Amazónica, based on Merino-Santi et al. s.n.
Palm Detection Dataset in Ecuadorian Rainforest
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FIGURE 2. A. Alwyn H in Magnolia lozanoi (Magnolia subsect. Dugandiodendron, Magnoliaceae) rediscovered on Ecuadorian "tepuis" in Reserva Biológica El Quimi, Cordillera del Cóndor: critically endangered by open-pit mining
FIGURE 2. A. Alwyn H. Gentry (Clay Center, Kansas, 6 Jan 1945–Guayaquil, Ecuador, 3 Aug 3 1993), outstanding botanist who dedicated his life to the exploration, collection and study of tropical plants. Many species are named after him, including Magnolia gentryi Vázquez in Vázquez-García et al. (2012: 104), from Oxapampa, Peru. Several of his magnolia collections have been designated as types and have helped to understand this group of plants. Photograph by Robert Gradstein in 1991 in Parque Nacional Amboró, Bolivia. B. Gustavo Lozano-Contreras (Bogotá, 22 May 1938–Bogotá, 10 July 2000), a true scholar of the Colombian flora. Among the several groups of flowering plants that he studied, he devoted many years to the study of Neotropical Magnoliaceae. Photograph by Pedro Ruiz in 1976; reprinted with permission from Caldasia.
FIGURE 1. Magnolia lozanoi. A. Habit. B in Magnolia lozanoi (Magnolia subsect. Dugandiodendron, Magnoliaceae) rediscovered on Ecuadorian "tepuis" in Reserva Biológica El Quimi, Cordillera del Cóndor: critically endangered by open-pit mining
FIGURE 1. Magnolia lozanoi. A. Habit. B. Branch showing the underside of the leaves covered by a black mycelium. C. Flower in female phase. D. Flower in male phase. E. Leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae, Alticinae) foraging on the stamens and stigmas. F. Fruits. (A, B, C and F from Pérez et al. 11419, D from Pérez et al. 11421, E from Pérez et al. 11461, all QCA). Photographs by Álvaro J. Pérez.
FIGURE 4 in Magnolia lozanoi (Magnolia subsect. Dugandiodendron, Magnoliaceae) rediscovered on Ecuadorian "tepuis" in Reserva Biológica El Quimi, Cordillera del Cóndor: critically endangered by open-pit mining
FIGURE 4. Habitat of Magnolia lozanoi in the Cordillera del Cóndor, El Quimi Biological Reserve. A, B and C. Broad plateau of the Hollín sandstone formation, the so-called Andean "tepui". B and C. Open tepui-like bromeliad sward and elfin forest. A and B from the photographic archive of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, RAP 1993. C by Álvaro J. Pérez.
FIGURE 3 in Magnolia lozanoi (Magnolia subsect. Dugandiodendron, Magnoliaceae) rediscovered on Ecuadorian "tepuis" in Reserva Biológica El Quimi, Cordillera del Cóndor: critically endangered by open-pit mining
FIGURE 3. Distribution of Magnolia lozanoi in the Cordillera del Cóndor, Morona-Santiago, southeastern Ecuador.
Data from: Use of a rostral appendage during social interactions in the Ecuadorian Anolis proboscis
The use of sexually selected characters in inter- and intra-sexual interactions has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists. Recently, a distinction between sexually selected traits as ornaments versus weapons has been advanced. We investigated the behaviour of an enigmatic lizard with a prominent sexually dimorphic trait in an effort to describe whether the trait was the product of sexual selection and further whether it functioned as a weapon or an ornament. The subject of our study was the Ecuadorian proboscis anole (Anolis proboscis), a slow-moving cryptic species endemic to the north-western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador. Males, but not females, of this species bear a rostral appendage that has been described as an exaggerated trait resulting from sexual selection. However, a thorough description of the use of the rostral appendage in social interactions is lacking. Here, we describe social interactions of this species during 11 male–female courtships and mating interactions, as well as three male–male agonistic interactions. We describe four types of displays by males, many involving the rostral appendage. We found that the rostral appendage is used as an ornament in social displays but not as a weapon in combat. We also show that, unlike other lizards with rostral appendages, male A. proboscis hatch with this structure already developed.
Figure 2 in Use of a rostral appendage during social interactions in the Ecuadorian Anolis proboscis
Figure 2. (a) Displays performed by male and female (fifth mating). (b) Beginning of chasing. Female approaches and runs past the male in the opposite direction to that in which he was facing. (c) Male bite and proboscis lifting. (d) Male stops biting and lower the rostral appendage after copulation begins. (e) Biting attempt from MIN5 (left) to MIN10 (right). (f) Proboscis used in physical contact, MIN5 (left), MIN10 (right). (g) Jaw locking between MIN27 (left) and MIN29 (right). (h) Body flattening against the branch and colour changing of MIN21 during approach and displays of MIN20. Photo credits: Diego Quirola.
Figure 1 in Use of a rostral appendage during social interactions in the Ecuadorian Anolis proboscis
Figure 1. (a) Newly hatched Anolis proboscis male. (b) A. proboscis juvenile. (c) A. proboscis adult male. (d) A. proboscis adult female. Photo credits: Santiago Ron (a), Diego Quirola (b–d).
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Noblella (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Amazonian Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes with Comments on Noblella lochites (Lynch)
FIGURE 6. Noblella lochites (A, EPN 14255, SVL 15.83 mm; B and C, EPN 14254, SVL 17.35 mm) from Loma Paquisha, Cordillera del Condor, Ecuador.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Noblella (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Amazonian Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes with Comments on Noblella lochites (Lynch)
FIGURE 1. Paratypes of Noblella personina (A–B, adult male, EPN 14330, SVL 15.2 mm; C, adult female, EPN 14329, SVL 17.4 mm; and D, adult male, EPN 14326, SVL 15.7 mm) from Sardinayacu Lake Complex, Morona Santiago, Ecuador.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Noblella (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Amazonian Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes with Comments on Noblella lochites (Lynch)
FIGURE 5. Collection localities of specimens of Noblella examined in this study (areas above 500 and 1000 m shaded gray).
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Noblella (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Amazonian Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes with Comments on Noblella lochites (Lynch)
FIGURE 7. Dorsal and ventral morphology of Noblella lochites: boldly patterned female (EPN 11361) and patternless female (EPN 11362, SVL 18.0 mm).
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Noblella (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Amazonian Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes with Comments on Noblella lochites (Lynch)
FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral morphology of Noblella personina (from left to right: EPN 14325 [female, SVL 15.6 mm], 14328 [female], and 14324 [male holotype]).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Noblella (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Amazonian Slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes with Comments on Noblella lochites (Lynch)
FIGURE 4. Oscilograms and sonograms of advertisement calls from three individuals of Noblella personina (A: holotype EPN 14324; B: EPN 14327; C: EPN 14326).
FIGURES 12–21. 12–19 in New species and new geographical records in Ecuadorian Lamiinae (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)
FIGURES 12–21. 12–19) Scythropopsis variegata sp. nov., holotype male: 12) Dorsal habitus; 13) Ventral habitus; 14) Lateral habitus; 15) Head, frontal view; 16) Prosternal and mesoventral processes; 17) Metatibia; 18) Scutellum; 19) Head, lateral view, detail of the eye. 20–21) Scythropopsis granitica Vlasak & Santos-Silva, 2020, holotype male: 20) Scutellum; 21) Metatibia.
FIGURES 6–11 in New species and new geographical records in Ecuadorian Lamiinae (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)
FIGURES 6–11. Acakyra sinuata sp. nov., holotype female: 6) Dorsal habitus; 7) Ventral habitus; 8) Antennomeres III and IV; 9) Lateral habitus; 10) Head, frontal view; 11) Prosternal and mesoventral processes.
FIGURES 22–25. 22 in New species and new geographical records in Ecuadorian Lamiinae (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)
FIGURES 22–25. 22) Scythropopsis variegata sp. nov., paratype female, dorsal habitus. 23–24) Unaporanga lanceolate Martins & Galileo, 2007, dorsal habitus: 23) Male; 24) Female. 25) Piriana pygmaea (Bates, 1881), female, dorsal habitus.
FIGURES 1–5 in New species and new geographical records in Ecuadorian Lamiinae (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)
FIGURES 1–5. Pseudosparna pallida sp. nov., holotype female: 1) Dorsal habitus; 2) Ventral habitus; 3) Lateral habitus; 4) Head, frontal view; 5) Prosternal and mesoventral processes.
Data-set of CO2, CH4, N2O dissolved concentrations and ancillary data in 15 Ecuadorian high-altitude lakes
<p>Data-set of the dissolved concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O and ancillary data in 15 lakes located in the northern region of Ecuadorian Andes along an elevational gradient from 2,213 to 4,361 m above sea level, as well as a gradient of lake surface area (0.003 to 6.1 km<sup>2</sup>) and depth (0.9 to 74 m) (Fig. 1). Most lakes were located in the páramos of Salve Facha and Antisana y Mojanda.</p> <p>Sampling was carried out over a period from April 2019 to March 2022, with an inflatable boat approximately in the center of the lake, during day-time only (early morning to late afternoon). Water temperature, specific conductivity, pH, and %O<sub>2</sub> were measured in surface water with a YSI multi-parameter probe (ProPlus). Water for CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O samples was collected with a sampling devise consisting of a 2L polyethylene bottle with the bottom cut and fitted with a silicone tubing at the stopper (Abril et al. 2007). Two borosilicate serum bottles (Weathon) with a volume of 40 ml were filled with the silicone tubing, poisoned with 100 µl of a saturated solution of HgCl<sub>2</sub> and sealed with a butyl stopper and crimped with an aluminium cap. Measurements were made, after over-night equilibration, on an headspace (Weiss 1981) (created by injecting 15 ml of high-purity N<sub>2</sub> into the 40 ml sample bottles), with a gas chromatograph (SRI 8610C) with a flame ionisation detector for CH<sub>4</sub> and electron capture detector for N<sub>2</sub>O calibrated with CH<sub>4</sub>:N<sub>2</sub>O:N<sub>2</sub> gas mixtures (Air Liquide Belgium) with mixing ratios of 1, 10 and 30 ppm for CH<sub>4</sub>, and 0.2, 2.0 and 6.0 ppm for N<sub>2</sub>O. The precision of measurement based on duplicate samples was ±10.9% for CH<sub>4</sub> and ±5.8% for N<sub>2</sub>O.</p> <p>The partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (pCO<sub>2</sub>) was measured in the field with a Li-Cor Li-820 infra-red gas analyser based on the headspace technique with four 60 ml polypropylene syringes that were filled directly with surface water. The pCO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere was measured by injecting ambient air sampled with an additional polypropylene syringe. The Li-Cor Li-820 was calibrated with pure N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>:N<sub>2</sub> gas mixtures (Air Liquide Belgium) of 388, 804, 3,707 and 8,146 ppm. The final pCO<sub>2</sub> value was computed taking into account the partitioning of CO<sub>2</sub> between water and the headspace, as well as equilibrium with HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> (Dickson et al. 2007) using water temperature measured in-situ and after equilibration, and total alkalinity (TA). The precision of pCO<sub>2</sub> measurement was ±5.2%.</p> <p>The CO<sub>2</sub> concentration is expressed as partial pressure in parts per million (ppm) and as dissolved concentration for CH<sub>4</sub> (nmol L<sup>-1</sup>), in accordance with convention in existing topical literature. Variations of N<sub>2</sub>O were modest and concentrations fluctuated around atmospheric equilibrium, so data are presented as percent of saturation level (%N<sub>2</sub>O, where atmospheric equilibrium corresponds to 100%), computed from the global mean N<sub>2</sub>O air mixing ratios given by the Global Monitoring Division (GMD) of the Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/combined/N2O.html), using the Henry’s constant (Weiss and Price 1980).</p> <p>Samples for the stable isotope composition of DIC (δ<sup>13</sup>C-DIC) were collected in 12 ml Exetainer vials (Labco) and poisoned with 50 µL of a saturated solution of HgCl<sub>2</sub>. Prior to the analysis of δ<sup>13</sup>C-DIC, a 2 ml helium headspace was created and 100 µL of phosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 99%) was added in the vial in order to convert CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> to CO<sub>2</sub>. After overnight equilibration, up to 1 mL of the headspace was injected with a gastight syringe into a coupled elemental analyser - IRMS (EA-IRMS, Thermo FlashHT or Carlo Erba EA1110 with DeltaV Advantage). The obtained data were corrected for isotopic equilibration between dissolved and gaseous CO<sub>2</sub> as described by Gillikin and Bouillon (2007). Calibration was performed with certified standards (NBS-19 or IAEA-CO-1, and LSVEC). Reproducibility of measurement based on duplicate injections of samples was typically better than ±0.2 ‰.</p> <p>Water was collected in surface water with a 2L polyethylene bottle. The water filtered through 47 mm diameter GF/F Whatman glass fibber filters was collected and further filtered through polyethersulfone syringe encapsulated filters (0.2 µm porosity) for nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>), ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>), TA, major elements (Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>), as well as dissolved silicate (DSi) and Fe, stable isotope composition of O and H of H<sub>2</sub>O (δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O and δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). An additional water filtration was made on 25 mm diameter GF/F Whatman glass fibber filters for particulate organic carbon (POC) analysis.</p> <p>Samples for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> were stored frozen (-20°C) in 50 ml polypropylene vials. NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> were determined with the sulfanilamide colorimetric with the vanadium reduction method (American Public Health Association, 1998), and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> with the dichloroisocyanurate-salicylate-nitroprussiate colorimetric method (Standing committee of Analysts, 1981). Detection limits were 0.3, 0.01, and 0.15 µmol L<sup>-1</sup> for NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, respectively. Precisions were ±0.02 µmol L<sup>-1</sup>, ±0.02 µmol L<sup>-1</sup>, and ±0.1 µmol L<sup>-1</sup> for NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, respectively.</p> <p>Samples for TA were stored at ambient temperature in polyethylene 55 ml vials and measurements were carried out by open-cell titration with HCl 0.1 mol L<sup>-1</sup> according to Gran (1952), and data quality checked with certified reference material obtained from Andrew Dickson (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA), with a typical reproducibility better than ±3 µmol kg<sup>-1</sup>.</p> <p>Samples for δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O and were δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O stored at ambient temperature in polypropylene 8 ml vials. δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O was measured on H<sub>2</sub> gas derived from a high‐temperature (1,030°C) Cr‐based reactor by automated injections of water using a TriPlus autosampler on an elemental analyzer (Thermo Flash HT/EA; Thermo Finnigan) coupled to a continuous‐flow isotope‐ratio mass spectrometer (Delta V Advantage; Thermo Finnigan). δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O values were measured on a Thermo GasBench II coupled to a Thermo Delta XP IRMS after equilibration with CO<sub>2</sub>. The long-term uncertainty for standard δ<sup>18</sup>O values was ±0.1‰.</p> <p>Samples for major elements were stored at ambient temperature in 20 ml scintillation vials and preserved with 50 μl of HNO<sub>3</sub> (65%). Major elements were measured with inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP-MS; Agilent 7700x) calibrated with the following standards: SRM1640a from National Institute of Standards and Technology, TM-27.3 (lot 0412) and TMRain-04 (lot 0913) from Environment Canada, and SPS-SW2 Batch 130 from Spectrapure Standard. Limit of quantification was 0.5 µmol L<sup>-1</sup> for Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>, 1.0 µmol L<sup>-1</sup> for K<sup>+</sup> and 8 µmol L<sup>-1</sup> for DSi.</p> <p>Samples to determine DOC were stored at ambient temperature and in the dark in 40 ml brown borosilicate vials with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated septa and poisoned with 50 µL of H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> (85%), and DOC concentration was determined with a wet oxidation total organic carbon analyzer (IO Analytical Aurora 1030W), with a typical reproducibility better than ±5%.</p> <p>Filters for POC analysis were decarbonated with HCl fumes for 4h and dried before encapsulation into silver cups; POC concentration was analysed on an EA-IRMS (Thermo FlashHT with DeltaV Advantage), with a reproducibility better than ±5%. Data were calibrated with certified (IAEA-600: caffeine) and in-house standards (leucine, tuna muscle tissue) that were previously calibrated versus certified standards.</p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Abril, G., Commarieu, M.-V., Guérin, F., 2007. Enhanced methane oxidation in an estuarine turbidity maximum. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52, 470-475. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0470</p> <p>American Public Health Association. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, (APHA, 1998).</p> <p>Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L., Christian, J.R., 2007. Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp., https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1342</p> <p>Gillikin, D.P., Bouillon, S., 2007. Determination of δ18O of water and δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon using a simple modification of an elemental analyzer – isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS): an evaluation, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 21, 1475-1478, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2968</p> <p>Gran, G., 1952. Determination of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations Part II, The Analyst, 77, 661-671, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9527700661.</p> <p>Standing committee of Analysts (1981). Ammonia in waters. Methods for the examination of waters and associated materials. 16 pp (HMSO, 1981).</p> <p>Weiss, R.F., Price, B.A., 1980. Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater. Mar. Chem. 8, 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(80)90024-9</p> <p>Weiss, R.F., 1981. Determinations of carbon dioxide and methane by dual catalyst flame ionization chromatography and nitrous oxide by electron capture chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 19, 611-616. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/19.12.611</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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