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385 results for “Environmental factors”
How environmental factors affect the abundance and distribution of two congeneric species of Amazonian frogs
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Heterogeneous microgeographic genetic structure of the common cockle (Cerastoderma edule) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: biogeographic barriers and environmental factors
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Relationship between active and passive environmental factors and the body mass index of residents in Geneva - Dataset
<p>Dataset used for the long paper in the "Exploratory Data Analysis and Geovisualization" course at EPFL. The paper is titled "Relationship between active and passive environmental factors and the body mass index of residents in Geneva"</p>
Data from: Disease swamps molecular signatures of genetic-environmental associations to abiotic factors in Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) populations
Landscape genomics studies focus on identifying candidate genes under selection via spatial variation in abiotic environmental variables, but rarely by biotic factors such as disease. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is found only on the environmentally heterogeneous island of Tasmania and is threatened with extinction by a nearly 100% fatal, transmissible cancer, devil facial tumor disease (DFTD). Devils persist in regions of long-term infection despite epidemiological model predictions of species' extinction, suggesting possible adaptation to DFTD. Here, we test the extent to which spatial variation and genetic diversity are associated with the abiotic environment and/or DFTD. We employ genetic-environment association analyses using a RAD-capture panel including 6,886 SNPs from 3,286 individuals sampled pre- and post-disease arrival. Pre-disease, we find significant correlations of allele frequencies with environmental variables, including 365 unique loci linked to 71 genes, suggesting local adaptation to abiotic environment. The majority of candidate loci detected pre-DFTD were not detected post disease arrival. Several post-DFTD candidate loci were associated with disease prevalence and were in linkage disequilibrium with genes involved in tumor suppression and immune response. Loss of apparent signal of abiotic local adaptation post-disease suggests swamping by the strong selection resulting from the rapid onset of DFTD.
Data from: Environmental factors explain the spatial mismatches between species richness and phylogenetic diversity of terrestrial mammals
Aim: Explore the spatial variation of the relationships between species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD) and environmental factors to infer the possible mechanisms underlying patterns of diversity in different regions of the globe. Location: Global. Time period: Present day. Major taxa studied: Terrestrial mammals. Methods: We used a hexagonal grid to map SR and PD of mammals and four environmental factors (temperature, productivity, elevation and climate-change velocity since the Last Glacial Maximum). We related those variables through direct and indirect pathways using a novel combination of Path Analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression to account for spatial non-stationarity of path coefficients. Results: SR, PD and environmental factors relate differently across the geographic space, with most relationships varying in both, magnitude and direction. Species richness is associated with lower phylogenetic diversity in much of the tropics and in the Americas, which reflects the tropical origin and the recent diversification of some mammalian clades in these regions. Environmental effects on PD are predominantly mediated by their effects on SR. But once richness is controlled for, the relationships between environmental factors and PD (i.e. PDSR) highlight environmentally driven changes in species composition. Environmental-PDSR relationships suggest that the relative importance of different mechanisms driving biodiversity shifts spatially. Across most of the globe, temperature and productivity are the strongest predictors of richness, while PDSR is best predicted by temperature. Main conclusions: Richness explains most spatial variation in PD, but both dimensions of biodiversity respond differently to environmental conditions across the globe, as indicated by the spatial mismatches in the relationships between environmental factors and these two types of diversity. We show that accounting for spatial non-stationarity and environmental effects on PD while controlling for richness uncovers a more complex scenario of drivers of biodiversity than previously observed.
Data from: Different roles of elevational and local environmental factors on abundance-based beta diversity of the soil Enchytraeidae on the Changbai Mountain
The elevational alpha biodiversity gradient in mountain regions is one of the well-known ecological patterns, but its beta diversity pattern remains poorly-known. Examining the beta diversity and its components could enhance the understanding of community assembly mechanism. We studied the beta diversity pattern of the soil enchytraeids along a distinct elevational gradient (705—2280 m) on the Changbai Mountain, the best-preserved mountain in northeastern China. The overall abundance-based community dissimilarity was relatively high (ca. 0.70), largely due to the balanced-variation component (85%). The overall dissimilarity and its balanced-variation (substitution) component were both related to local environmental heterogeneity and elevational distance, with the environmental relationships being stronger. In contrast, the abundance-gradient (subsets) component was not related to the two gradients. The same important spatial and environmental variables were detected in structuring overall dissimilarity and substitution component, different from that in subsets component. Variation partitioning analysis showed that environmental control played a more important role than spatial (vertical and horizontal) factors in structuring the patterns of overall beta diversity and its two components. The predictive power of multivariate analysis was higher for the substitution component (nearly 50%) and overall dissimilarity (35%), but much lower for subsets components (< 4%). These findings implied that abundance-based beta diversity patterns of the soil enchytraeids were the results of different ecological processes (e.g. environmental sorting and dispersal limitation), operating in the two antithetic components. Our study showed the substitution and loss of individuals reflecting different ecological processes and highlights the importance of partitioning beta diversity in assessing biodiversity patterns and their causes.
Data from: How maternal investment varies with environmental factors and the age and physiological state of wild tsetse Glossina pallidipes and Glossina morsitans morsitans
Theory suggests females should optimize resource allocation across reproductive bouts to maximize lifetime reproduction, balancing current and future reproductive efforts according to physiological state and projected survival and reproduction. Tests of these ideas focus on long-lived vertebrates: few measure age-related reproductive output in iteroparous invertebrates, or partition reserves between those allocated to offspring versus mothers. We investigated how maternal age, and environmental and physiological factors influence reproductive investment in wild tsetse, Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood. Tsetse provide a tractable system to measure reproductive allocation. Females exhibit high maternal investment, producing single, large offspring that rely exclusively on maternal reserves. We find that mothers in better physiological condition and experiencing cooler temperatures produce larger offspring. Pupal size increases significantly but weakly with age. In both species, females with less fat invest proportionately more in offspring. Post-partum fat decreases in flies with badly frayed wings: poor flight capability may limit their feeding efficiency, or they may sacrifice more reserves as a terminal investment. Our results support evidence that offspring size increases with maternal size, investment depends on the environment, and females with lower chances of future reproduction invest more into current offspring. We discuss the implications of maternal effects for predicting vector population responses to environmental change.
Data from: Influences of environmental and spatial factors on genetic and epigenetic variations in Rhododendron oldhamii (Ericaceae)
Test of the relationship of genetic and particularly epigenetic variation with geographic isolation and environment is important to reveal potential environmental drivers for selection. Rhododendron oldhamii is widespread but inhabits fragmented subtropical forest landscapes and populations across its range may exhibit different levels of genetic and epigenetic structuring correlated to their environmental conditions. Here, we investigated the genetic and epigenetic variations and their ecological correlates in R. oldhamii. Genetic and epigenetic variations were surveyed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP), respectively. Using variation partitioning by redundant analysis (RDA), we examined the pure and spatially-structured environmental effects and pure spatial factors on genetic and epigenetic variations among individuals collected from 18 localities across R. oldhamii distribution range in Taiwan. We found that environments compared to geographic isolation among sites explained more genetic and epigenetic variations. Patchy distribution of the contemporary R. oldhamii populations was revealed by correlograms with patch size of approximately around 20-30 km based on the total genetic and epigenetic data. Spatial variables derived from the method of principal coordinates of neighbor matrices (PCNM), including PCNM3, PCNM5, PCNM7 and PCNM8 representing biotic processes, such as individual dispersal, were found to be important influencing potentially adaptive genetic and epigenetic variations. Annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, precipitation of the warmest quarter, aspect, slope and soil moisture were the most important environmental variables influencing potentially adaptive genetic and epigenetic variations, and could be particularly important for the evolution of local adaptation in R. oldhamii.
Data from: Social facilitation is a better predictor of frog reproductive activity than environmental factors
Anuran breeding activity is frequently linked to environmental factors, mainly temperature and rainfall. However, a key feature of anuran reproductive behavior—gathering in choruses and producing loud advertisement calls to attract females—generates a conspicuous social cue that may also facilitate reproductive behavior. Here, I examine the relative importance of environmental and social factors in explaining the intensity of reproductive activity in the Neotropical treefrog Hypsiboas rosenbergi. I show that social cues generally play an important role, but that there are sex differences: male behavior is associated with a combination of environmental and social factors, while female behavior is associated almost exclusively with social cues. I discuss the potential benefits of using social cues in regulating breeding activity, and suggest that conservation efforts may take advantage of the apparently widespread pattern of social facilitation in anuran reproductive ecology.
Data from: Experimentally induced anti-predator responses are mediated by social and environmental factors
Nest predation is a common cause of reproductive failure for many bird species, and various anti-predator defense behaviors have evolved to reduce the risk of nest predation. However, trade-offs between current reproductive duties and future reproduction often limit the parent's ability to respond to nest predation risk. Individual responses to experimentally increased nest predation risk can give insights into these trade-offs. Here, we investigate whether social and ecological factors affect individual responses to predation risk by experimentally manipulating the risk of nest predation using taxidermic mounts in the cooperative breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). Our results show that dominant females, but not males, alarm called more often when they confront a nest predator model alone than when they do so with a partner, and that individuals that confront a predator together attacked more than those that did so alone. Dominant males increased their anti-predator defense by spending more time nest guarding after a presentation with a nest predator, compared to a non-predator control, but no such effect was found for females, who did not increase the time spent incubating. In contrast to incubation by females, nest guarding responses by dominant males depended on the presence of other group members and food availability. These results suggest that while female investment in incubation is always high and not dependent on social and ecological conditions, males have a lower initial investment, which allows them to respond to sudden changes in nest predation risk.
Egg-size plasticity in Apis mellifera: honey bee queens alter egg size in response to both genetic and environmental factors
<p>Social evolution has led to distinct life-history patterns in social insects, but many colony-level and individual traits, such as egg size, are not sufficiently understood. Thus, a series of experiments was performed to study the effects of genotypes, colony size, and colony nutrition on variation in egg size produced by honey bee (<i>Apis</i> <i>mellifera</i>) queens. Queens from different genetic stocks produced significantly different egg sizes under similar environmental conditions, indicating standing genetic variation for egg size that allows for adaptive evolutionary change. Further investigations revealed that eggs produced by queens in large colonies were consistently smaller than eggs produced in small colonies, and queens dynamically adjusted egg size in relation to colony size. Similarly, queens increased egg size in response to food deprivation. These results could not be solely explained by different numbers of eggs produced in the different circumstances but instead seem to reflect an active adjustment of resource allocation by the queen in response to colony conditions. As a result, larger eggs experienced higher subsequent survival than smaller eggs, suggesting that honey bee queens might increase egg size under unfavorable conditions to enhance brood survival, and to minimize costly brood care of eggs that fail to successfully develop, and thus conserve energy at the colony level. The extensive plasticity and genetic variation of egg size in honey bees has important implications for understanding life history evolution in a social context and implies this neglected life history stage in honey bees may have trans-generational effects.</p>
Data from: Effects of host species and environmental factors on the prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in northern Europe
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) poses a major threat to amphibian populations. To assist efforts to address such threats, we examined differences in Bd host infection prevalence among amphibian species and its relations to both local environmental factors in breeding habitats and landscape variables measured at three scales (500, 2000 and 5000 m radii) around breeding sites in southernmost Sweden. We sampled 947 anurans of six species in 31 ponds and assessed their infection status. We then examined correlations of infection prevalence with canopy cover, pond perimeter and pH (treated as local-scale pond characteristics), and the number of ponds, area of arable land, area of mature forest, number of resident people and presence of sea within the three radii (treated as landscape variables). The Bd infection prevalence was very low, 0.5-1.0%, in two of the six anuran species (Bufo bufo and Rana temporaria), and substantially higher (13-64%) in the other four (Bombina bombina, Bufotes variabilis, Epidalea calamita, Rana arvalis). In the latter four species Bd infection prevalence was positively associated with ponds' pH (site range: 5.3-8.1), and negatively associated with areas of mature forest and/or wetlands in the surroundings. Our results show that the infection dynamics of Bd are complex and associated with host species, local pond characteristics and several landscape variables at larger spatial scales. Knowledge of environmental factors associated with Bd infections and differences in species' susceptibility may help to counter further spread of the disease and guide conservation action plans, especially for the most threatened species.
Data from: Parallel evolution and adaptation to environmental factors in a marine flatfish: implications for fisheries and aquaculture management of the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Unraveling adaptive genetic variation represents, in addition to the estimate of population demographic parameters, a cornerstone for the management of aquatic natural living resources, which in turn, represent the raw material for breeding programs. The turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a marine flatfish of high commercial value living on the European continental shelf. While wild populations are declining, aquaculture is flourishing in Southern Europe. We evaluated the genetic structure of turbot throughout its natural distribution range (672 individuals; 20 populations) by analyzing allele frequency data from 755 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism discovered and genotyped by Double Digest RAD Sequencing. The species was structured into four main regions: Baltic Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Adriatic Sea and Black Sea, with subtle differentiation apparent at the distribution margins of the Atlantic region. Genetic diversity and effective population size estimates were highest in the Atlantic populations, the area of greatest occurrence, while turbot from other regions showed lower levels, reflecting geographical isolation and reduced abundance. Divergent selection was detected within and between the Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea regions, and also when comparing these two regions with the Black Sea. Evidence of parallel evolution was detected between the two low salinity regions, the Baltic and Black seas. Correlation between genetic and environmental variation indicated that temperature and salinity were probably the main environmental drivers of selection. Mining around the four genomic regions consistently inferred to be under selection identified candidate genes related to osmoregulation, growth and resistance to diseases. The new insights are useful for the management of turbot fisheries and aquaculture by providing the baseline for evaluating the consequences of turbot releases from restocking and farming.
Data from: Influence of environmental factors on the genetic variation of the aquatic macrophyte Ranunculus subrigidus on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
<p><b>Background: </b>Due to the environmental heterogeneity along elevation gradients, alpine ecosystems are ideal study objects for investigating how ecological variables shape the genetic patterns of natural species. The highest region in the world, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, is a hotspot for the studies of evolutionary processes in plants. Many large rivers spring from the plateau, providing abundant habitats for aquatic and amphibious organisms. In the present study, we examined the genetic diversity of 13 <i>Ranunculus subrigidus</i> populations distributed throughout the plateau in order to elucidate the relative contribution of geographic distance and environmental dissimilarity to the spatial genetic pattern. </p> <p><b>Results: </b>A relatively low level of genetic diversity within populations was found. No spatial genetic structure was suggested by the analyses of molecular variance, Bayesian clustering analysis and Mantel tests. Partial Mantel tests and multiple matrix regression analysis showed a significant influence of the environment on the genetic divergence of the species. Both climatic and water quality variables contribute to the habitat heterogeneity of <i>R. subrigidus </i>populations. </p> <p><b>Conclusions: </b>Our results suggest that historical processes involving long-distance dispersal and local adaptation may account for the genetic patterns of <i>R. subrigidus</i> and current environmental factors play an important role in the genetic differentiation and local adaptation of aquatic plants in alpine landscapes.</p>
Data from: Modeling spatial expansion of invasive alien species: relative contributions of environmental and anthropogenic factors to the spreading of the harlequin ladybird in France
Species distribution models (SDM) have often been used to predict the potential ranges of introduced species and prioritize management strategies. However, this approach assumes equilibrium between occurrences and environmental gradients, an assumption which is violated during the invasion process, where many suitable sites are empty because the species has not yet reached them. Here we considered the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a case study to show the benefits of using a dynamic colonization–extinction model that does not assume equilibrium. We used a multi-year occupancy model incorporating environmental, anthropogenic and neighborhood effects, to identify factors that explained spreading variation of this species in France from 2004, when only a few occupied sites were detected, to 2011. We found that anthropogenic factors (urbanization, agriculture, vineyards, and presence/absence of highways) explained more variation in the diffusion process than environmental factors (winter and summer temperatures, wind-speed, and rainfall). The surface of urbanization was the major anthropogenic factor increasing the probability of colonization. The average summer temperature was the main environmental factor affecting colonization, with a negative effect when high or low. The neighborhood effect revealed that colonization was mostly influenced by contributions coming from a radius of 24 km around the focal cell. The contribution of neighborhood decreases over time, suggesting that H. axyridis is reaching its equilibrium in France. This is confirmed by the small discrepancy observed between the performance of our approach and a SDM approach when predicting a single year occupancy pattern at the end of the study period. Our approach has the advantage of explicitly modelling the state of the biological system during the spatial expansion and identifying colonization constraints. This allows managers to explore the effect of different actions on the system at key moments of the invasion process, hence providing a powerful approach to prioritize management strategies.
Datasets for "Individual and environmental factors influencing preen gland's morphology and physiology in the barn owl (Tyto alba)"
<p><span>Avian preen gland helps birds cope with their environment, although its overall functioning remains unclear. We shed light on the complexity of the preen gland’s functioning by studying how multiple factors associate with gland morphology (size and shape) and physiology (wax secreted) in barn owls (<em>Tyto alba</em>). Individual factors (sex, breeding stage, body condition) were more important predictors of preen gland than environmental factors (temperature, humidity, brood size). Sex, depending on breeding stage in adults, influenced preen gland traits, pointing to the preen gland’s regulation by sex hormones and a greater pressure on females to protect their eggs, offspring and themselves throughout reproduction. Adults and fledglings in better condition had larger glands, pointing to the existence of physiological costs. Temperature and humidity, in interaction with plumage coloration, also influenced but to a lesser extent preen gland traits, suggesting that melanin pigmentation and preen gland act as superseding mechanisms when protecting plumage against microorganisms. Finally, fledglings living in larger broods had larger glands, suggesting a role for the social environment in preen gland’s functioning. Overall, our study supports the idea that preen gland functions in diverse biological contexts within the same species and is thus subject to multiple selective pressures.</span></p>
Figure 5 in Vertical distribution of liverwort communities and their relationship with environmental factors in a karst sinkhole in south-western China
Figure 5. The canonical correspondence analysis between liverwort community distribution and environmental factors: humidity, temperature and light levels.
Figure 3 in Vertical distribution of liverwort communities and their relationship with environmental factors in a karst sinkhole in south-western China
Figure 3. Variation in abundance of species, genera and families recorded in liverwort communities at different depths.
Figure 2 in Vertical distribution of liverwort communities and their relationship with environmental factors in a karst sinkhole in south-western China
Figure 2. The variation in diversity and the number of species, genera and families recorded in liverwort communities at different depths.
Figure 7. Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871 in The spatial and temporal abundance of the spider crab Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871 (Crustacea, Brachyura) considering different environmental factors
Figure 7. Libinia ferreirae Brito Capello, 1871. Heatmap showing variation in the abundance in relation to bottom salinity (BS), along the sampling stations of Ubatumirim (UBM), Ubatuba (UBA) and Mar Virado (MV), São Paulo State littoral. N total – number of individuals, she – sheltered, exp – exposed.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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