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Fig. 8 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 8. Predation marks produced by Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) in mussels under aquarium conditions. A–D. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A. CEGH−UNC 25339, left valve in external view. B. CEGH−UNC 25340, right valve in external view. C. CEGH−UNC 25341, left valve in external view. D. CEGH−UNC 25342, left valve in external view (D1), detailed (D2). E. Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774), CEGH−UNC 25343, shell in dorsal view. F–J. Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). F. CEGH−UNC 25344, left valve in external view. G. CEGH−UNC 25345, left valve in external view. H. CEGH−UNC 25346, right valve in external view. I. CEGH−UNC 25347, right valve in external view. J. CEGH−UNC 25348, left valve in external view. K–M. Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). K. CEGH−UNC 25349, left valve in external view. L. CEGH−UNC 25350, left valve in external view. M. detailed sector of marginal area of both valves of specimen CEGH−UNC 25349 in internal view. Arrows indicate marginal drillings. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 10. Predation marks produced by Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774) in mussels under aquarium conditions. A–C. Brachidontes purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). A. CEGH−UNC 25357, articulated specimen, external view of right valve. B. CEGH−UNC 25358, articulated specimen, external view of left valve. C. CEGH−UNC 25359, articulated specimen, external view of left valve. D–F, I–O. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. D. CEGH−UNC 25360, left valve in external view. E. CEGH−UNC 25361, right valve in external view. F. CEGH−UNC 25362, left valve in external view. I. CEGH−UNC 25365, right valve in external view. J. CEGH−UNC 25366, left valve in external view. K. CEGH−UNC 25367, right valve in external view. L. CEGH−UNC 25368, right valve in external view. M. CEGH−UNC 25369, left valve in external view. N. CEGH−UNC 25370, right valve in external view. O. CEGH−UNC 25371, right valve in external view. G, H. Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774). G. CEGH−UNC 25363, valve in dorsal view. H. CEGH−UNC 25364, valve in lateral view. P–S. Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782). P. CEGH−UNC 25372, right valve in external view. Q. CEGH−UNC 25372, right valve in internal view. R. CEGH−UNC 25375, left valve in external view. S. CEGH−UNC 25375, left valve in internal view (S1), close−up of the notches (S2). Black arrows indicate chipping margins, white arrows indicate notches. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 7. Counts of eating and resting specimens of Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) in three different localities: Bahía Golondrina (A, B), Bahía Ushuaia (C, D), and San Pablo (E). A and C correspond to a first period of observation (the first year). B, D, and E correspond to a second year.

Fig. 6 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 6. Position of drill holes on Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. Y axis: valve sector; X axis: frequency. A. Bahía Brown shell accumulations (n = 81). B. Bahía Golondrina shell accumulations (n = 295). C. Poduced by Trophon geversianus (Pallas, 1774) under aquarium conditions (n = 85). D. Produced by Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832) under aquarium conditions (n =19).

Fig. 3 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 3. Means with confidence limits of shell lengths of Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854 consumed by the three different predators included in aquarium experiments. Dashed lines separate size categories.

Fig. 2 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 2. Scheme of the surface of a mussel shell indicating 5 (I, II, III, IV and V) sectors used for the drill site preference analyses.

Fig. 9 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 9. Predation marks produced by Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832) in mussels under aquarium conditions on Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A–C, E, F. Mytilus chilensis Hupé, 1854. A. CEGH−UNC 25351, left valve in external view. B. CEGH−UNC 25352, left valve in external view. C. CEGH−UNC 25353, left valve in external view. E. CEGH−UNC 25355, right valve in external view. F. CEGH−UNC 25356, right valve in external view (F1), close−up of the drill hole (F2). D. Xymenopsis muriciformis (King, 1832), CEGH−UNC 25354, shell in dorsal view.

Fig. 5 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 5. Bar chart of size classes for drilled and undrilled shells collected in the field. Y axis is the frequency of each size class. A. Bahía Golondrina. B. Bahía Brown.

Fig. 1 in Predation by drilling gastropods and asteroids upon mussels in rocky shallow shores of southernmost South America: Paleontological implications

Fig. 1. Map showing sampling sites in Tierra del Fuego. A. Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. B. A sector of the Beagle Channel showing localities on the southern part of the island. Abbreviations: BB, Bahía Brown; BE, Bahía Ensenada; BG, Bahía Golondrina; BU, Bahía Ushuaia; SP, Cabo San Pablo.

Fig. 12 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 12. Distribution of the two extant species of Persististrombus in the Panamic Province and the African−Eastern Atlantic Province (after Meco 1977 and Kreipl and Poppe 1999). The data are plotted on sea surface temperature maps generated with the World−Ocean−Atlas−Data visualization program of the NOAA based on the LEVITUS 1994 data sets (http:// www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/).

Fig. 11 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 11. Principal component analysis based on adult specimens (see text for details) performed with the software package PAST (Hammer et al. 2001). Abbreviations refer to the specimens indicated in SOM: c, P. coronatus; e, P. exbonellii; i, P. inflexus; la, P. lapugyensis; n, P. nodosus; p, P. praecedens; pa, P. pannonicus.

Fig. 9 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 9. Scatter plot of adult specimens of various Persististrombus species based on the apical angle and the relation between total height and the height of the last spire whorl. Abbreviations refer to the specimens indicated in SOM: c, P. coronatus; e, P. exbonellii; i, P. inflexus; la, P. lapugyensis; n, P. nodosus; p, P. praecedens; pa, P. pannonicus.

Fig. 8. Strombid gastropods from Europe. A–C in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 8. Strombid gastropods from Europe. A–C. Persististrombus lapugyensis (Sacco, 1893) from the Langhian (Middle Miocene) of Lãpugiu de Sus in Romania. A. NHMW1854/0035/0150. B. NHMW1855/0043/0017. C. NHMW1866/0040/0270, illustrated in Hoernes and Auinger (1884: pl. 18: 1). D, E. Persististrombus pannonicus sp. nov. from the Serravallian of the Oberpullendorf Basin. D. Holotype, NHMW1930/0006/0058, Ritzing, Austria. E. Paratype, NHMW1970/1396/0609, Brennberg, Austria. Note the different angles between the aperture and the axis in both species (A3–E3) and the different spine morphology (A4–E4). In dorsal (A1–E1), ventral (A2–E2), lateral (A3–E3), and apical (A4–E4) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 10. Principal component analysis based on all specimens (see text for details) performed with the software package PAST (Hammer et al. 2001). Abbreviations refer to the specimens indicated in SOM: c, P. coronatus; e, P. exbonellii; i, P. inflexus; la, P. lapugyensis; n, P. nodosus; p, P. praecedens; pa, P. pannonicus.

Fig. 7. Strombid gastropods from Austria and Turkey. A in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 7. Strombid gastropods from Austria and Turkey. A. Juvenile specimen with protoconch of Persististrombus exbonellii (Sacco, 1893), NHMW 2013/0299/0002, from the Middle Miocene of Gainfarn in Lower Austria, in ventral (A1, A2), and apical (A3) views. B. Protoconch of Persististrombus inflexus, NHMW 2013/0299/0003, from the Serravallian of Karaman in Turkey, in ventro−apical (B1) and ventral (B2) views. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 6. Strombid gastropod Persististrombus exbonellii (Sacco, 1893). A–D. Middle Miocene of Gainfarn in Lower Austria. A. NHMW1855/0045/0420. B. NHMW1855/0045/0419. C. NHMW1846/0037/0185. D. NHMW1847/0037/0058. E. NHMW62275, Middle Miocene of Vöslau in Lower Austria. In dorsal (A1–E1), ventral (A2–E2), lateral (A3–E3), and apical (A4–E4) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 5. Strombid gastropod Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830) from the Middle Miocene of the Vienna Basin. A. NHMW2012/0080/0001, Vöslau. B. NHMW2012/0081/0001, Enzesfeld. C. NHMW1855/0002/0052, Enzesfeld, illustrated in Hoernes and Auinger (1884: pl. 19: 1). D. NHMW1874/ 00024/0041, Vöslau, illustrated in Hoernes and Auinger (1884: pl. 18: 4). E. NHMW 2012/0081/0002, Enzesfeld. In dorsal (A1–E1), ventral (A2–E2), lateral (A3–E3), and apical (A4–E4) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4. Miocene–Pliocene strombid gastropods from Europe. A–C in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 4. Miocene–Pliocene strombid gastropods from Europe. A–C. Persististrombus nodosus (Borson, 1820) from the Burdigalian (Early Miocene). A. NHMW1911/0006/0290, Pelona, France. B. NHMW 2013/0299/001, Saucats, France. C. NHMW1851/0017/0116; Colli Torinesi, Italy. D. Persististrombus praecedens (Schaffer, 1912) from the Burdigalian of Loibersdorf in Lower Austria, NHMW1866/0011/0004. E. Persististrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) from the Pliocene of Tresanti in Italy, NHMW A2588. Dorsal (A1–E1), ventral (A2–E2), lateral (A3–E3), and apical (A4–E4) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 3. Measurements used for the statistical analysis. Abbreviations: a, maximum height; b, height of last whorl; c, height of last spire whorl; d, apical angle; e, basal angle; f, dorsal width; g, dorsal width without spines; h, ventral width; i, ventral width without spines.

Fig. 2 in The Neogene strombid gastropod Persististrombus in the Paratethys Sea

Fig. 2. Oligocene–Miocene chronostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and biostratigraphy after Hilgen et al. (2009) with regional Paratethys stages after Piller et al. (2007). The figure is modified from a chart produced with the Time Scale Creator program, provided by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (available at https://engineering.purdue.edu/Stratigraphy/tscreator/ index/index.php). The ranges of the treated strombid taxa are indicated as grey bars. Abbreviations: CN, calcareous nannoplankton; PF, planktonic Foraminifera.