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FIGURES 2027. Crozetia larval structures. 20 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography

FIGURES 2027. Crozetia larval structures. 20. Cr. crozetensis, LM of last instar larval hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 21. Cr. seguyi, SEM of last instar larval hypostoma. Image foreshortened see Fig 23. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 22. Cr. crozetensis, LM of last instar larval hypostoma and postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 23. Cr. seguyi, LM of last instar larval hypostoma and postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 24. Cr. crozetensis, LM of abdomen, last instar larvae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. 25. Cr. seguyi, LM of abdomen, last instar larvae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. 26. Cr. crozetensis, last instar, anal sclerites. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 27. Cr. seguyi, last instar, anal sclerites. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 710. Crozetia adult genitalia. 7 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography

FIGURES 710. Crozetia adult genitalia. 7. Cr. crozetensis, male, ventral (left), and lateral views (right) of ventral plate and gonostylus. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. 8. Cr. seguyi, male. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. 9. Cr. crozetensis, female, ventral view, insert lateral view of anal lobe and cercus. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. 10. Cr. seguyi, female. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: adm aedeagal membrane; anlb anal lobe; anm anal membrane; c cercus; gc gonocoxa; gs gonostylus; hypv hypogynial valve; p paramere; spm spermatheca; vp ventral plate.

FIGURES 2830 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography

FIGURES 2830. Mouthparts of first instar Crozetia seguyi larvae. 28. Labral fan. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. 29. Larval hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. 30. Larval mandibles. Scale bar = 0.02 mm. Abbreviations: lb labral fan; hyps hypostoma; mnd mandible.

FIGURES 15-19. Crozetia. 15 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography

FIGURES 15-19. Crozetia. 15. Cr. crozetensis, male paratype wing. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 16. Cr. seguyi, higher magnification of male wing base. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. 17. Cr. seguyi, SEM of last instar larval head, frontal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 18. Cr. crozetensis, LM of last instar larval head, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. 19. Cr. seguyi, LM of last instar larval head, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: ant - antenna; ca - cephalic apotome; lf - labral fan; hyps - hypostoma; mnd - mandible; mx - maxilla; mxp - maxillary palpus.

FIGURES 13-14. Crozetia pupae. Left lateral views. 13 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography

FIGURES 13-14. Crozetia pupae. Left lateral views. 13. Cr. crozetensis. 14. Cr. seguyi. Note rudimentary cocoon on posterior. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography

FIGURE 3. Rivière du Camp, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, 1979. A typical habitat of Crozetia larvae. Pic du Mascarin (alt. 934 m) is in the background. (Courtesy, L. Davies).

FIGURE 2 in Crozetia Davies (Diptera: Simuliidae): redescription of Cr. crozetensis, Cr. seguyi, number of larval instars, phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography

FIGURE 2. Islands of the Crozet Archipelago. Bathymetric contours in meters. (Adapted from Boudon and Nougier 1982).

Figure 3 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 3. Paratypes attributed to P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977). Letters A–D denote the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 4. Comparison of the neural spine morphology between Chilabothrus, Epicrates and the fossils from Thomas Farm. Only mid-precloacal vertebrae are figured here. A, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus inornatus (AMNH 70023); B, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus striatus strigilatus (AMNH 70263); C, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); D, paratype of N. barbouri (MCZ 1978) (= Pseudoepicrates); E, paratype of P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977); F, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); G, Epicrates crassus (MCN PV DR 003); H, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002); I, Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); J, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); and K, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). In (A–H) lateral and (I–K) dorsal views. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 6. Selected examples of the extant comparative material used in the study. A, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH R 77596); B, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus cf C. inornatus from the Pleistocene of Cuba (AMNH 7709); C, midtrunk vertebra of 'barbouri' (previous holotype MCZ 1978); D, midtrunk vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344); and E, midtrunk vertebra of Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in column at the lower portion of the image. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 5. Paratypes previously attributed to N. barbouri (= Pseudoepicrates). Letters A–D denotes the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted above each image. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section.

Figure 10. A in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 10. A, calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis of Reynolds et al. (2013). Blue dot: the estimated age of divergence of the group [(Chilabothrus) + (Epicrates + Eunectes)] at ~30.0 Mya. Red dot: the estimate age for origin of the genus Chilabothrus at ~22 Mya. The dashed line shows the age of the site of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. ~18.5 Mya, marking the oldest record of the genus. B, schematic map of the early Miocene showing the biogeographical dispersion and diversification of the genus Chilabothrus. Red arrow: probable route of dispersion via Northern South America, which is here considered the most likely based on multiple lines of evidence, including genetic divergence, oceanic current patterns, incidence of vertebrates taxa and estimated dispersal time of initial dispersion ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996, 2001; Reynolds et al., 2013). Green arrow: alternative route of dispersion to the West Indian Island complex from the Central America, estimate dispersal time of ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996). Pink arrow: route of dispersion from North America, hypothesis based on Tolson (1987) due to the presence of Pseudoepicrates, considered unlikely here. Orange arrow: second dispersal event of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. to the North American Territory from the West Indies (estimated age of at least ~18.5 Mya). Blue arrow: dispersion throughout the West Indies' island complex, prefacing the diversification of the current extant species of the insular complex (estimated age since ~22 Mya to the Holocene). Hypothesis adapted from Reynolds et al. (2013). Paleomap reconstruction based on Scotese (2010).

Figure 9 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 9. Comparison between the holotype of P. stanolseni MCZ 1977 and an anterior vertebra of B. constrictor MCN. D. 333. Note differences such as the neural spine orientation; the presence of epizygapophyseal process in B. constrictor; the zygosphene roof morphology; and the shallow posterodorsal notch of P. stanolseni. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 1. Mid-precloacal vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344). A, showing the anatomical features and terminology adopted in the work. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. B, quantitative proportions and measurements employed in the present work. Anatomical views of the vertebra is present below each image. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 2. Isolated precloacal vertebrae attributed to Pseudoepicrates stanolseni. A, anterior precloacal vertebra MCZ 1977; B, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1977 (holotype) evidencing its morphological structures; C, mid-precloacal vertebra of MCZ 1978 'barbouri' material; D, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1978 evidencing its morphological structures. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Scale bar: 5 mm. Abbreviations in the anatomical abbreviations' section.

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Data for the manuscript: Historical biogeography of Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae): continental vicariance in Australia and repeated independent dispersals to New Zealand

<p>Gondwanan biogeographic patterns include a combination of old vicariance events following the breakup of the supercontinent, and more recent long-distance dispersals across the southern landmasses. Floristic relationships between Australia and New Zealand have mostly been attributed to recent dispersal events rather than vicariance. We assessed the biogeographic history of Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae), which occurs in both Australia and New Zealand, by constructing a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny to infer (1) phylogenetic relationships and (2) the relative contributions of vicariance and dispersal events in the biogeographic history of the genus. Using hybrid capture and high throughput sequencing, we generated nuclear and plastid data sets to estimate phylogenetic relationships and fossil calibrated divergence time estimates for Pomaderris . BioGeoBEARS and biogeographical stochastic mapping (BSM) were used to assess the ancestral area of the genus and the relative contributions of vicariance vs dispersal, and the directionality of dispersal events. Our analyses indicate that Pomaderris originated in the Oligocene and had a widespread Australian distribution. Vicariance of western and eastern Australian clades coincides with the uplift of the Nullarbor Plain c. 14 Ma, followed by subsequent in-situ and within-biome diversification with little exchange across regions. A rapid radiation of southeastern Australian taxa beginning c. 10 Ma was the source for at least six independent long-distance dispersal events to New Zealand during the Pliocene–Pleistocene. Our study demonstrates the importance of dispersal in explaining not only the current cross-Tasman distributions of Pomaderris, but for the New Zealand flora more broadly. The pattern of multiple independent long-distance dispersal events for Pomaderris , without significant radiation within New Zealand, is congruent with other lowland plant groups, suggesting that this biome has a different evolutionary history compared with the younger alpine flora of New Zealand, which exhibits extensive radiations often following single long distance dispersal events.</p>

Figure 6 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs

Figure 6. Distribution of the main hadrosaurid clades discussed in the text on a paleogeographic reconstruction of continental coastlines during the Campanian. Continental paleocoastlines redrawn after Smith et al. (1994), Hay et al. (1999), Blakey (2001), Pough et al. (2004), and Hedges (2006).

Figure 5 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs

Figure 5. Distribution of the main hadrosaurid clades discussed in the text on a paleogeographic reconstruction of continental coastlines during the Santonian. Continental paleocoastlines redrawn after Smith, Smith & Funnell (1994), Hay et al. (1999), Blakey (2001), Pough et al. (2004), and Hedges (2006). The partial skull depicted to represent basal lambeosaurines is that of Jaxartosaurus ararlensis.

Figure 4 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs

Figure 4. Time-calibrated phylogram of Lambeosaurinae based on the reduced strict consensus tree of Prieto-Márquez (2010). Letters at each node represent ancestral areas as inferred in the DIVA analysis; their meaning is as in Fig. 1. The colors of the stratigraphic ranges of taxa indicate the following areas: white = Europe; black = North America; light grey = Asia; dark grey = range of an entire clade. Black stars indicate vicariance. Arrows indicate the direction of dispersal events. Note that the stratigraphic ranges for each species are not point estimates, but just extend to indicate divisions of particular geochronological stages. Geochronological ages from Gradstein et al. (2004).

Figure 3 in Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs

Figure 3. Time-calibrated phylogram of Saurolophinae based on the reduced strict consensus tree of Prieto-Márquez (2010). Letters at each node represent ancestral areas as inferred in the DIVA analysis; their meaning is as in Fig. 1. The colors of the stratigraphic ranges of taxa indicate the following areas: white = South America; black = North America; light grey = Asia; dark grey = range of an entire clade. Black stars indicate vicariance. Arrows indicate the direction of dispersal events. Note that the stratigraphic ranges for each species are not point estimates, but just extend to indicate divisions of particular geochronological stages. Geochronological ages from Gradstein et al. (2004).