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Figures 52–56. Microrhagus carinicollis, fifth instar. 52 in Eucnemid larvae of the Nearctic region. Part V: Fifth instar larval descriptions for eight species of Microrhagus Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae: Melasinae: Dirhagini), with descriptions of four new species and notes on their biology

Figures 52–56. Microrhagus carinicollis, fifth instar. 52) Dorsal habitus of paratype. 53) Head, dorsal view of paratype. 54) Head and thoracic region, dorsal view of paratype. 55) Head and thoracic region, ventral view of paratype. 56) Abdominal segments VII–IX, ventral view of paratype. Scale line = 2.0 mm.

Figures 30–33. Microrhagus opacus Otto. 30 in Eucnemid larvae of the Nearctic region. Part V: Fifth instar larval descriptions for eight species of Microrhagus Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae: Melasinae: Dirhagini), with descriptions of four new species and notes on their biology

Figures 30–33. Microrhagus opacus Otto. 30) Holotype, dorsal view. 31) Holotype, lateral view. 32) Holotype, ventral view. 33) Aedeagus of paratype. Scale line = 2.0 mm (adult), 0.5 mm (aedeagus).

Figures 39–42. Microrhagus breviangularis, fifth instar. 39 in Eucnemid larvae of the Nearctic region. Part V: Fifth instar larval descriptions for eight species of Microrhagus Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae: Melasinae: Dirhagini), with descriptions of four new species and notes on their biology

Figures 39–42. Microrhagus breviangularis, fifth instar. 39) Head, dorsal view of paratype. 40) Head and thoracic region, dorsal view of paratype. 41) Head and thoracic region, ventral view of paratype. 42) Abdominal segments VII–IX, ventral view of paratype.

Figures 26–29. Microrhagus audax, fifth instar. 26 in Eucnemid larvae of the Nearctic region. Part V: Fifth instar larval descriptions for eight species of Microrhagus Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae: Melasinae: Dirhagini), with descriptions of four new species and notes on their biology

Figures 26–29. Microrhagus audax, fifth instar. 26) Head, dorsal view. 27) Head and thoracic region, dorsal view. 28) Head and thoracic region, ventral view. 29) Abdominal segments VII–IX, ventral view.

Figures 48–51. Microrhagus carinicollis Otto. 48 in Eucnemid larvae of the Nearctic region. Part V: Fifth instar larval descriptions for eight species of Microrhagus Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae: Melasinae: Dirhagini), with descriptions of four new species and notes on their biology

Figures 48–51. Microrhagus carinicollis Otto. 48) Holotype, dorsal view. 49) Holotype, lateral view. 50) Holotype, ventral view. 51) Aedeagus of paratype. Scale line = 0.5 mm.

Figures 44–47. Microrhagus brunneus, fifth instar. 44 in Eucnemid larvae of the Nearctic region. Part V: Fifth instar larval descriptions for eight species of Microrhagus Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae: Melasinae: Dirhagini), with descriptions of four new species and notes on their biology

Figures 44–47. Microrhagus brunneus, fifth instar. 44) Head, dorsal view. 45) Head and thoracic region, dorsal view. 46) Head and thoracic region, ventral view. 47) Abdominal segments VII–IX, ventral view.

Figures 67–70. Microrhagus triangularis, fifth instar. 67 in Eucnemid larvae of the Nearctic region. Part V: Fifth instar larval descriptions for eight species of Microrhagus Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae: Melasinae: Dirhagini), with descriptions of four new species and notes on their biology

Figures 67–70. Microrhagus triangularis, fifth instar. 67) Head, dorsal view. 68) Head and thoracic region, dorsal view. 69) Head and thoracic region, ventral view. 70) Abdominal segments VII–IX, ventral view. Scale line = 0.5 mm.

Figs. 23, 24 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 23, 24. Macrophotographs of cleared specimen of Stelis murina. 23. Spiracle, seen from inside body, showing spines on atrial wall and subparallel-sided subatrium. 24. Pleural swelling of abdominal segment 8 (identified by polygon), showing abundant setae and position of spiracle.

Figs. 13–15 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 13–15. Macrophotographs of head of Stelis murina, showing pattern and configuration of pigmentation, frontal (13), lateral (14), and ventral (15) views.

Fig. 1 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Fig. 1. Map showing the position of study sites 1 and 2 (Tel el-Kebir) and sites 3 and 4 (El- Huseiniya) in the vicinity of the Nile River Delta, northern Egypt.

Figs. 9–12 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 9–12. Diagrams of mature larva of Stelis murina. 9. Entire larva with setae omitted, lateral view; scale line 5 1.0 mm. 10, 11. Right mandible showing little wear, dorsal view and outer view (latter view with apex in maximum profile), respectively. 12. Right mandible of another larva showing excessive wear, so that dorsal tooth completely absent and lower tooth greatly rounded, outer view. All mandibles to same scale. Scale line 5 1.0 mm refers to fig. 9.

Figs. 7, 8 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 7, 8. SEM micrographs of egg of Osmia submicans. 7. Anterior end, rectangle identifying positions of micropyle. 8. Close-up of micropyle identified by rectangle in fig. 7.

Figs. 3, 4 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 3, 4. Mature oocytes of Stelis murina (3) and of its host, Osmia submicans (4), diagrammed from macrophotographs to the same scale (scale line 5 1.0 mm), demonstrating similarity in volume and slight differences in shape; anterior ends to left.

Fig. 2 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Fig. 2. The grain storage building at El-Huseiniya, site 4. Note erosion of adobe wall caused by nesting bees and hood of white pickup truck, lower left; see text for explanation.

Figs. 5, 6 in Last Larval Instar and Mature Oocytes of the Old World Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis murina, Including a Review of Stelis Biology (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini)

Figs. 5, 6. SEM micrographic of mature oocyte of Stelis murina. 5. Anterior end, rectangle identifying position of micropyle. 6. Close-up of micropyle identified by rectangle in fig. 5.

Figs. 42–46 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 42–46. Puparium of I. burmensis (SEM photographs). 42, Apical end of the puparium showing the anterior spiracles. 43, Detail of invaginated frontal part of prothorax showing the locations of the paired sensilla. 44, Detail of the anterior spiracle showing three papillae. 45, Caudal end of the puparium. 46, Posterior spiracles. an = anus; as = anterior spiracle; pts 2–9 = prothoracic sensillae.

Figs. 34–41 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 34–41. Thoracic and abdominal segments of the I. burmensis larva. 34, Pseudocephalon and prothorax, dorsal view. 35, Prothoracic paired sensilla and anterior spiracle (lateral view). 36, Prothoracic paired sensilla (dorsal view). 37, Enlarged paired prothoracic sensilla (pts5). 38, Detail of anterior spiracle showing the papillae. 39, Detail of a creeping welt showing the spinules. 40, Caudal segment showing the posterior spiracle, anus and the locations of some sensilla. 41, Posterior spiracles. T1 = prothorax; an = anus; as = anterior spiracle; es = ecdysial scar; I1, I2 = intermediate sensilla; p ceph = pseudocephalon; pts 1–10 = prothoracic sensilla; ps = posterior spiracle; sh = spiracular hairs.

Figs. 28–33 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 28–33. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, anterior/ posterior spiracles and larval habitus of I. burmensis (light microscopy). 28, Anterior spiracle. 29, Detail of anterior spiracle showing the papillae. 30, Posterior spiracle. 31. Spiracular hairs. 32, Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. 33, Larval habitus. A1–A7 = abdominal segments; as = anterior spiracle; cs = caudal segment; cw = creeping welt; da = dorsal apodeme; db = dorsal bridge; dc = dorsal cornu; ec = ecdysial scar; hb = hypopharyngeal bridge; hs = hypopharyngeal sclerite; ls = labial sclerite; mh = mouth hook; p ceph = pseudocephalon; pb = parastomal bar; pt = praeapical tooth; sh = spiracular hairs; T1–T3 = thoracic segments; win = window; va = ventral apodeme; vb = ventral bridge; vc = ventral cornu; vs = ventral sclerite.

Figs. 15–21 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 15–21. Damage symptoms of bamboo shoots attacked by I. burmensis. 15, Tip of an unaffected Melocalamus compactiflorus bamboo shoot. 16, Tip of a Melocalamus compactiflorus bamboo shoot infested by I. burmensis. The leaves of the upper internodes have started to wither. 17, The apical internodes have dropped down to the ground, but the I. burmensis internode is still attached to the bamboo shoot. A part of the internode sheath was removed in order to show the location of the bud, the zone of intercalary growth and the predetermined breaking point. 18, The newly emerged branches at the base of the I. burmensis-internode have displaced the internode sheath. Most branches are not depicted in order to show the exit hole above the predetermined breaking point. 19, The I. burmensis internode has cracked at the level of the exit hole and dangles at the tip of the bamboo shoot. The puparium is still protected by the torn off vascular fibres. 20, The apical part of the I. burmensis-internode has dropped to the ground. The basal stump of the internode remains attached at the tip of the bamboo shoot and harbours the puparium. 21, Longitudinal section of the enlarged basal part of an I. burmensis-internode showing the location of the puparium. b = branch; bb = branch bud; cs = culm sheath; eh = exit hole; ii = I. burmensis-internode; n = node; p = puparium; pbp = predetermined breaking point; sb = sheath blade; vf = vascular fibres; zig = zone of intercalary growth.

Figs. 8–14 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 8–14. Damage of bamboo shoots caused by I. burmensis, and pupariation. 8, Basal part of an I. burmensis internode, early stage of infestation. The culm sheath was removed to show the branch bud, the zone of intercalary growth and the predetermined breaking point of the internode. 9, The apical part of the bamboo shoot has fallen down, but the I. burmensis-internode is still attached to the bamboo shoot. The emerging side branches have pushed away the culm sheath from the internode wall. 10, I. burmensis internode with side branches largely removed in order to show the slit-like exit hole. 11, The I. burmensis-internode has cracked at the level of the exit hole (above the predetermined breaking point). The exposed internode cavity is filled with torn off, compressed vascular fibres, which protect the puparium. 12, The cracked upper part of the I. burmensis-internode has dropped to the ground. The puparium rests inside the stump of the I. burmensis internode at the tip of the bamboo shoot. 13, I. burmensis puparium stuck in the basal part of the internode. The internode was broken at the predetermined breaking point in order to show the protruding puparium. 14, I. burmensis puparium stuck in the upper part of the internode cavity, anterior end on right hand side. as = anterior spiracle; bb = branch bud; cs = culm sheath; eh = exit hole; ii = I. burmensis-internode; p = puparium; pbp = predetermined breaking point; vf = vascular fibres; zig = zone of intercalary growth.