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344 results for “Labour”
Antibiotic production in Streptomyces is organized by a division of labour through terminal genomic differentiation
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The effect of age on non-reproductive division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia cyathiformis
Division of labour among workers (non-reproductive division of labour), a characteristic feature of eusocial insects enables the efficient functioning of their colonies. In many advanced insect societies division of labour is based on age (age polyethism). Primitively eusocial insects however are believed to have a weak age polyethism. Here we investigated the role of age in non-reproductive division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia cyathiformis and compared it with that in Ropalidia marginata, a congeneric species that exhibits relatively strong age polyethism. Age had a significant effect on the first performance of the four tasks studied; tasks were initiated in the sequence feed larva, build, bring food and bring building material. We measured task performance as the absolute frequency of tasks performed (FTP) and the probability of performing a task relative to other tasks (PTP) and age as absolute age in days since eclosion as well as relative age compared to nestmates. FTP varied significantly with both absolute and relative age, although absolute age explained more variance. PTP varied significantly with absolute age but not always with relative age. This is contrary to R. marginata, where more variation is explained by relative age than by absolute age. There was no trade-off between intranidal and extranidal tasks in R. cyathiformis unlike in R. marginata where the frequency of intranidal tasks decreased and that of extranidal tasks increased with age. We conclude that age polyethism is weak and less flexible in R. cyathiformis compared to that in R. marginata.
Dominance behaviour and division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia cyathiformis
<p>Primitively eusocial insects exhibit reproductive division of labour such that one or a small number of individuals monopolize reproduction while the remaining function as non-reproductive workers. They also exhibit non-reproductive division of labour such that some workers primarily perform the extra-nidal tasks of foraging, while others primarily perform the intra-nidal tasks of feeding larvae, building the nest and other nest maintenance activities. In some species queens regulate both reproductive as well as non-reproductive division of labour by means of their dominance behavior toward the workers. Here we show that in the primitively eusocial species <i>R. cyathiformis</i>, (1) the queen shows significantly more aggression towards the potential queen (PQ) than to the rest of the workers; (2) the PQ shows significantly more aggression towards the workers than they show to each other; (3) the activities of the workers such as bringing food and feeding the larvae continue unabated in the absence of the queen; (4) the amount of dominance received by a worker does not predict her rate of foraging; (5) there is a positive correlation between workers' rates of bringing food and the rates at which they themselves feed the larvae. We suggest that while queen (along with PQ) regulates reproductive division of labour, dominance behavior is not used to regulate the non-reproductive activities of the workers such as bringing food and feeding the larvae; these are self-regulated by individual workers by themselves.</p>
Data from: Caste ratio adjustments in response to perceived and realised competition in parasites with division of labour
1. Colonial organisms with division of labour are assumed to achieve increased colony-level efficiency in task performance through functional specialisation of individuals into distinct castes. In social insects, ratios of individuals in different castes can adjust adaptively in response to external threats. However, whether flexibility in caste ratio also occurs in other social organisms with division of labour remains unclear. Some parasitic trematodes, in which clonal colonies within the snail intermediate host comprise a reproductive caste and a soldier caste, offer good systems to test the general nature of adaptive caste ratio adjustments. 2. Using the trematode Philophthalmus sp. as model, we test whether trematode colonies shift their composition toward more soldiers when exposed to a sustained risk of invasion by a competitor parasite species, and/or when experiencing sustained, active competition. We also quantify the colony-level fitness impact of caste ratio adjustments, measured as the colony's output of larval infective stages. 3. We conducted two long-term laboratory experiments on within-snail trematode colonies. First, snails harbouring Philophthalmus colonies were exposed to different levels of invasion risk by another trematode species, Maritrema novaezealandense. Second, the structure of Philophthalmus colonies was quantified after a year-long period of within-snail competition with the other trematode species. 4. When facing the risk of invasion by a competitor, independently of the level of risk, Philophthalmus colonies showed a significant shift toward producing more soldiers, resulting in altered caste ratio. Similarly, when experiencing actual competition by another trematode established in the same snail, Philophthalmus colonies also adjusted by producing significantly more soldiers. Greater investments in defense via more soldiers had negative impacts on the establishment and size of the competitor's colonies. Nevertheless, the presence of the competitor reduced the fitness (output of infective stages) of Philophthalmus colonies, although the production of more soldiers mitigated that effect. 5. Our findings demonstrate that trematode colonies with division of labour are capable of adaptive caste ratio adjustments in response to both the perceived threat of competition, and actual competition, with trade-offs against reproductive success only apparent when soldier numbers are very high. Combined with results on social insects, our study suggests parallel adaptations of colonial organisms in phylogenetically disparate organisms.
Data from: Lipid content influences division of labour in a clonal ant
<p><span><span>The fat body, a major metabolic hub in insects, is involved in many functions, such as energy storage, nutrient sensing, and immune response. In social insects, fat appears to play an additional role in division of labour between egg-layers and workers, which specialize in non-reproductive tasks inside and outside their nest. For instance, reproductives are more resistant to starvation, and changes in fat content have been associated with the transition from inside to outside work or reproductive activities. However, most studies remained correlative and we still need to unravel the causal interrelations between fat content, and division of both reproductive and non-reproductive labour.</span></span><span> Clonal </span>ants, such as <i>Platythyrea punctata</i>, are ideal models for studying task partitioning without confounding variation in genotype and morphology. In this study, we examined the range of variation and flexibility of fat content throughout the lifespan of workers, the thresholds of corpulence associated with foraging or reproduction and whether low fat content is a cause rather than a consequence of the transition to foraging. We found that lipid stores change with division of labour from corpulent to lean and, in reverted nurses, back to corpulent. In addition, our data show the presence of fat content thresholds that trigger the onset of foraging or egg laying behaviour. Our study supports the view that mechanisms that regulate reproduction and foraging in solitary insects, in particular the nutritional status of individuals, have been co-opted to regulate division of labour in colonies of social insects.</p>
China's New Labour Politics
Mark Selden and Jenny Chan. 2016. "China's New Labour Politics." China Policy Institute: Analysis—The Online Journal of the China Policy Institute, University of Nottingham, 20 October.
Global Labour Journal: Editors' Introduction (May 2017)
"Editorial." Global Labour Journal (May) 8(2). Rina Agarwala, Jenny Chan, Alexander Gallas, and Ben Scully
Global Labour Journal, Editors' Introduction (Jan 2015)
2015. "Editors' Introduction." Global Labour Journal (January) 6(1). Rina Agarwala, Jenny Chan, Alexander Gallas, and Ben Scully
Global Labour Journal, Editors' Introduction (Jan 2016)
"Editors' Introduction." Global Labour Journal (January) 6(1). Rina Agarwala, Jenny Chan, Alexander Gallas, and Ben Scully
Data from: Stress and early experience underlie dominance status and division of labour in a clonal insect
Cooperation and division of labour are fundamental in the "major transitions" in evolution. While the factors regulating cell differentiation in multicellular organisms are quite well understood, we are just beginning to unveil the mechanisms underlying individual specialization in cooperative groups of animals. Clonal ants allow studying which factors influence task allocation without confounding variation in genotype and morphology. Here, we subjected larvae and freshly hatched workers of the clonal ant Platythyrea punctata to different rearing conditions and investigated how these manipulations affected division of labour among pairs of oppositely treated, same-aged clonemates. High rearing temperature, physical stress, injury, and malnutrition increased the propensity of individuals to become subordinate foragers rather than dominant reproductives. This is reflected in changed gene regulation: early stages of division of labour were associated with different expression of genes involved in nutrient signalling pathways, metabolism, and the phenotypic response to environmental stimuli. Many of these genes appear to be capable of responding to a broad range of stressors. They might link environmental stimuli to behavioural and phenotypic changes and could therefore be more broadly involved in caste differentiation in social insects. Our experiments also shed light on the causes of behavioural variation among genetically identical individuals.
Labour market perceptions and experiences among Ghanaian–Canadian second-generation youths in the Greater Toronto Area
<p>The study examines the perceptions and experiences of second-generation Ghanaian–Canadian immigrant youths in the Greater Toronto Area labour market and highlights some of the challenges they faced. Specifically, the study explores how some of these youths viewed and expressed their feelings in their process of navigating the labour market as well as the connections between their neighbourhood of residence and their performance in the labour market. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to procure empirical data from youths residing in two localities in the Greater Toronto Area. The participants most frequently identified unemployment or underemployment as the main issues that highlighted the differences between the two study localities and that there were differences between male and females in this respect. The findings indicate that the youths’ performance in the labour market was influenced by a multitude of factors, including inefficient transportation, discrimination, lack of information, and dress code. In addition, the findings shed light on how neighbourhood characteristics influenced employment outcomes.</p>
The Labour Movement's Perspective on Digital Labour: The Case of Turkish Labour Unionists
<p>The Labour Movement's Perspective on Digital Labour (Turkey)</p>
Transperineal Ultrasound to Assess the Progress of Labour
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02430038. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Levobupivacaine for Epidural Analgesia in Labour
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00929682. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Air Versus Saline Solution for the Localization of the Epidural Space in Labour Analgesia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02792933. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Electronic Partograph: A Way of Improving Partograph Use During Labour Monitoring Process in Selected District Hospitals in Bangladesh
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03509103. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
'Extended Balloon Catheter' Labour Induction; a Single Arm Pilot Trial'
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05885087. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Placental Drainage Versus no Placental Drainage After Vaginal Delivery in the Management of Third Stage of Labour
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03542292. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 3.
Comparison of Dural Puncture Epidural Versus Conventional Epidural for Labour Analgesia in Primigravida
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06766812. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 2.
Best Partograph Action Line to Prevent Prolonged Labour
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02911272. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.