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Text-fig. 8. SEM (a, b) and SRXTM (c, d) images of fruit associated with Miranthus elegans and Miranthus kvacekii; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Apical view of capsular fruit with five, partly open valves revealing the enclosed reticulate seeds (arrows). b: Detail of fruit wall showing an enclosed seed (arrow). c: Transverse section (orthoslice xy1200) of fruit showing central column (cc) of placenta and numerous angular and bitegmic seeds; note that the outer integument (black arrow) is thicker than inner integument (white arrow). d: Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1239) of fruit showing perigynous attachment of calyx, central column (cc) of the placenta and sections through seeds. Specimen, Mira 99-S156331 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 µm (a, c, d), 200 µm (b). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 8. SEM (a, b) and SRXTM (c, d) images of fruit associated with Miranthus elegans and Miranthus kvacekii; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Apical view of capsular fruit with five, partly open valves revealing the enclosed reticulate seeds (arrows). b: Detail of fruit wall showing an enclosed seed (arrow). c: Transverse section (orthoslice xy1200) of fruit showing central column (cc) of placenta and numerous angular and bitegmic seeds; note that the outer integument (black arrow) is thicker than inner integument (white arrow). d: Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1239) of fruit showing perigynous attachment of calyx, central column (cc) of the placenta and sections through seeds. Specimen, Mira 99-S156331 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 µm (a, c, d), 200 µm (b).

Text-fig. 3. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Volume renderings of flower bud in two different lateral views showing long pedicel, distinct calyx (ca) with almost equiaxial epidermal cells and corolla (co) with nearly smooth surface. c–e: Transverse sections (c, orthoslice xy1500; d, orthoslice xy1760; e, orthoslice xy1850) through flower bud at levels below the anthers showing stamen filaments (yellow) opposite the corolla lobes (co) and smaller staminodes (orange) in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 3. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Volume renderings of flower bud in two different lateral views showing long pedicel, distinct calyx (ca) with almost equiaxial epidermal cells and corolla (co) with nearly smooth surface. c–e: Transverse sections (c, orthoslice xy1500; d, orthoslice xy1760; e, orthoslice xy1850) through flower bud at levels below the anthers showing stamen filaments (yellow) opposite the corolla lobes (co) and smaller staminodes (orange)

Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d).

Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e).

Text-fig. 2. SEM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Flowers in oblique lateral view showing remains of calyx and slightly semi-inferior ovary with elongated apical style (a); note larger openings in the floral tissue (asterisk) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities and the stomata-like secretory structures on the upper portion of the ovary (arrows) that are interpreted as nectariferous (b). c: Detail of ovary surface showing secretory stomata-like structures (arrows). d: Flower in lateral view showing fragmentary calyx and broken slightly semi-inferior ovary with secretory stomata-like structures; note the point of attachment of the central placenta (pl). e: Cluster of seeds removed from the ovary in (d) showing reticulate surface. f: Outer (abaxial) surface of calyx lobe showing the slightly pointed papillae and scattered, fine trichomes (arrows). g: Triaperturate pollen grains from the ovary surface. Specimens, Mira 100-S153146 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c), Mira 100-S101266 (d, e), Mira 105-S100732 (f), Mira 100-S170125 (g). Scale bars = 600 µm (a, b, d), 300 µm (f), 100 µm (c, e), 10 µm (g). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 2. SEM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Flowers in oblique lateral view showing remains of calyx and slightly semi-inferior ovary with elongated apical style (a); note larger openings in the floral tissue (asterisk) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities and the stomata-like secretory structures on the upper portion of the ovary (arrows) that are interpreted as nectariferous (b). c: Detail of ovary surface showing secretory stomata-like structures (arrows). d: Flower in lateral view showing fragmentary calyx and broken slightly semi-inferior ovary with secretory stomata-like structures; note the point of attachment of the central placenta (pl). e: Cluster of seeds removed from the ovary in (d) showing reticulate surface. f: Outer (abaxial) surface of calyx lobe showing the slightly pointed papillae and scattered, fine trichomes (arrows). g: Triaperturate pollen grains from the ovary surface. Specimens, Mira 100-S153146 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c), Mira 100-S101266 (d, e), Mira 105-S100732 (f), Mira 100-S170125 (g). Scale bars = 600 µm (a, b, d), 300 µm (f), 100 µm (c, e), 10 µm (g).

Text-fig. 1. SEM images of flowers of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Flowers in lateral view showing elongated pedicel, narrowly triangular sepals and elongated protruding style (a); note the large openings in the floral tissue and pedicel (asterisks) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. c: Flower in lateral view with portion of the calyx missing exposing the ovary wall and slightly raised nectariferous ring with probable stomata-like secretory structures (arrow). d: Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and three of the five tepals; note the elongated narrowly triangular form of the sepals. e: Flower in oblique lateral view with portion of the calyx missing exposing the ovary and elongated style. f, g: Flowers in apical view showing the bases of five sepals (f) and apex of the five-parted ovary; note larger openings in the floral tissue (asterisk) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. Specimens, Mira 100-S170155 (a, holotype), Mira 100-S153145 (b, c, g), Mira 100- S101267 (d), Mira 105-S100732 (e), Mira 100-S101268 (f). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–g). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 1. SEM images of flowers of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Flowers in lateral view showing elongated pedicel, narrowly triangular sepals and elongated protruding style (a); note the large openings in the floral tissue and pedicel (asterisks) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. c: Flower in lateral view with portion of the calyx missing exposing the ovary wall and slightly raised nectariferous ring with probable stomata-like secretory structures (arrow). d: Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and three of the five tepals; note the elongated narrowly triangular form of the sepals. e: Flower in oblique lateral view with portion of the calyx missing exposing the ovary and elongated style. f, g: Flowers in apical view showing the bases of five sepals (f) and apex of the five-parted ovary; note larger openings in the floral tissue (asterisk) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. Specimens, Mira 100-S170155 (a, holotype), Mira 100-S153145 (b, c, g), Mira 100- S101267 (d), Mira 105-S100732 (e), Mira 100-S101268 (f). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–g).

Figure 60. Triangulum thutai Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 60. Triangulum thutai Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42704Fo), left palp, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 54. Burmatheridon cetani Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 54. Burmatheridon cetani Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42702Fo), left palp, ventral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 50. Palpalpaculla phyui Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 50. Palpalpaculla phyui Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42701Fo), habitus. A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view. Scale bars = 0.50 mm.

Figure 53. Burmatheridon cetani Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 53. Burmatheridon cetani Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42702Fo), habitus. A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view. Scale bars = 0.50 mm.

Figure 47. Cymbioblemma ohnmari Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 47. Cymbioblemma ohnmari Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42700Fo). A–B. Habitus (A. Ventral view; B. Dorsal view); C. Ocular area, dorsal view, arrows point at apophyses on carapace; D. Spinnerets, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.50 mm; C–D = 0.05 mm.

Figure 57. Cretotheridion champoi Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 57. Cretotheridion champoi Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42703Fo), right palp, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 52. Burmatheridon cetani Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 52. Burmatheridon cetani Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42702Fo). A–B. Right palp (A. Retrolateral view; B. Ventral view); C–D. Left palp (C. Ventral view; D. Retrolateral view). Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figure 43. Bicornoculus yarzari Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 43. Bicornoculus yarzari Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42699Fo). A. Right palp, dorsal view; B. Left palp, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figure 42. Bicornoculus wunnai Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 42. Bicornoculus wunnai Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42698Fo), left palp, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.

Figure 38. Bicornoculus aungi Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 38. Bicornoculus aungi Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42697Fo). A–B. Habitus (A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view); C–D. Ocular area (C. Apical view; D. Dorsal view). Scale bars: A–B = 0.50 mm; C–D = 0.05 mm.

Figure 40. Bicornoculus wunnai Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 40. Bicornoculus wunnai Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42698Fo). A. Right palp, dorsal view; B. Left palp, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figure 33. Priscaleclercera thanae Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 33. Priscaleclercera thanae Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42694Fo), right palp, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.

Figure 36. Priscaleclercera thaungi Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 36. Priscaleclercera thaungi Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42696Fo), right palp, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 35. Priscaleclercera thaungi Jiang & Li in Twenty new spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from Late Cretaceous Kachin amber (Myanmar)

Figure 35. Priscaleclercera thaungi Jiang & Li, sp. nov., holotype male (IZCAS-Ar42696Fo), habitus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.50 mm.