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1,719 results for “Making”
Code and data for: The evolution of ontogenetic decision-making in the wood of a clade of tropical plants
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A decision-making framework to maximize the evolutionary potential of populations: Genetic and genomic insights from the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) at its range limits
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Data from: Making better use of tracking data can reveal the spatiotemporal and intraspecific variability of species distributions
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Macrosystems EDDIE Module 8: Using Ecological Forecasts to Guide Decision-Making (Instructor Materials)
Because of increased variability in populations, communities, and ecosystems due to land use and climate change, there is a pressing need to know the future state of ecological systems across space and time. Ecological forecasting is an emerging approach which provides an estimate of the future state of an ecological system with uncertainty, allowing society to preemptively prepare for fluctuations in important ecosystem services. However, forecasts must be effectively designed and communicated to those who need them to make decisions in order to realize their potential for protecting natural resources. In this module, students will explore real ecological forecast visualizations, identify ways to represent uncertainty, make management decisions using forecast visualizations, and learn decision support techniques. Lastly, students customize a forecast visualization for a specific stakeholder's decision needs. The overarching goal of this module is for students to understand how forecasts are connected to decision-making of stakeholders, or the managers, policy-makers, and other members of society who use forecasts to inform decision-making. The A-B-C structure of this module makes it flexible and adaptable to a range of student levels and course structures. This EDI data package contains instructional materials and the files necessary to teach the module. Readers are referred to the Zenodo data package (Woelmer et al. 2022; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7074674) for the R Shiny application code needed to run the module locally.
Data for Avolio et al. Making sense of multivariate community responses in global change experiments
Ecological communities are being impacted by global change worldwide. Experiments are a powerful tool to understand how global change will impact communities by comparing control and treatment replicates. Communities consist of multiple species and their associated abundances making multivariate methods a powerful approach to studying community compositional differences between control and treated replicates. Dissimilarity metrics are a commonly employed multivariate measure of compositional differences; however, while highly informative, dissimilarity metrics do not elucidate the specific ways in which communities differ. Integrating two multivariate methods, dissimilarity metrics and rank abundance curves has the potential to detect complex differences based on dissimilarity metrics and detail the how these differences came about through differences in richness, evenness, species ranks, or species identity. Here we use a database of 106 global change experiments located in herbaceous ecosystems and explore how patterns of ordinations based on dissimilarity metrics relate to rank abundance-curve based differences. We find that combining dissimilarity metrics alongside rank abundance curve-based measures clarify how global change treatments are altering communities. We find that when there is no difference in community composition (no distance between centroids of control and treated replicates), there are rarely differences in species ranks or species identities and more often differences in richness or evenness alone. In contrast, when there are differences between centroids of control and treated replicates, this is most often associated with differences in ranks either alone or co-occurring with differences in richness, evenness, or species identities. We suggest that integrating these two multivariate measures of community composition results in a deeper understanding of how global change impacts communities.
Making Nd3+ a Sensitive Luminescent Thermometer for Physiological Temperatures — An Account of Pitfalls in Boltzmann Thermometry
<p> Dataset accompanying figures published in the publication DOI: 10.3390/nano10030543</p>
Fig. 1 in The giant resin bee making its way west: First record in Kansas (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Fig. 1. Female of Megachile sculpturalis Smith captured in northeastern Kansas, USA.
Data from: Do people imitate when making decisions? - evidence from a spatial prisoners dilemma experiment
How do people decide which action to take? This question is best answered using Game Theory, which has proposed a series of decision mechanisms that people potentially use. In network simulations, wherein games are repeated and payoff differences can be observed, those mechanisms rely often on imitation of successful behavior. Surprisingly, little to no evidence has been provided about whether, how and what people actually use to alter their actions in that context. By comparing two experimental treatments wherein participants play in a network the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game, we aim to answer whether more successful actions are imitated. Whereas in the first treatment, participants have the possibility to use payoff differences in making their decision, the second treatment hinders such imitation as no information about the gains is provided. If imitation of the more successful plays a role then there should be a difference in how players switch from cooperation to defection between both treatments. Although, cooperation and payoff levels appear not to be significantly different between both treatments, detailed analysis shows that there are behavioral differences: When confronted with a more successful co-player, the focal player will imitate that behavior as the switching is related to the experienced payoff inequality.
Decision making in slow and rapid reaching: Sacrificing success to minimize effort
<p>Datasets associated with the following publication:</p> <p>Hesse, C., Kangur, K., & Hunt, A. (2020). Decision making in slow and rapid reaching: Sacrificing success to minimize effort. Cognition</p> <p>The folder contains data files for each of the Experiments as presented in the article. There is a separate description file providing further relevant information for the data files uploaded for each experiment.</p> <p>For further questions, please contact:<br> c.hesse[at]abdn.ac.uk</p>
Heat and water loss vs shelter: a dilemma in thermoregulatory decision-making for a retreat-dwelling nocturnal gecko
<p>Understanding the interaction between upper voluntary thermal limit (VT<sub>max</sub>) and water loss may aid in predicting responses of ectotherms to increasing temperatures within microhabitats. However, the temperature (VT<sub>max</sub>) at which climate heating will force cool-climate, nocturnal lizards to abandon daytime retreats remains poorly known. Here, we developed a new laboratory protocol for determining VT<sub>max</sub> in the retreat-dwelling, viviparous <i>Woodworthia</i> Otago/Southland gecko, based on escape behaviour (abandonment of heated retreat). We compared the body temperature (T<sub>b</sub>) at VT<sub>max</sub>, and duration of heating, between two source groups with different thermal histories, and among three reproductive groups. We also examined continuous changes in T<sub>b</sub> (via an attached biologger) and total evaporative water loss (EWL) during heating. In the field, we measured T<sub>b</sub> and microhabitat thermal profiles to establish whether geckos reach VT<sub>max</sub> in nature. We found that VT<sub>max</sub> and duration of heating varied between source groups (and thus potentially with prior thermal experience), but not among reproductive groups. Moreover, geckos reached a peak temperature slightly higher than VT<sub>max</sub> before abandoning the retreat. Total EWL increased with increasing VT<sub>max</sub> and with the duration of heating. In the field, pregnant geckos with attached biologgers reached VT<sub>max</sub> temperature, and temperatures of some separately monitored microhabitats exceeded VT<sub>max</sub> in hot weather implying that some retreats must be abandoned to avoid overheating. Our results suggest that cool-climate nocturnal lizards that inhabit daytime retreats may abandon retreats more frequently if climate warming persists, implying a trade-off between retention of originally occupied shelter and ongoing water loss due to overheating.</p>
Data from: Why time-limited individuals can make populations more vulnerable to disturbance
Individual variation in disturbance vulnerability (i.e. the likelihood that disturbance negatively affects an individual's fitness) can affect how disturbance impacts animal populations, as even at low disturbance levels some individuals could be severely affected and die. Individual variation in vulnerability can arise due to different responses to disturbance. We propose a new hypothesis that even when individuals respond similarly to disturbance, time-limited individuals are more at risk that their condition deteriorates since they have limited ability to extend their foraging time to compensate for disturbance. We investigate this 'time-limitation hypothesis' both empirically and mathematically by studying how individuals that differ in their average foraging time (presumably due to differences in foraging efficiency) are affected by disturbance. We used tracking data of 22 wintering Eurasian oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus to compare time budgets between disturbed and undisturbed tidal periods. In three tidal periods with severe disturbance by transport airplane, more than a third of the variation in additional flight time and foraging time loss was explained by individual differences. Inefficient individuals that foraged longer in undisturbed tidal periods experienced higher costs in disturbed tidal periods, since they lost more foraging time. We next used an analytical energy balance model to study how time-limited individuals differed in their maximum disturbance thresholds. Both our theoretical model and empirical study suggest that inefficient individuals in a time-limited environment may be unable to increase their foraging time to compensate for the effects of disturbance. Consequently, the magnitude of individual variation in time budgets strongly determines what proportion of the population is at risk that their condition deteriorates due to disturbance. Our hypothesis implies that, when assessing disturbance effects on a population, it is not only important to consider individual variation in disturbance responses, but also variation in time budgets that determine the consequences of disturbance.
Data from: Making Brexit work for the environment and livelihoods: delivering a stakeholder informed vision for agriculture and fisheries
1. The UK's decision to leave the EU has far-reaching implications for agriculture and fisheries. To ensure the future sustainability of UK agricultural and fisheries systems, we argue that it is essential to grasp the opportunity that Brexit is providing to develop integrated policies that improve the management and protection of the natural environments, upon which these industries rely. 2. This article advances a stakeholder informed vision of the future design of UK agriculture and fisheries policies. We assess how currently emerging UK policy will need to be adapted in order to implement this vision. Our starting point is that Brexit provides the opportunity to redesign current unsustainable practices and can in principle deliver a sustainable future for agriculture and fisheries. 3. Underpinning policies with an ecosystem approach, with explicit inclusion of public goods provision, and social welfare equity were found to be central to the success of this endeavour. Recognition of the needs of, and innovative practices in, the devolved UK nations is also required as the new policy and regulatory landscape is established. 4. Achieving our proposed vision will necessitate drawing on best practice and creating more coherent and integrated food, environment and rural and coastal economy policies. Sustainable prosperity should and can form the core of future post-Brexit environmental policy thinking and our findings demonstrate the "bottom-up" and co-production approaches that will be key to the development of more environmentally sustainable agricultural and fisheries policies.
Endothermy makes fishes faster but does not expand their thermal niche
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">1. Regional endothermy has evolved several times in marine fishes, and two competing hypotheses are generally proposed to explain the evolutionary drivers behind this trait: thermal niche expansion and elevated cruising speeds. Evidence to support either hypothesis is equivocal, and the ecological advantages conferred by endothermy in fishes remain debated.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">2. By compiling published biologging data and collecting precise speed measurements from free-swimming fishes in the wild, we directly test whether endothermic fishes encounter broader temperature ranges, swim faster, or both. Our analyses avoid several complications associated with earlier tests of these hypotheses, as we use precise measurements of the thermal experience and speed of individual fish.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">3. Phylogenetically-informed analyses of 89 studies reporting temperature ranges encountered by tagged fishes reveal that endotherms do not encounter broader temperature ranges than their ectothermic counterparts. In contrast, speed measurements from 45 individuals (16 species, of which 4 were regional endotherms) show that endothermic fishes cruise ~ 1.6 times faster than ectotherms, after accounting for the influence of body temperature and body mass on speed.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">4. Our study shows that regionally endothermic fishes – those with the ability to conserve metabolically derived heat through vascular countercurrent heat exchangers and elevate the temperature of internal tissues – swim at elevated cruising speeds, although not as fast as previously thought. Contrary to previous studies of endothermy's role in thermal niche expansion, our results suggest the significance of endothermy in fishes lies in the advantages it confers to swimming performance rather than facilitating occupation of broader thermal niches. Given speed's major influence on metabolic rate, our updated speed estimates imply endotherms have lower routine energy requirements than current estimates.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">5. Our findings shed light on the evolutionary drivers of regional endothermy in fishes and question the view that the trait confers resilience to climate change through broader thermal tolerance than that of ectotherms.</p>
Data from: Incorporating herders' knowledge and ecosystem-based adaptation strategies in local decision-making
<p class="CxSpFirst"> 1. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) relies upon the capacity of ecosystems to buffer communities against the adverse impacts of climate change. Maintaining ecosystems that deliver critical services to communities can also provide co-benefits beyond adaptation, such as climate mitigation and protection of biological diversity and livelihoods. EbA has to a limited extent drawn upon indigenous-and local knowledge (ILK) for defining critical services and for implementing EbA in decision-making. This is a paradox given that the primary focus of EbA is to enable communities to adapt to climate change.<br> 2. The purpose of this study was to elucidate EbA strategies that take into account the knowledge of Sámi reindeer herders about pastures in tundra regions. We first examined what constitutes critical services as perceived by Sámi reindeer herders through a synthesis of data and literature. We thereafter used content analysis of 91 land use cases from 2010-2018 to investigate to what extent the herders' knowledge and maps over seasonal pastures and migratory routes are used in local decision-making. Finally, we propose EbA strategies of relevance to Sámi communities and pastoral communities elsewhere.<br> 3. Our analysis revealed that reindeer herders and organizations representing their interests perceived threats from green energy development, tourism, recreation, public road construction and powerlines. These threats included the loss of key habitats and the loss of connectivity for migration between seasonal pastures. Herders' knowledge is incorporated through participatory tools to protect the ecosystems and services crucial for herders, but multiple competing land uses result in incremental loss of pastures regardless. <br> 4. Synthesis and application. Pastoralists need access to diverse resources on seasonal pastures and the ability to move between pastures when snow, ice, rainfall and the timing of critical service supplies changes. Drawing on herders' knowledge to elicit EbA strategies is vital for buffering the adverse effects of climate change. EbA that incorporates indigenous perspectives cannot purely rely on co-benefit approaches. Fundamental trade-offs exist between adaptation needs and other land uses, such as infrastructure, tourism and green energy development</p>
Data from: Acoustically advertising male harbour seals in southeast Alaska do not make biologically relevant acoustic adjustments in the presence of vessel noise
Aquatically breeding harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) males use underwater vocalizations during the breeding season to establish underwater territories, defend territories against intruder males, and possibly to attract females. Vessel noise overlaps in frequency with these vocalizations and could negatively impact breeding success by limiting communication space. In this study we investigated whether harbour seals employed anti-masking strategies to maintain communication in the presence of vessel noise in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Harbour seals in this location did not sufficiently adjust source levels or acoustic parameters of vocalizations to compensate for acoustic masking. Instead, for every 1 dB increase in ambient noise, signal excess decreased by 0.84 dB, indicating a reduction in communication space when vessels passed. We suggest that harbour seals may already be acoustically advertising at or near a biologically maximal sound level, and therefore lack the ability to increase call amplitude to adjust to changes in their acoustic environment. This may have significant implications for this aquatically breeding pinniped, particularly for populations in high noise regions.
Data from: Statistically testing the role of individual learning and decision-making in trapline foraging
Trapline foraging, a behavior consisting of repeated visitation to spatially fixed resources in a predictable sequence, has been observed over diverse taxa and is important ecologically for efficient resource gathering. Despite this, few null models exist to test the significance of suspected traplines, particularly for studies interested in the role of individual decision-making in the formation of traplines versus the role of resource layouts and random movement patterns. Here we present a spatially explicit, individual-based null model, which may be used to test whether resource layout and realistic forager movement may account for sequence repeats in suspected traplines. In our model, we generate resource visitation sequences by modeling a forager without spatial memory using a random walk to discover and visit spatially-fixed resources. We quantify traplining using Determinism, a metric derived from recurrence quantification analysis. Using both simulated and empirical bee foraging data, we compared our model with two existing null models—a completely random model and a sample randomization model. The former creates null sequences by randomly selecting available resources, while the latter randomizes the order of visits in observed sequences. We found that our model has a higher propensity of being (correctly) rejected than a sample randomization model for trapliners, and a lower propensity of being (incorrectly) rejected for non-trapliners compared to a completely random model. The use of a spatially explicit individual-based null model to test the statistical significance of patterns in empirical data is a novel approach that may be useful for other spatial and individual-based processes.
Data from: Interspecific variation in conspecific negative density dependence can make species less likely to coexist
Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) is thought to promote plant species diversity. Theoretical studies showing the importance of CNDD often assumed that all species are equally susceptible to CNDD; however, recent empirical studies have shown species can differ greatly in their susceptibility to CNDD. Using a theoretical model, we show that interspecific variation in CNDD can dramatically alter its impact on diversity. First, if the most common species are the least regulated by CNDD, then the stabilising benefit of CNDD is reduced. Second, when seed dispersal is limited, seedlings that are susceptible to CNDD are at a competitive disadvantage. When parameterised with estimates of CNDD from a tropical tree community in Panama, our model suggests that the competitive inequalities caused by interspecific variation in CNDD may undermine many species' ability to persist. Thus, our model suggests that variable CNDD may make communities less stable, rather than more stable.
Device for making powder in starch capsules
ID no.: KGZ 863 Time of creation: 19th/20th century Museum: The Museum of Pharmacy at the Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/1971 Digitalisation: RDW MIC, Virtual Małopolska project Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
A device for making candles
Inventory number: MT-E/3591/a-c District Museum in Tarnów https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/1333 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Stone mould for making butter lambs
ID no.: MAK/S/197/7 Archaeological Museum in Kraków https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/1563 Digitalisation: RDW MIC, Virtual Małopolska project Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.