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Fig. 27 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 27. Anterior views of left petrosals of Cervus elaphus (UC-MVZ 134134) (Ruminantia, Cervidae), Odocoileus virginianus (SB MAR 20) (Ruminantia, Cervidae), and Giraffa camelopardalis (UC-MVZ 55146) (Ruminantia, Giraffidae). Ventrolateral surfaces are gray.

Fig. 8 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 8. Anterior views of left petrosals of †Protungulatum sp. (AMNH-VP 118359), Tragulus napu (AMNH-M 102872) (Ruminantia, Tragulidae), and †Leptomeryx sp. (AMNH-VP 53786) (Ruminantia, †Leptomerycidae). Gray indicates ventrolateral surface. Damaged areas are hatched.

Fig. 26 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 26. Ventromedial views of left petrosals of Cervus elaphus (UC-MVZ 134134) (Ruminantia, Cervidae), Odocoileus virginianus (SB MAR 20) (Ruminantia, Cervidae), and Giraffa camelopardalis (UC- MVZ 55146) (Ruminantia, Giraffidae). Dorsomedial and ventrolateral surfaces are gray.

Fig. 7 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 7. Ventromedial views of left petrosals of †Protungulatum sp. (AMNH-VP 118359), Tragulus napu (AMNH-M 102872) (Ruminantia, Tragulidae), and †Leptomeryx sp. (AMNH-VP 53786) (Ruminantia, †Leptomerycidae). Dorsomedial and ventrolateral surfaces are gray.

Fig. 6 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 6. Dorsolateral views of left petrosals of †Protungulatum sp. (AMNH-VP 118359) Tragulus napu (AMNH-M 102872) (Ruminantia, Tragulidae), and †Leptomeryx sp. (AMNH-VP 53786) (Ruminantia, †Leptomerycidae). Dorsomedial and ventrolateral surfaces are gray.

Fig. 5 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 5. Dorsomedial (cerebellar) views of left petrosal of †Protungulatum sp. (AMNH-VP 118359). Illustration above, CT scan below. Scale 5 1 cm.

Fig. 1 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 1. Strict consensus of 20 most parsimonious trees from the combined data analysis of molecular and phenotypic data of Spaulding et al. (2009). Gray taxa are extant; black taxa are extinct. Crown clades and two wholly extinct clades are indicated with brackets.

Fig. 2 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 2. Petrosals in situ in several artiodactylans. A. Dorsal view of skull of Antilocapra americana with posterior part of calvarium removed to illustrate the in situ orientation of the petrosal (right and left petrosals in situ; left petrosal outlined with dashes). The surface with the internal acoustic meatus is

Fig. 3 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 3. Ventrolateral (tympanic) views of left petrosal of †Protungulatum sp. (AMNH-VP 118359). Scale 5 1 cm. Damaged areas are hatched. Illustration above, CT scan below.

Fig. 16 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives

Fig. 16. Ventromedial views of left petrosals of Antilocapra americana (UC-MVZ 96100) (Ruminantia, Antilocapridae), Bos taurus (SB MAR 14) (Ruminantia, Bovidae), and Ovis aries (SB MAR 30) (Ruminantia, Bovidae). Dorsomedial and ventrolateral surfaces are gray. Damaged areas are hatched.

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FIG. 3 in Nouvelles faunes de rongeurs (Mammalia, Rodentia) d'âge miocène moyen en Languedoc-Roussillon (Sud de la France) ; biostratigraphie et corrélations

FIG. 3. — Biochronologie des gisements du Miocène moyen en Languedoc-Roussillon et corrélations avec les sites de la région lyonnaise. B.K.S.A., Berggren, Kent, Swisher, Aubry.

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FIG. 1 in Hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae) du Miocène supérieur et du Pliocène de Salonique (Grèce), collection Arambourg et Puyhaubert (MNHN, Paris)

FIG. 1. — « Ratiodiagrams » des crânes de Salonique d'après les mesures données dans le Tableau 1 comparés à ceux d'Hipparion mediterraneum de Pikermi. O-PM2, distance entre le bord antérieur de l'orbite et le bord antérieur de la deuxième prémolaire; 1, longueur du museau; 2, longueur du palais; 9, longueur (alvéolaire) de la série dentaire supérieure; 15, largeur du museau en arrière des troisièmes incisives; 30, longueur de l'échancrure naso-incisive; 31, longueur jugale; 32, distance entre l'orbite et la fosse pré-orbitaire (= BPO).

FIG. 12 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 12. Optimizations of selected sesamoids that were apparently lost independently in at least two bat lineages; red indicates presence of the sesamoid in a taxon or clade, blue indicates absence, and gray indicates ambiguity. The topology corresponds to the tree shown in figure 3.

FIG. 10 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 10. Optimizations of selected sesamoids found to be present in just one terminal taxon; red indicates presence of the sesamoid in a taxon, blue indicates absence, and gray indicates ambiguity. The topology corresponds to the tree shown in figure 3.

FIG. 6 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 6. Selected sesamoids in the hind limb and tail of various extant species. A. Left joint between pelvic girdle and femur of Carollia perspicillata (dorsal view). B. Right knee of Eptesicus furinalis (tibial). C. Left knee of Tadarida brasiliensis (fibular). D. Left knee of Sturnira lilium (tibial).

FIG. 4 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 4. Selected sesamoids in the forelimb of various extant species. A. Left shoulder of Dasypterus ega (dorsal view). B. Left elbow of Molossops temminkii (dorsal). C. Left elbow of Tadarida brasiliensis (ventral). D. Right carpus of Eptesicus furinalis (dorsal).

FIG. 3 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 3. Phylogeny used in the optimization analysis of sesamoid characters follows relationships proposed by Simmons et al. (2008; extinct taxa indicated with a dagger) and Amador et al. (2018; extant taxa). Species represented in our dataset exclusively by data from autopodial sesamoids compiled from prior studies are indicated with an asterisk (*).

FIG. 2 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 2. Eocene bat fossils: Icaronycteris index YPM-PU 18150 showing some of the preserved sesamoids, highlighted with red lines. A. Left elbow (dorsal view). B. Left carpus (dorsal). C. Right tarsus (ventral-preaxial). D. Left knee (fibular). E. Right foot (ventral). F. Sequence of caudal vertebrae (dorsal).

FIG. 7 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 7. Selected sesamoids in the hind limb and tail of various extant species. A. Right tarsus of Dasypterus ega (dorsal). B. Right autopodium of Artibeus planirostris (dorsal). C. Right autopodium of Eptesicus furinalis (ventral). D. Caudal vertebrae of E. furinalis (dorsal).

FIG. 1 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 1. Eocene bat fossils: Onychonycteris finneyi AMNH 142467 showing some of the preserved sesamoids, highlighted with red lines. A. Left elbow (dorsal view). B. Left carpus (ventral-preaxial). C. Left knee (tibial). D. Right foot (dorsal).