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FIGURE 28 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 28. Comparison of femora of Dryolimnas cuvieri with D. chekei nov. sp., caudal aspect. A. UMZC 300AA3 †Dryolimnas chekei u/s; B. NHMUK 1910.4.8.1 †D. c. abbotti u/s; C. NHMUK S/1989.38.1 D. c. aldabranus ♂; D. NHMUK 1882.2.28.2 D. c. cuvieri u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

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FIGURES 9–18 in Mascarapion, a new genus of the Apioninae (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) from the Mascarene Islands

FIGURES 9–18. Pronotum and elytral base: 9) Mascarapion roudieri; 10) M. richardi. 11) M. roudieri, female, underside of rostrum, SEM micrograph (scale bar 0.2 mm). 12–14. Male pygidium: 12) M. richardi, dorsal view; 13) same, lateral view; 14) M. roudieri, posterodorsal view. 15) M. richardi, sternite 8. 16–17. M. roudieri, female: 16) ovipositor; 17) spermatheca. 18) M. roudieri, male, metathoracic wing.

FIGURE 31 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 31. Comparison of the skins, dorsal view above, ventral view below, of Dryolimnas cuvieri. From left to right: D. c. cuvieri MNHN-Zo-2011-535 ♀ holotype; D. c. cuvieri NHMUK 1931.8.18.1000 ♂; D. c. cuvieri NHMUK 1931.8.18.999 ♀; D. c. aldabranus NHMUK 1968.43.102 ♂; D. c. aldabranus NHMUK 1906.12.21.143 ♀; †D. c. abbotti NHMUK 1906.12.21.140 ♂; †D. c. abbotti NHMUK 1906.12.21.141 ♀.

FIGURE 30 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 30. Comparison of tarsometatarsi of Dryolimnas cuvieri and Gallinula chloropus with D. chekei nov. sp., (above) dor- sal aspect, (below) plantar aspect. A. UMZC 593B u/s, B. UMZC 300AA5 †Dryolimnas chekei u/s; C. NHMUK 1897.5.10.47 D. c. cuvieri u/s; D. NHMUK 1910.4.8.1 †D. c. abbotti u/s; E. NHMUK S/1989.38.1 D. c. aldabranus ♂; F. NHMUK S/1977.23.1 Gallinula chloropus u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 24 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 24. Selected post-cranial bones of Erythromachus leguati exhibiting extreme sexual size dimorphism in this species. Clockwise from top: humerus, tarsometatarsus, tibiotarsus, and femur.

FIGURE 23. FIGURE 23a in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 23. FIGURE 23a (left). Post-cranial skeleton of Erythromachus leguati showing the proportions of the limbs; from left to right, femur; tibiotarsus; fibula; tarsometatarsus; coracoid; humerus (right and left); ulna; radius (right and left); car- pometacarpus; FIGURE 23b (right). Juvenile ulna (top right) and distal tarsometatarsus (bottom left) compared with an adult.

FIGURE 19. A in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 19. A stuffed specimen of Aphanapteryx bonasia painted by Jacob Hoefnagel c.1610. This is the only unequivocal colour depiction (From Frauenfeld 1868).

FIGURE 20 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 20. Three contemporary images of Aphanapteryx bonasia: (above) from van den Broecke (1646) in 1617, Aphana- pteryx (right) with dodo and goat; (below left) from Herbert (1634) in 1629, Aphanapteryx (centre) with Broad-billed Parrot Lophopsittacus mauritianus and dodo; (below right) from Mundy (in Temple 1919) in 1634.

FIGURE 32 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 32. Comparison of rostra of Fulica newtonii with rostrum on cranium of F. atra, (above) dorsal view, (below) lateral view. A. B. UMZC 298a Fulica atra u/s; C. D. UMZC 298.aa F. newtonii u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 18. A in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 18. A freshly killed specimen of Aphanapteryx bonasia drawn in 1601 by Joris Joostenszoon Laerle during the voyage of the flagship Gelderland (From Hume 2003).

FIGURE 10 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 10. Comparison of humeri (caudal aspect, left side) of Mascarene rails, A. UMZC 579 Aphanapteryx bonasia u/s; B. NHMUK u/r Erythromachus leguati u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 14 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 14. Comparison of pelves (dorsal aspect) of Mascarene rails, A. UMZC 303BB Aphanapteryx bonasia u/s; B. UMZC 303c Erythromachus leguati u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 9. Comparison of sterna, lateral aspect (left), ventral aspect (right) of Mascarene rails, A. C. UMZC 303BB Aphanapteryx bonasia u/s; B. D. NHMUK u/r Erythromachus leguati u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 8. Comparison of coracoids (ventral aspect, right side) of Mascarene rails with Dryolimnas, A. FLMR 1081 Aphanapteryx bonasia u/s; B. NHMUK u/r Erythromachus leguati u/s; C. NHMUK 1882.2.28.2 Dryolimnas cuvieri cuvieri u/s; D. NHMUK S/1989.38.1 D. c. aldabranus ♂; E. NHMUK 1910.4.8.1 D. c. abbotti u/s. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 5. An almost complete, associated skeleton of Aphanapteryx bonasia (MI 923) collected by Etienne Thirioux in September 1899 in the Vallée des Prêtres, Moka Range, mid-west Mauritius. Scale bar = 200 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Systematics, morphology and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species

FIGURE 3. Detail of Réunion and original vegetation, showing the place names mentioned in the text (adapted from Cheke & Hume 2008).

FIGURE 40. Parmotrema subisidiosum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 40. Parmotrema subisidiosum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3962); D: Upper surface of isidiate lobe conspicuously reticulate white-maculate, and with cylindrical, ± coralloid-branched isidia (Masson 974.3931). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 8 mm; D = 2 mm.

FIGURE 41. Parmotrema tinctorum. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 41. Parmotrema tinctorum. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system), lemon-yellow cells = specimens examined, pale yellow cells with a cross = specimens not examined; B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Part of thallus showing the eciliate lobe margins (Masson 974.5078); D: Isidiate lobe with coralloid-branched and eciliate isidia (Masson 974.4767). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 10 mm; D = 2 mm.

FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 42. Parmotrema udisilvestre. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Submarginal soralia arising from pustule-like swellings or forming from disintegration of the upper cortex of ± revolute lobe (holotype); D: Sorediate lobe with fragile, cracking and flaking upper cortex (Masson 974.4959); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.4833). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 2 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 8 mm.

FIGURE 39. Parmotrema subdeflectens. A in Small island but great diversity: thirty six species of Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), including sixteen new species, on Réunion (Mascarenes), with additional data from the Western Indian Ocean

FIGURE 39. Parmotrema subdeflectens. A: Distribution on Réunion (UTM 2×2 km grid system); B: Bioclimatic characteristics of collection sites (abbreviations and threshold values for thermotype and ombrotype horizons from Rivas-Martínez et al. 2011: 17–18); C: Sorediate lobes with marginal and often branched cilia, and terminal labriform or subcapitate soralia on very short laciniae (holotype); D: Sorediate lobes with marginal and ± linear labriform soralia (Masson 974.3946); E: Gross morphology of thallus (Masson 974.3946). Scale bars: A = 10 km; C = 4 mm; D = 3 mm; E = 10 mm.