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Fig. 11 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 11. Stenoscismatoid brachiopod Coledium bruntoni sp. nov. from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Complete shell, holotype PKUM02−0426, in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views. B. Somewhat deformed ventral valve, PKUM02−0427, exterior (B1) and interior (B2); note the recurved postero−lateral valve margins (arrowed). C. Shell, PKUM02−0428, in lateral (C1) and dorsal (C2) views showing development of spurs (arrowed). D. Exterior of incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0429. E. Slightly damaged shell, PKUM02−0430, in dorsal view. F. Interior of the dorsal valve (F1) and enlargement (F2) showing camarophorium, PKUM02−0431. G. Exterior of incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0432. Sample MH1. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 26. Spiriferide brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A–J in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 26. Spiriferide brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A–J. Parallelora sp. A. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0516, in exterior (A1), interior (A2), and inclined interior (A3) views. B. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0517, in exterior (B1) and interior (B2) views, and enlargement of cardinalia (B3). C. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0518, in exterior (C1), interior (C2), and enlarged exterior (C3) views showing surface micro−ornamentation. D. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0519, in exterior (D1), interior (D2), and posterior (D3) views. E. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02− 0520, in exterior (E1) and interior (E2) views, and enlarged posterior region (E3). F. Interior of incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0521, showing partly preserved muscle scars. G. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0522, in exterior (G1) and interior (G2) views. H. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0523, in posterior (H1; showing subrectangular interarea), fragmentary interior (H2; showing denticulate hinge line), and exterior (H3) views. I. Incomplete ventral valve, ZPAL V.XXVI/71, in exterior (I1), interior (I2), and posterior (I3) views. J. Interior of incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0524, showing accessory denticulation. K. Finospirifer sp., incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0525, in anterior (K1) and exterior (K2) views. L. Spirifer (Mesochorispira) sp., exterior of incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0526; note numerous ctenostomate borings. Samples GB (A–H, J, K), GT (I), and MH1 (L).

Fig. 10 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 10. Pugnacoid brachiopod Leiorhynchoidea? sp. from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A, B. Two isolated dorsal valves, PKUM02−0422 (A) and PKUM02−0423 (B), in exterior (A1, B1) and interior (A2, B2) views. C. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0424, in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D. Almost complete shell, PKUM02− 0425, in dorsal view. Sample MH2.

Fig. 29 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 29. Strophopleurid brachiopod Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Complete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0542, in exterior (A1), interior (A2), posterior (A3), and anterior (A4) views. B. Complete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0543, in exterior (B1), lateral (B2), posterior (B3), and anterior (B4) views. C. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0544, showing exterior (C1), interior (C2), enlarged right half of the valve (C3), and enlargement of surface ornamentation (C4); note distinct growth lamellae on C3 showing development of the cardinal extremities during ontogeny. D. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0545, in exterior (D1) and posterior (D2) views. E. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0546, in exterior (E1), lateral (E2), and posterior (E3) views. F. Interior of a damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0547, showing partially closed delthyrium by the umbonal callosity and dental adminicula. G. Interior of a complete ventral valve, PKUM02−00382 (G1) and enlargement showing open delthyrium and dental adminicula (G2); specimen illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2010a: pl. 1: 24–26, new photographs. H. Enlargement of the posterior region of the holotype PKUM02−0381 (figured by Baliński and Sun 2010a: pl. 1: 22–23; new photograph), viewed internally, showing cardinalia. All from sample MH1. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 7. Shell encrustation in silicified brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Chonetoid shell encrsuted by strophalosiidine Muhuarina haeretica Baliński and Sun, 2005, PKUM02−0080, (new photograph of specimens illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2008: fig. 1E and Sun and Baliński 2008: fig. 18C). B. Interior of dorsal valve of spiriferinide Spiriferellina cf. insculpta Phillips, 1836, PKUM02−0388, in general (B1) and enlarged (B2) views showing infestation by endobiont Haplorygma dorsalis Baliński and Sun, 2010b (see also Baliński and Sun 2010b: fig. 1A; new photographs). C. SEM micrographs of dorsal valve of spiriferide Tylothyris laminosa (M'Coy, 1841), PKUM02−0389, showing infestation by H. dorsalis in general (C1) and enlarged (C2) views (see also Baliński and Sun 2010b: fig. 1B; new photographs). Samples GB (A, B) and MH1 (C).

Fig. 8 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 8. Rhynchotrematoid brachiopod Macropotamorhynchus cf. insolitus Carter, 1987 from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Incomplete juvenile shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/60, in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), and lateral (A3) views. B. Shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/61, in dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views. C. Incomplete juvenile shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/62, in oblique lateral view showing distal parts of crura. D. Almost complete shell, PKUM02−0413, in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views. E. Incomplete and slightly deformed dorsal valve, ZPAL V.XXVI/63, in interior view (E1), and enlargement showing cardinalia (E2). F. Incomplete shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/64, in dorsal view. G. Interior of dorsal valve, ZPAL V.XXVI/65. Sample D2 (A–C, F, G) and M2−8 (D). C, E–G, SEM micrographs. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 31 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 31. Delthyridoid brachiopod Tylothyris laminosa (M'Coy, 1841) from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A, B. Exterior of ventral (A) and dorsal (B) valves, PKUM02−0557 (A) and PKUM02−0558 (B). C. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0559, in exterior (C1), interior (C2), and lateral (C3) views. D. Detail of external shell micro−ornamentation, PKUM02−0560. E, F. Interior of two dorsal valves, PKUM02−0561 (E) and PKUM02−0562 (F), in general (E1, F1) and enlarged (E2, F2) views. G. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0563, in exterior (G1) and interior (G2) views. H. Exterior of dorsal valve, PKUM02−0564. I. Slightly damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0565, in anterior (I1) and enlarged (I2) views; SEM micrographs. J. Juvenile ventral valve, PKUM02−0566, in exterior (J1) and interior (J2) views. K. Exterior of juvenile ventral valve, PKUM02−0567. L. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0568, with well preserved lamellose ornamentation, in general (L1) and detailed (L2) views. All from sample MH1.

Fig. 6 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 6. Shell damage and malformation in silicified brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Incomplete dorsal valve of orthotetide Schuchertella sp., PKUM02−0320, in general external (A1) and more detailed (A2) views showing damage to the middle anterior margin at the earlier stage of growth resulting in bilobate outline of the valve; note also disturbance of median costellae and a later recovery after some arrest of growth (specimen illustrated also by Sun and Baliński 2008: fig. 22C). B, C. Two dorsal valves of orthotetide Lamellispina spinosa Sun and Baliński, 2008, PKUM02−0406 and PKUM02−0407, viewed from the interior showing distortion/malformation of growth due to crowding. D. Seriously damaged ventral valve of spiriferide Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0408, in external (D1) and internal (D2) views showing full recovery after some arrest of growth; note another (subsequent) repaired damage on the left flank of the specimen. E. Incomplete ventral valve of spiriferide Parallelora sp., PKUM02−0409, in external (E1) and enlarged (E2) views showing repaired damage. F. Incomplete ventral valve of spiriferide Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0410, in external (F1) and internal (F2) views showing broken off and repaired the lateral part of the right flank. G. Ventral valve of spiriferide Eochoristites neipentaiensis Chu, 1933, PKUM02−0411, in oblique lateral view showing repaired damage of the right lateral extremity. H. Dorsal valve of spiriferide Eochoristites neipentaiensis, PKUM02−0412, in external (H1) and internal (H2) views with scalloped anterolateral margin of the left flank showing full repair of the damage. Samples MH1 (A–D, F), MH2 (G, H), and GB (E). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 35 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 35. Fragmentary and juvenile undetermined brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A–N. Small shells and single valves probably representing juveniles of athyrididoids. A–D. Four complete shells in dorsal view, PKUM02−0592 (A), PKUM02−0593 (B), PKUM02−0594 (C), and PKUM02−0595 (D). E. Shell PKUM02−0596 with damaged dorsal valve in dorsal view showing partially preserved spiralium and jugum (arrowed). F, N. Two dorsal valves, PKUM02−0597 (F) and PKUM02−0598 (N), viewed from the interior. G, I. Two shells, PKUM02−0599 (G) and PKUM02−0600 (I), in dorsal (G1, I1), ventral (G2, I2), lateral (G3, I3), and posterior (G4, I4) views. H. Complete shell, PKUM02−0601, in dorsal (H1), lateral (H2), and anterior (H3) views. J, L, M. Three ventral valves viewed internally, PKUM02−0602 (J), PKUM02−0603 (L), and PKUM02−0604 (M). K. Slightly damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0605, interior (K1) and enlargement of the posterior region (K2). O–U. Fragmentary specimens probably representing juvenile rhynchonellides. O. Umbonal region of conjoined valves, PKUM02−0606, in posterior (O1), anterior (internal) (O2), and oblique lateral (O3) views, showing convergent ventrally dental plates and cardinalia. P, Q. Interior of two fragmentary umbonal regions of conjoined valves showing convergent ventrally dental plates and cardinalia, PKUM02−0607 (P) and PKUM02−0608 (Q). R–T. Interior of three fragmentary dorsal valves, PKUM02−0609 (R), PKUM02−0610 (S), and PKUM02−0611 (T), showing cardinalia and long median septum. U. Interior of umbnonal fragment of the ventral valve, PKUM02−0612, showing well developed dental plates. A–F, K, L–N SEM micrographs. All from sample MH1.

Fig. 1 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 1. Stratigraphic columns (A) and map (B) of the sampling sites around Muhua and Gedongguan villages in Guizhou Province, southern China (after Sun and Baliński 2008).

Fig. 4 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 4. Shell damage in silicified brachiopods from the Tournaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Drilled ventral valve of Subglobosochonetes gedongguensis Sun and Baliński, 2008, PKUM02−0390, in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B, C. Two shells of Cleiothyridina deroissyi (Léveillé, 1835) with boreholes, PKUM02−0391 (B) and PKUM02−0392 (C), in dorso−lateral (B) and ventral (C) views, respectively. D, E. Two damaged shells of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900) with boreholes, PKUM02−0393 (D) and PKUM02−0394 (E), in dorsal (D1, E1) and enlarged (D2, E2) views. F. Damaged ventral valve of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900), PKUM02−0395, in general exterior (F1) and more detailed (F2) views. G, H. Two shells of Crurithyris cf. nastus Brunton and Champion, 1974 with boreholes, PKUM02−0396 (G) and PKUM02−0397 (H), in general dorsal (G1, H1) and detailed (G2, H2) views. I. Shell of Cleiothyridina deroissyi (Léveillé, 1835), PKUM02−0398, with a few small−sized boreholes in dorsal valve. J. Shell of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900) with a series of small−sized boreholes, PKUM02−0399, in ventral (J1) and enlarged (J2) views. K, L. Two dorsal valves of Cesifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0400 (K) and PKUM02−0401 (L), bored from the exterior (K1, L1) and showing "blister" deposits in the interior (K2, L2) as a response to borings. M. Dorsal valve of Schellwienella sp., PKUM02−0317, showing numerous external borings of a barnacle (M1) and internal "blisters" sealing the damages (M2) (illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2008: fig. 21D; M2 new photograph). N. Koskinoid perforations in posterior region of ventral valve of Serratocrista sp., PKUM02−0402. Samples GB/GT (A, N), MH1 (B–G, I–L), and MH2 (H, M).

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Fig. 4 in Chaetognath grasping spines from the Upper Mississippian of Arkansas (USA)

Fig. 4. Eoserratosagitta serrata gen. et sp. nov., Cove Creek (Arkansas, USA), Middle Chesterian (Namurian A equivalent). A. Three relatively complete paratypes (OUZC 4002/B, C, D from top to bottom, respectively) with nearly identical basic morphology including bands (b) and bulletlike denticles (d), scale bar 1.0 mm. B. Enlargement of the lower right segment of paratype OUZC 4002/B showing the phosphate replaced, fibrous ultrastructure of the spine wall, scale bar 0.1 mm. All SEM micrographs.

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Fig. 1 in Chaetognath grasping spines from the Upper Mississippian of Arkansas (USA)

Fig. 1. Eoserratosagitta serrata gen. et sp. nov., Cove Creek (Arkansas, USA), Middle Chesterian (Namurian Aequivalent). A. Aconcretion fragment showing part of the accumulation of spines (s), scale bar 0.1 mm. B. A fragment of the middle part of a spine showing the concretion filled central cavity (cc), a row of bullet−like, hollow (now concretion−filled) denticles (d) on the concave side (to the left), and five longitudinal bands (b) separated by fine ribs (r) on the outer surface of the spine wall, scale bar 0.1 mm. C. Close−up of B showing fiber (f) impressions, scale bar 0.01 mm. All SEM micrographs.

FIGURE 28 in New insights on Tournaisian-Visean (Carboniferous, Mississippian) athyridide, orthotetide, rhynchonellide, and strophomenide brachiopods from southern Belgium

FIGURE 28. Coveenia ulothrix (de Koninck, 1843) from the Tournai area, Tournai Formation (Tournaisian). 1-5, 16-18, ULg.PA.2016.12.25/10, articulated specimen in ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior and anterior views, and detail (SEM) of the foramen and the symphytium, and of circular drill hole developed close to the dorsal anterior margin. 6-10, RBINS a13140, articulated specimen in ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, Dutoit quarry, Pont-àRieu. 11-15, RBINS a13141, articulated specimen, almost complete, in ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior and anterior views, Dutoit quarry, Pont-à-Rieu. Scale bar equals 10 mm (1-15), 1 mm (16-18).

FIGURE 24 in New insights on Tournaisian-Visean (Carboniferous, Mississippian) athyridide, orthotetide, rhynchonellide, and strophomenide brachiopods from southern Belgium

FIGURE 24. Scatter diagrams of Lamellosathyris lamellosa (Léveillé, 1835). N: number of specimens measured, r²: coefficient of linear regression. 1, Relation between shell width and length. 2, Relation between shell width and shell width/shell length ratio. 3, Relation beween shell width and thickness. 4, Relation between shell width and shell thickness/shell width ratio.

FIGURE 27 in New insights on Tournaisian-Visean (Carboniferous, Mississippian) athyridide, orthotetide, rhynchonellide, and strophomenide brachiopods from southern Belgium

FIGURE 27. Scatter diagrams of Nucleospira hannoniae nom. nov. N: number of specimens measured. 1, Relation between shell width and length. 2, Relation between width and shell length/shell width ratio. 3, Relation beween shell width and thickness. 4, Relation between shell width and shell thickness/shell width ratio.

FIGURE 26 in New insights on Tournaisian-Visean (Carboniferous, Mississippian) athyridide, orthotetide, rhynchonellide, and strophomenide brachiopods from southern Belgium

FIGURE 26. Nucleospira hannoniae nom. nov., from the Tournai area, Tournai Formation (Tournaisian). 1-2, RBINS a13137, distorted and incomplete specimen in dorsal view showing two whorls of the spiralium and detail of one of the cyrtomatodont teeth. 3-4, RBINS a13138, distorted articulated specimen in dorsal view displaying a circular drill hole and detail of the latter. 5, RBINS a13139, distorted articulated specimen with a circular drill hole in ventral view. Scale bars equal 2 mm (1, 3, 5), 0.5 mm (2, 4).

FIGURE 29. 1-4 in New insights on Tournaisian-Visean (Carboniferous, Mississippian) athyridide, orthotetide, rhynchonellide, and strophomenide brachiopods from southern Belgium

FIGURE 29. 1-4, Coveenia davidsoni (de Koninck, 1887), RBINS a5508 (holotype), articulated specimen in ventral, dorsal, lateral and posterior views, from Dréhance, Waulsort Formation (Tournaisian, Ivorian). 5- 9, 'Retzia' intermedia de Koninck, 1887 (here considered as a rhynchonellide species), RBINS a5510 (lectotype), articulated specimen in ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior and anterior views, from Furfooz, Waulsort Formation (Tournaisian, Ivorian). Scale bars equal 2 mm.

FIGURE 23. 1-7 in New insights on Tournaisian-Visean (Carboniferous, Mississippian) athyridide, orthotetide, rhynchonellide, and strophomenide brachiopods from southern Belgium

FIGURE 23. 1-7, Lamellosathyris lamellosa (Lévéillé, 1835) from Visé, Visé Formation (Visean, Warnantian). 1-5, RBINS a5471, distorted specimen in ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior and anterior views. 6-7, RBINS a13131, incomplete ventral valve in ventral view and anterior views. 8-17, Athyris vittata de Koninck, 1887 (here placed in synonymy with Lamellosathyris lamellosa [Léveillé, 1835]) from Furfooz, Waulsort Formation (Tournaisian, Ivorian). 8-12, RBINS a5472 (lectotype) distorted specimen in ventral, lateral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views. 13-17, RBINS a13132 (paralectotype), distorted and incomplete specimen in ventral, dorsal, posterodorsal, posterior, and lateral views. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 22 in New insights on Tournaisian-Visean (Carboniferous, Mississippian) athyridide, orthotetide, rhynchonellide, and strophomenide brachiopods from southern Belgium

FIGURE 22. Lamellosathyris lamellosa (Léveillé, 1835) from the Tournai area, Tournai Formation (Tournaisian). 1-4, RBINS a13128, almost complete dorsal valve in external and internal views, with close-up of the cardinal plate in ventral and oblique lateral views. 5-6, RBINS a13129, incomplete ventral valve with partly preserved spiralia and detail of the jugal saddle and the primary lamella. 7-10, RBINS a13130, articulated specimen with top of the ventral valve removed and details of the crura, spiralia and fimbria. 11-13, ULg.PA.2016.12.25/9, articulated specimen with ventral valve partly removed in general view and details of the top of the jugal stem and the same in oblique view. Scale bars equal 10 mm (1, 7, 11), 5 mm (2, 5), 1 mm (3-4, 10), 2 mm (6, 9), 2.5 mm (8, 12-13).