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F in Morphogenesis of the division and encystment process of the ciliated protozoan Colpoda minima

F 14–23. Division morphogenesis and encystment of Colpoda minima. (14–17) Stomatogenesis in each tomite-II. For details see the text. ×1600. (18) Final stage of cell division. ×640. (19, 20) Macronuclear events during division in Feulgen-stained cells. Arrow marks the chromatin extrusion body. ×560. (21) Early precystic cell. ×680. (22, 23) Details of oral infraciliature resorbtion (22) and the somatic infraciliature (23) in an early precystic cell. ×1700. RPP, right polykinety primordium; LPP, left polykinety primordium.

opennotspecifiedOct 2003View details →

F in Morphogenesis of the division and encystment process of the ciliated protozoan Colpoda minima

F 7–13. Oral infraciliature and division morphogenesis in Colpoda minima. (7) Left polykinety. ×1200. (8) Right polykinety. ×1400. (9, 10) Early stages of cell division, using silver carbonate impregnation. Note the resorption of the oral infraciliature and the drastic change in cellular shape. ×640. (11) Longitudinal proliferation of somatic kinetosomes. ×640. (12) Detail of proliferating somatic kineties. ×1600. (13) Division cyst. The four tomites-II are almost formed. ×640.

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F in Morphogenesis of the division and encystment process of the ciliated protozoan Colpoda minima

F 1–6. Morphological aspects of Colpoda minima using silver impregnation and transmission electron microscopy. (1) Ventral view of a vegetative cell. ×640. (2) Dorsal view of the same cell. ×640. (3) Nuclear system. ×1600. (4) Ultrastructure of macronucleus. ×75 000. (5) Detail of the somatic infraciliature. ×1400. (6) Aspects of infraciliary lattice. ×1400. MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus; RP, right oral polykinety; LP, left oral polykinety; N, nucleolar mass; CB, chromatin bodies.

Figure 6 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 6. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree inferred from the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of 63 spirotrichous taxa, showing the position of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. (boxed), and the phylogenetic relationships among the taxa possessing midventral cirral rows (i.e. urostylids s.l.; branches are depicted by thick lines, and species names are highlighted in bold text). Nodal support for branches in the ML, Bayesian inference (BI), and neighbour-joining (NJ) trees are marked in order. Bootstrap values lower than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities lower than 0.70 are replaced with hyphens. Clades with different topologies in the NJ tree relative to the ML and BI trees are indicated with asterisks. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Phacodinium and Protocruzia were taken as out-group taxa.

Figure 3 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 3. Ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. in morphogenesis (A–D) and regeneration (E–H), after impregnation with protargol. A, an early divider, showing the oral primordium (arrow) and fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) anlagen (arrowhead) of the proter. The double arrowheads mark the anlagen for the nonmigratory row, which comes from the posteriormost FVT streak. B, the same specimen as shown in (A), showing the enlarged macronuclear nodules and the formation of the dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows). C, an individual at a late stage of division, with all cirri developed; note the structures that will respectively form the enlarged postoral ventral cirri (arrowheads) and the delicate left ventral cirri (arrows). The double arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. D, the differentiating marginal row (arrows) and dorsal kineties; note that the macronuclear nodules are separating. E, F, an early reorganizer, showing the oral primordium (arrow in E), FVT streak (arrowhead), nonmigratory row (double arrowheads) and dorsal kinety anlagen; the arrows in (F) indicate the anlagen for the right and left marginal rows, which are derived within the parental structure. G, H, a middle-stage reorganizer, with a further proliferation of kinetosomes, showing the first frontal cirrus (arrow in G) generated from the undulating membrane anlagen, the basal bodies developed from FVT streaks (arrowhead), the anlagen for the nonmigratory row (double arrowheads), and the anlagen for the right and left marginal rows (arrows in H). Abbreviations: DK, dorsal kineties; DKA, dorsal kinety anlagen. Scale bars: 40 Mm.

Figure 2 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. from life. A, ventral view of a specimen. B, C, ventral view of slender and fat forms; the arrow indicates the wide and bright oral field. D, lateral view. E, F, lateral (E) and dorsal (F) views, showing the distribution of the granules; the arrows mark the granule rows near the base of each marginal cirrus, the arrowheads point to the granule rows along with midventral rows, and the double arrowheads mark the granule bands in the gap between the somatic kineties. G, H, showing the cortical granules (arrows), the fibres associated with cirri (arrowheads), and a dorsal cilium (double arrowheads). I, focusing on the oral field; note the paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the endoral membrane (arrow). J, the cortical granules (arrow) near the base of marginal cirri. K, lateral view of the posterior portion; arrows point to the enlarged postoral ventral cirri. L, globular lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 50 Mm.

Figure 1 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 1. Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. drawn from life (A–C, E–F) and after impregnation with protargol (D, G–J). A, ventral view of a specimen. B, different body shapes. C, section of the ventral infraciliature, showing the fibres associated with the postoral ventral cirri (double arrowheads) and the obliquely arranged left ventral cirri (arrow). D, distribution of cortical granules (arrow) near the marginal cirri. E, F, distribution of the cortical granules on the ventral (E) and dorsal (F) sides; the arrow indicates the granules along the nonmigratory row, and the arrowheads point to the granular rows along the dorsal kineties. G, left lateral side view of the infraciliature. H–I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) views of the infraciliature; note the enlarged postoral ventral cirri (dashed lines), the frontal cirri (dashed lines), and the three dorsal kineties (arrows). J, ventral view of an early divider; the arrow indicates the oral primordium of the proter, the arrowheads mark the old endoral membranes in dedifferentiation, and the double arrowhead points to the oral primordium of the opisthe. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; DK, dorsal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; LVR, left ventral rows; MVR, midventral rows; NMR, nonmigratory row; PM, paroral membrane; PVR, postoral ventral rows; RMR, right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 Mm (A–C, F–J); 15 Mm (E).

Figure 5 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 5. Photomicrographs of regeneration in Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. after impregnation with protargol. A, B, ventral views of middle reorganizers, showing the oral primordium (arrow in A), fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) anlagen (arrowheads), and the anlagen for the nonmigratory row (double arrowhead); the arrow in (B) points to the undulating membrane anlagen. C, a middle-stage reorganizer; the arrow marks the first frontal cirrus generated from the undulating membrane anlagen, and the arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. D, dorsal view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen for the left marginal row (arrow) and the dorsal kinety anlagen (arrowheads).

Figure 4 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. after impregnation with protargol. A, infraciliature of the ventral posterior portion, showing the nonmigratory row (arrow), the postoral (arrowheads), and the left ventral cirri (double arrowheads). B, infraciliature of an anterior portion, showing the frontal cirri (arrows), buccal cirri (arrowhead), and the undulating membranes (double arrowheads). C, left lateral view, showing the left ventral rows, and the left marginal row (arrow). D, dorsal kineties, in which kinetosomes become more densely spaced from left to right (arrows). E, dorsal view, showing the anterior portion of the nonmigratory row (arrowhead) and the right marginal row (arrow). F, nuclear apparatus, some with replication bands can be seen. G, H, ventral and dorsal views of an early stage divider, showing the undulating membrane anlagen (arrow in G), FVT anlagen (arrowheads), and the anlagen for the nonmigratory row, which come from the posteriormost FVT streak (double arrowheads) of the opisthe. The arrows in (H) indicate the dorsal kineties anlagen. I, early divider showing the appearance of the oral primordium (arrow) and the enlarged macronuclear nodules of the proter. J, separating ellipsoid macronuclear nodules. K, L, ventral views of a late-stage divider (same specimen), showing the developed cirri of the proter (K) and the opisthe (L); the arrows indicate the migrating postoral and left ventral cirri, and the arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. M, dorsal view of the same specimen shown in (K) and (L), showing the anlagen of the marginal rows (arrows) and the new dorsal kineties.

Figure 5 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 5. Photomicrographs of morphogenesis in Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. after protargol impregnation. A, middle part of cell, ventral view, showing the oral primordium for both dividers, and the undifferentiated parental structures; B, ventral view, arrows indicate the primary frontoventral–transverse (FVT) anlagen; C, ventral view of an early divider, arrowheads and arrows mark the left and right marginal row anlagen, respectively; D, a slightly later stage, note the merging of the macronuclear nodules, the arrow indicates the disaggregating of the old undulating membranes; E, ventral view of a middle-stage divider, arrows indicate the two migratory cirri derived from the last FVT cirral anlagen; F, middle portion of cell, ventral view, arrows mark the left marginal row anlagen in the opisthe; G, ventral view, arrows denote two migratory cirri derived from the last FVT cirral anlagen; H–J, ventral views of three specimens at slightly differing middle stages, the arrows in (H) and (J) indicate two migratory cirri derived from the last FVT cirral anlagen. Scale bars: 15 Mm in A; 50 Mm in C.

Figure 4 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 4. Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. in the middle and late stages of morphogenesis, after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral and dorsal views of the same specimen in the middle stage, showing the development of cirri and the single macronuclear mass; C, D, ventral and dorsal views of a late divider (same specimen), arrows indicate the differentiation of the extra anlagen, and arrowheads show the single caudal cirrus that develops from the posterior end of each dorsal kinety; E, ventral view of a late divider, note the newly built cirri; F, G, ventral and dorsal views of a very late divider, arrows indicate the newly formed extra right marginal cirri. Abbreviations: MVR, midventral row; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri; UMA, undulating membrane anlagen. Scale bar: 60 Mm.

Figure 7. A in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 7. A, small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence of Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. aligned with the sequences of Pseudoamphisiella alveolata, Pseudoamphisiella lacazei, and Pseudoamphisiella quadrinucleata. The numbers above the lines indicate the nucleotide numbers. The differences in sequence lengths were compensated for by introducing alignment gaps (–) in the sequences. Matched sites are marked with dots. B, phylogenetic tree of SSU rRNA sequences showing the positions of Pseudoamphisiella found with maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis, applying the GTR+G+I model. Species sequenced in the present study are shown in bold type. The numbers near branches are ML bootstrap values/Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probability values. The scale bar corresponds to five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

Figure 2 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. from life (A–H) and after protargol impregnation (I–N). A–D, ventral views of different individuals, arrows mark the pellicular alveolus; E, lateral view, the inset shows part of the cortex, and the arrowheads indicate the rod-shaped extrusomes; F, portion of cortex (dorsolateral view), arrows indicate the extrusomes; G, outline shape of a stationary individual; H, dorsal view of cortex, showing the polygonalshaped alveoli; I, dorsal view, arrows mark the dorsal kineties; J, caudal portion, the arrow indicates the caudal cirri; K, middle portion of cell, ventral view, the arrow marks the end of the right midventral row; L, posterior end of body, ventral view, the arrows indicate the two fine pretransverse cirri that can be easily overlooked; M, anterior part of body, ventral view, arrows indicate the frontal cirri; N, ventral infraciliature. Scale bars: 100 Mm in A, B; 50 Mm in C, D, G, H.

Figure 6 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 6. Photomicrographs of morphogenesis in Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. after protargol impregnation. A, ventral view, the arrow indicates the extra anlage adjacent to the right marginal row anlage; B, dorsal view, arrows denote the dorsal kineties anlagen; C, ventral view of opisthe in late stage, the arrow marks two buccal cirri; D, ventral view, arrowheads denote the pretransverse cirri; E–K, ventral views of middle to late stage dividers, showing the migration of all ciliary organelles and the division of the macronuclei; L, ventral view of a reorganizer at a late stage. Scale bars: 25 Mm in A; 60 Mm in E.

Figure 1 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 1. Morphology of Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. from living observation (A–E) and after protargol impregnation (F–G). A, ventral view of a typical individual; B, ventral view of a slimmer individual; C, ventral view, note the ingested pennate diatoms; D, E, portion of cortex (top and side view), showing the polygonal-shaped alveoli and the rod-shaped extrusomes (arrows); F, ventral view of infraciliature, arrowheads indicate two fine pretransverse cirri; G, dorsal view of the same specimen as shown in (F), showing the macronuclear nodules, micronuclei, and dorsal kineties. Abbreviations: CC, caudal cirri; DK, dorsal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronucleus; Mi, micronucleus; MVR, midventral row; PM, paroral membrane; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 Mm in A, B, C, F, G; 10 Mm in E.

Figure 3 in Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrichous ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Pseudoamphisiellidae), including a report on the small subunit rRNA gene sequence

Figure 3. Pseudoamphisiella elongata sp. nov. after protargol impregnation, showing early to middle stages of morphogenesis. A, ventral view of an early stage divider, note the oral primordium in the proter (arrow) and opisthe (double-arrowheads), arrowheads indicate the primary frontoventral–transverse (FVT) cirral anlagen; B, ventral view, showing the early stage, arrows indicate the primary right marginal row anlagen; C, ventral view of an early divider, arrow marks the FVT-anlagen, arrowheads indicate the right marginal row anlagen, the double-arrowheads show the left marginal row anlagen in the opisthe; D, E, ventral and dorsal views of the same individual, arrowheads in D and E indicate the right marginal row anlagen and dorsal kineties anlagen, respectively; F, a slightly late divider, arrowheads indicate the extra anlagen; G, middle-stage divider, showing the dorsal kineties anlagen (arrows), the left marginal row anlagen (double-arrowheads), two migratory cirri derived from the last FVT-streak (arrowheads), and the hook-like extra anlagen; the inset shows the macronuclear nodules, and arrows mark the micronuclei. DKA: dorsal kineties anlagen.