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North Temperate Lakes LTER: Phytoplankton and Protoplankton 2000

Phytoplankton and Protoplankton collected in North Temparate Lakes Sampling Frequency: monthly Number of sites: 1. Graham JM, Kent AD, Lauster GH, Yannarell AC, Graham LE, Triplett EW. 2004. Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and planktonic protozoan communities in a north temperate humic lake: diversity in a dinoflagellate dominated system. Microbial Ecology. 48:528-540.

Microbial Planktonic Respiration in Lakes at North Temperate Lakes LTER 2001

Respiration of total plankton passing a 70 micron mesh, and bacteria passing a 1 micron mesh, calculated from loss of oxygen in lake water incubated at in situ temperatures. Oxygen concentration was determined using the Winkler reaction with azide modification. Final product concentration determined via spectrometry or titration with sodium thiosulfate. Titrations that may have overrun the endpoint were not included. The following equation for calculation of dissolved oxygen concentration from titration of Winkler end product with thiosulfate (from Wetzel, R. G. and G. E. Likens. 1991. Limnological Analyses, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, New York). Thiosulfate with a molarity of 0.20 N was used for all titrations. mg O2 L-1 = (ml titrant)*(molarity of thiosulfate)*(8000)/((ml of sample titrated)*((ml of bottle -3)/(ml of bottle))). The following equation is for calculation of dissolved oxygen calculation from spectophotometric analysis of Winkler reaction end product (from Roland, F., N. F. Caraco, J. J. Cole. 1999. Rapid and precise determination of dissolved organic oxygen by spectrophotometry: Evaluation of interference from color and turbidity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44(4):1148-1154). mg O2 L-1 = absorbance at 430 nm (in units of cm-1) * 8.1-0.41 Sampling Frequency: fortnightly during ice-free season - every 6 weeks during ice-covered season Number of sites: 4

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Physical and Chemical Limnology 1984 - 2007

Physical and chemical variables are measured at one central station near the deepest point of each lake. In most cases these measurements are made in the morning (0800 to 0900). Vertical profiles are taken at varied depth intervals. Chemical measurements are sometimes made in a pooled mixed layer sample (PML); sometimes in the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion; and sometimes in vertical profiles. In the latter case, depths for sampling usually correspond to the surface plus depths of 50percent, 25percent, 10percent, 5percent and 1percent of surface irradiance. The 1991-1995 chemistry data obtained from the Lachat auto-analyzer. Like the process data, there are up to seven samples per sampling date due to Van Dorn collections across a depth interval according to percent irradiance. Voichick and LeBouton (1994) describe the autoanalyzer procedures in detail. Methods for 1984-1990 were described by Carpenter and Kitchell (1993) and methods for 1991-1997 were described by Carpenter et al. (2001). Carpenter, S.R. and J.F. Kitchell (eds.). 1993. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Carpenter, S.R., J.J. Cole, J.R. Hodgson, J.F. Kitchell, M.L. Pace,D. Bade, K.L. Cottingham, T.E. Essington, J.N. Houser and D.E. Schindler. 2001. Trophic cascades, nutrients and lake productivity: whole-lake experiments. Ecological Monographs 71: 163-186. Number of sites: 8

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Process Data 1984 - 2007

Data on chlorophyll, primary productivity, and alkaline phosphatase activity from 1984-95. Samples were collected with a Van Dorn bottle at 6 depths determined from the percent of surface irradiance (100%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% and 1%) and in the hypolimnion (12 m in Peter, East Long, West Long, and Tuesday lakes; 9 m in Paul Lake; and 4.5 m in Central Long Lake). Sampling Frequency: varies Number of sites: 8

North Temperate Lakes LTER: High Frequency Water Temperature - Sparkling Lake Buoy2 2004

The second instrumented buoy on Sparkling Lake is equipped with a thermistor chain that measures water temperature from 20 depths ranging from the surface to 7.75m placed at intervals of 1m from the surface to 4m depth and at intervals of 0.25m from 4m to 7.75m. Water temperature data were collected for the period 10 July 2004 through 3 November 2004. Sampling Frequency: 2 minutes Number of sites: 1

Microbial Community Composition in Lakes - Taxonomic/Ecological characteristics of the sample at North Temperate Lakes LTER 2000 - 2007

Microbial community composition is inferred by a combination of automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and PCR-generated clone library analysis. Clone libraries include both the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-23S ribosomal intergenic spacer fragment. Phylogenetic assignments for individual ARISA fragments are obtained by comparing the ARISA fragment length from each clone to all of the profiles stored in our database. We have analyzed over 3900 clones obtained from 41 lakes that represent the range of trophic types found in temperate landscapes. Querying by a combination of taxonomic and ecological characteristics of the sample allows the user to retrieve sample information [sample IDs, sample dates, lake information (region, type, size, depth) and physical/chemical data (water temperature, clarity, pH, DOC, SUVA, TN, TP, nitrates/nitrites)] and clone information [clone IDs, sequence data, and characteristics of the sequence (length, chimera status, accession number, taxonomic affiliation)]. The data can be filtered by ecological characteristics of the sample [lake name, sample date, lake information (region, type, size, depth)] and taxonomic characteristics of the community members [clone ID, ARISA fragment length (raw or binned), and/or taxonomic characteristics (Phylum and Phylum-Class)]. The output can include links to individual sample records, which contain links to the taxonomic composition of the sample inferred by dynamically matching clones to ARISA fragments in the individual sample. The output can also include links to clone records directly (though this creates a very large number of lines in the output and is not recommended). Project ID's 30 Lakes - Survey of 30 lakes in northern and southern Wisconsin. June, August and October, 2002. See http://microbes.limnology.wisc.edu/lakes30.html. Lake Characteristics. CB0000 - Time series monitoring microbial community composition in Crystal Bog. 2000-2002. CBX_02 - Food web manipulation experiment i

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Nutrients 1991 - 2007

Physical and chemical variables are measured at one central station near the deepest point of each lake. In most cases these measurements are made in the morning (0800 to 0900). Vertical profiles are taken at varied depth intervals. Chemical measurements are sometimes made in a pooled mixed layer sample (PML); sometimes in the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion; and sometimes in vertical profiles. In the latter case, depths for sampling usually correspond to the surface plus depths of 50percent, 25percent, 10percent, 5percent and 1percent of surface irradiance. The 1991-1999 chemistry data obtained from the Lachat auto-analyzer. Like the process data, there are up to seven samples per sampling date due to Van Dorn collections across a depth interval according to percent irradiance. Voichick and LeBouton (1994) describe the autoanalyzer procedures in detail. Nutrient samples were sent to the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies for analysis beginning in 2000. The Kjeldahl method for measuring nitrogen is not used at IES, and so measurements reported from 2000 onwards are Total Nitrogen.

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Zooplankton 1984 - 2007

Zooplankton data from 1984-1995. Sampled approximately weekly with two net hauls through the water column (30 cm diameter net, 80 um mesh). There have been 5 zooplankton counters during this period, so species-level identifications (TAX, below) are not as consistent as those for some of the other datasets. To standardize across counters, I have assigned higher-level taxonomic categories for a few "confusing" taxa; these identifications can be found in the column LLTAX, below. Sampling Frequency: varies Number of sites: 5

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Phytoplankton 1984 - 1995

Data on epilimnetic phytoplankton from 1984-95, determined by light microscopy from pooled Van Dorn samples at 100percent, 50percent, and 25percent of surface irradiance. There have been 4 counters during this period, with the same counter from 1991-95. Standardization among counters is difficult, so I recommend sticking to the 1991-95 data if possible. Cottingham (1996) describes the counting protocols in detail. Sampling Frequency: varies Number of sites: 5

Microbial Community Composition in lakes - Ecological characteristics of the sample at North Temperate Lakes LTER 2002 - 2007

Microbial Community Composition in Lakes - Taxonomic characteristics of the clones at North Temperate Lakes LTER 2000 - 2007

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Biocomplexity at North Temperate Lakes LTER; Coordinated Field Studies: Fish / Crayfish Abundance 2001 - 2004

Abundance data for fish and crayfish collected for Biocomplexity Project; Landscape Context - Coordinated Field Studies http://infotrek.er.usgs.gov/doc/wdnr_biology/Public_Stocking/StateMapHotspotsAllYears.htm - Infomation on fish stocking by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resouces in Biocomplexity Lakes. Sampling Frequency: annually Number of sites: 58

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Phytoplankton - Madison Lakes Area 1995 - current

Phytoplankton samples for the 4 southern Wisconsin LTER lakes (Mendota, Monona, Wingra, Fish) have been collected for analysis by LTER since 1995 (1996 Wingra, Fish) when the southern Wisconsin lakes were added to the North Temperate Lakes LTER project. Samples are collected as a composite whole-water sample and are preserved in gluteraldehyde. Composite sample depths are 0-8 meters for Lake Mendota (to conform to samples collected and analyzed since 1990 for a UW/DNR food web research study), and 0-2 meters for the other three lakes. A tube sampler is used for the 0-8 m Lake Mendota samples; samples for the other lakes are obtained by collecting water at 1-meter intervals using a Kemmerer water sampler and compositing the samples in a bucket. Samples are taken in the deep hole region of each lake at the same time and location as other limnological sampling. Phytoplankton samples are analyzed by PhycoTech, Inc., a private lab specializing in phytoplankton analyses (see data protocol for procedures). Samples for Wingra and Fish lakes are archived but not routinely counted. Permanent slide mounts (3 per sample) are prepared for all analyzed Mendota and Monona samples as well as 6 samples per year for Wingra and Fish; the slide mounts are archived at the University of Wisconsin - Madison Zoology Museum. Phytoplankton are identified to species using an inverted microscope (Utermohl technique) and are reported as natural unit (i.e., colonies, filaments, or single cells) densities per mL, cell densities per mL, and algal biovolume densities per mL. Multiple entries for the same species on the same date may be due to different variants or vegetative states - (e.g., colonial or attached vs. free cell.) Biovolumes for individual cells of each species are determined during the counting procedure by obtaining cell measurements needed to calculate volumes for geometric solids (e.g., cylinders, spheres, truncated cones) corresponding to actual cell shapes. Biovolume concentratio

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Groundwater Levels 1984 - current

Water levels in monitoring wells are measured several times throughout the year. The number of monitored wells has ranged over the study period from 19 to 44 wells. Currently, 37 wells are being monitored 4 - 5 times per year. The wells are scattered throughout the Trout Lake hydrological basin and the data are used to calibrate and test regional groundwater flow models. In addition (see related data set - Groundwater Chemistry), water chemistry is measured annually in a subset of 11 of these wells to characterize regional groundwater chemistry in the Trout Lake area. Sampling Frequency: varies - generally from 4 - 9 times a year Number of sites: 44

Landscape Position Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Fish 1998 - 1999

As part of the Landscape Position Project, we conducted fish sampling on each of 26 lakes using a variety of gear types. Sampling was conducted beginning in the 3rd week in June and running through the endof July in 1998. In 1999, sampling was conducted from early July through August. We used vertical gillnets of various mesh sizes (19, 32, 51, 64, 89-mm stretch mesh) to sample pelagic fishes. The nets were fished in the deep basin of each lake for one diel cycle. We used fyke nets to sample fishes in the shallow near shore areas. Three nets were set, one each at differing locations defined by substrate type (muck, sand and cobble) for one diel cycle. Three crayfish traps were set along side each of the fyke nets. We performed electrofishing over two, 30 minute transects along the near shore area between 0.3 and 1.5-m in depth. Our goal was to capture, identify and measure as many game and non-game fish species as possible Sampling Frequency: one survey on each lake in late June through August of 1998 or 1999 Number of sites: 26

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Patterns of Soil Phosphorus - Y Plot Analysis 2001

In natural soils, patterns of variance are generated by driving forces such as parent materials, climate, hydrology, relief, disturbance and biological activity. These drivers, operating at particular scales and interacting with other drivers across scales, create a complex pattern of soil variability. Human activity may change the natural patterns of variance by changing the scale at which the governing processes are operating or the governing processes that are dominant at a given scale. In the case of soils and phosphorus (P) concentrations, this may involve changing dominant forces from plant-soil interactions and parent material to fertilizer inputs. Here, we examine the hypothesis that human activity changes natural patterns of variance in soil P concentrations across several spatial scales. We measured soil P concentrations and variability at 3 distinct levels of analysis - among sites, within a field, and within a 10-m diameter plot - and across 4 management regimes - remnant prairie, lawns, cash grain farms, and dairies. Variance changed across scale in any one management regime and across management regimes at the same scale. Rescaling the pattern of P accumulation and variability has implications for managing P runoff from uplands. For sample sites on private property, specific site location information, such as GPS coordinates, is not included in these datasets. If you have a need for this information, please get in touch with the contact person listed above Number of sites: 30

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Patterns of Soil Phosphorus Across an Urbanizing Agricultural Landscape 2000 - 2001

Understanding the magnitude and location of soil phosphorus (P) accumulation in watersheds is a critical step toward managing runoff of this pollutant to aquatic ecosystems. Here, we examined the usefulness of urban-rural gradients (URGs), an emerging paradigm in urban ecology, for predicting soil P concentrations across a rapidly urbanizing agricultural watershed in southern Wisconsin. We compared several measures of an urban-rural gradient to predictors of soil P such as soil type, slope, topography, land use, land cover, and fertilizer and manure use. Most of the factors that were expected to drive differences in soil P concentrations were not found to be good predictors of soil P; while there were several significant relationships, most explained only a small proportion of the variation. There was a significant relationship between soil P concentration and each of the urban-rural gradients, but these relationships explained only a small amount of the variation in soil P concentrations. Soil P concentration, unlike some other ecosystem properties, is not well predicted by urban-rural gradients Additional Chemical Analyses: These additional analyses were done to provide comparisons to Bray-1 P. Specifically, we wanted to know whether, in Dane County, there was a consistent relationship between total P and Bray-1 P. For sample sites on private property, specific site location information, such as GPS coordinates, is not included in these datasets. If you have a need for this information, please get in touch with the contact person listed above Number of sites: 334; 20 of these sites with additional chem analyses

Landscape Position Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Aquatic Macrophytesn 1998 - 1999

Submersed and floating macrophytes were surveyed along transects running perpendicular to shore at two sites representative of muck (organic) and sand substrate macrophyte communities. Data were collected by Karen A. Wilson as part of her PhD work in Northern Wisconsin, (Vilas and Onieda Counties) during July and August of 1998 and 1999. Details of field collections can be found in Wilson, K.A. 2002. Impacts of the invasive rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) in northern Wisconsin lakes. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Number of sites: 30 lakes; 2 sites per lake

North Temperate Lakes LTER: Residential Lakeshore Property Sales in Vilas County 1997 - 2004

Sales of residential shoreline property parcels in Vilas County, WI, USA for the period January 1997 througt Dec 2004. This dataset includes sales of over 2000 parcels on 234 lakes. In addtion to the sale price, other information collected include assessed value of the land, assessed value of improvements, length of lake frontage and total size of the parcel.

North Temperate Lakes LTER: High Frequency Water Temperature Data - Lake Mendota Pier 2006 - 2008

Water temperature was measured on the pier at 1 and 2 m water depth at a frequency of 1 minute.