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759 results for “Plant–plant interactions”
Sühs_et_al_2024-subtropical_plant_interactions
<p>Dataset</p>
Downscaling mutualistic networks from species to individuals reveals consistent interaction niches and roles within plant populations.
<p>Repository containing dataset and code for the manuscript entitled <em>Downscaling mutualistic networks from species to individuals reveals consistent interaction niches and roles within plant populations</em>.</p> <p>For this study, we compiled 46 empirical individual-based networks on plant-animal seed dispersal mutualism, encompassing 1037 plant individuals across 29 species from various regions. We compare the structure of individual-based networks to that of species-based networks and by extending the niche concept to interaction assemblages, we explore levels of individual plant specialization. We examine how individual variation influences network structure and how plant individuals "explore" the interaction niche of the population.</p> <p>Please refer to <strong>makefile.R</strong> for project outline, explanation and codes used, and to the <strong>README</strong> in networks folder for data structure and compilation.</p>
Biogenic secondary organic aerosol participates in plant interactions and herbivory defense
<p>Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) can be formed from the oxidation of plant volatiles in the atmosphere. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) can elicit plant defenses, but whether such ecological functions persist after they form SOAs was previously unknown. Here we show that Scots pine seedlings damaged by large pine weevils feeding on their roots release HIPVs that trigger defenses in neighboring conspecific plants. Interestingly, the biological activity persisted after HIPVs had been oxidized to form SOAs, which was indicated by receivers displaying enhanced photosynthesis, primed volatile defenses, and reduced weevil damage. The elemental composition and quantity of SOAs likely determines their biological functions. This work demonstrates that plant-derived SOAs can mediate interactions between plants, highlighting its ecological significance in ecosystems.</p>
Figure 1 in A new interaction in an invasive plant in Brazil: Horismenus abnormicaulis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) parasitizing Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in seeds pods of Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae)
Figure 1. Horismenus abnormicaulis, female: A) head and mesosoma lateral; B) habitus.
Data associated with the manuscript "Complex epistatic interactions between ELF3, PRR9, and PRR7 regulates the circadian clock and plant physiology"
<p>Datasets associated with the figures in the paper entilted: "<strong>Complex epistatic interactions between ELF3, PRR9, and PRR7 regulates the circadian clock and plant physiology"</strong></p>
The golden threat: Solidago invasion alters native plant-pollinator interactions through vegetative structures
<p>This folder includes all files that were used for the article entitled "The golden threat: <em>Solidago</em> invasion alters native plant-pollinator interactions through vegetative structures".</p> <p>It includes: a README file, the input data for the two research question (Q1 and Q2), the RData of the respective fitted models, the PDF of the main text and sup. mat. figues, and the Rscript to reproduce them. </p>
Plant-Bee Pollen Interaction Networks Based on Epanthidium tigrinum Nests in Fortaleza, Brazil (2019-2020)
<p>This dataset contains detailed ecological data on the interactions between the solitary bee species <em>Epanthidium tigrinum</em> and various flowering plants in an urban area of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The data were collected from May 2019 to November 2020, focusing on pollen analysis from nests of <em>E. tigrinum</em> using black cardboard trap nests.</p> <p><strong>Data Includes:</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>LOCALITY</strong>: Geographic location of the study.</li> <li><strong>BEE_SPECIE</strong>: The species of bee studied, exclusively <em>Epanthidium tigrinum</em>.</li> <li><strong>FLOWER_SPECIES</strong>: Identified plant species based on pollen grains found in the nests.</li> <li><strong>INTERACTION_FREQUENCY</strong>: The frequency of interactions between <em>E. tigrinum</em> and flowering plants, quantified through pollen presence across analyzed slides.</li> <li><strong>NESTING_PERIOD</strong>: Classification of the nesting periods into <strong>High Nesting Period</strong> (June to September) and <strong>Low Nesting Period</strong> (remaining months).</li> <li><strong>YEAR</strong>: The years of data collection (2019 and 2020).</li> </ul> <p><strong>Potential Uses:</strong> This dataset is valuable for researchers studying plant-pollinator interactions, urban ecology, and the role of solitary bees in ecosystem services. It can be utilized in ecological modeling, conservation planning, and understanding the dynamics of pollinator communities in urban settings. Additionally, it may aid in the assessment of the impact of urbanization on pollinator behavior and plant diversity.</p>
Computed tomography (CT) was used to study the interaction of NMs with the plant cell tissue in vivo using Zeiss Xradia 510 system on Arabidopsis thaliana leaf. T
<p>This work was supported by the National Research Facility for Lab X-ray CT (NXCT) at the µ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, University of Southampton, through EPSRC grant EP/T02593X.</p>
Data from: Fire, grazing, and climate shape plant-grasshopper interactions in a tallgrass prairie
1. Species interactions are integral to ecological community function and the structure of species interactions has repercussions for the consequences of species extinctions. Few studies have examined the role of environmental factors in controlling species interaction networks across time. 2. We examined variation in plant-grasshopper network structural properties in response to three major grassland drivers: periodic fire, ungulate grazing and climate. 3. We sequenced a plant barcoding gene from extracted grasshopper gut contents to characterize diets of 26 grasshopper species. Resulting grasshopper species' diets were combined with long-term plant and grasshopper surveys to assemble plant-grasshopper networks across 13-19 years for 6 watersheds subjected to varying fire and grazing treatments. 4. Network modularity, generality, and predicted grasshopper community robustness to plant species loss all increased in grazed watersheds. Temperature decreased predicted grasshopper community robustness to plant species loss. 5. Grasshopper communities were found to be vulnerable to climatic warming due to host plant loss. However, intermediate disturbance from ungulate grazers may maintain grasshopper diversity and buffer community robustness to species loss. Our results suggest that climate and disturbance shape the structure of ecological interaction networks and thus have many indirect effects on species persistence though direct effects on interaction partners.
Interspecific interactions regulate plant reproductive allometry in cereal-legume intercropping systems
<p>1. Calls for the application of ecological principles in agriculture have gained momentum. Intercropping systems are designed by growing two, or more, annual crop species in the same field, aiming for a better resource use efficiency. However, assembly rules for their design are lacking. Notably, it is unknown whether species performances are maximized during both the vegetative and reproductive phases given the sensitivity of reproductive allocation rules to resource limitation. Interestingly, ecological theory provides expectations regarding putative invariance of plant reproductive allometry (PRA) under non-limiting conditions for plant growth. Here we examined whether and how PRA changes in response to plant-plant interactions in intercropping systems, which can inform both ecological theory and the understanding of the functioning of intercropping systems.</p> <p>2. We analyzed a dataset of 28 field cereal-legume intercropping trials from various climatic and management conditions across Western Europe. PRA was quantified in both mixing and single-species situations.</p> <p>3. PRA was positively impacted in specific management conditions, leading to a greater increase in yield for a given increase in plant size. Variations in PRA were more beneficial for legumes grown in unfertilized mixtures, which explains their use as a key component in actual intercropping systems. The response for cereals was similar but less pronounced in magnitude, and was greater under resource limiting conditions. Focusing on intercropping conditions, hierarchical competition (indicated by biomass difference between intercropped species) appears as a strong driver of the reproductive output of a given species.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. PRA behaves in crop species in the same way as it does in wild species. However, contrary to theoretical expectations about an overall invariance of PRA, we highlighted taxon-specific and context-dependent effects of plant-plant interactions on PRA. This systematic deviation to PRA expectations could be leveraged to cultivate each species up to its reproductive optimum while accounting for the performance of the other, whether farmer's objective is to favor one species or to reach an equilibrium in seed production. Sowing density and cultivar choice could regulate the biomass of each component, with specific targets derived from allometric relationships, aiming for an optimal reproductive allocation in mixtures.21-Jul-2021</p>
Legacy effects of seed dispersal mechanisms shape the spatial interaction network of plant species in Mediterranean forests
<p>1. Seed dispersal by frugivores plays a key role in structuring and maintaining tree diversity in forests. However, little is known about how the spatial legacy of seed dispersal and early recruitment shapes spatial patterns and the spatial interaction network of plant species in mature forest communities.</p> <p>2. We analysed two fully mapped mixed Pine-Oak forest communities using spatial point pattern analysis to determine (i) the detailed structure of the intraspecific spatial patterns of saplings and adults, (ii) the intra- and interspecific spatial interaction of saplings, adults, and saplings relative to adults, (iii) the spatial patterns of species richness at the community level, and (iv) whether seed dispersal mechanisms affect the plant-plant interaction networks and the ratio of adult to sapling neighbourhood densities used as surrogate for spatial self-thinning.</p> <p>3. The intraspecific spatial patterns of saplings and adults showed in general complex nested cluster structures that were similar for sapling and adult stages, despite of substantial self-thinning in some dry-fruited species. The spatial network of saplings was characterized by positive spatial interactions. Adults of several tree species facilitated saplings in their proximity; however, adults of dry-fruited species, but not those of fleshy-fruited ones, lost almost all positive interactions that occurred at the sapling stage. Besides, interaction strength between adults was positive and often significantly stronger if both species were fleshy-fruited. At the community level, the forests were structured into multispecies clumps across all life stages.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our analyses highlight the importance of the spatial legacy of seed dispersal and early recruitment in the assembly of plant communities. Particularly, animal seed dispersal can lead to multispecies clusters and positive spatial associations across life stages in Mediterranean forests, with surprisingly little signatures of negative interactions. Our analysis suggests that changes of the spatial structure across plant life stages are driven by seed dispersal mechanisms and subsequent spatial self-thinning, generating a spatial footprint at the sapling stage that conditions the long-term interactions between adult plants. Combining spatial point pattern analysis with network analysis and species traits is a promising way to disentangle the processes underlying observed patterns of local diversity. </p>
Individual-based networks reveal the highly skewed interactions of a frugivore mutualist with individual plants in a diverse community
<p>While plant-animal interactions occur fundamentally at the individual level, the bulk of research examining the mechanisms that drive interaction patterns has focused on the species or population level. In seed-dispersal mutualisms between frugivores and plants, little is known about the role of space and individual-level variation among plants in structuring patterns of frugivore foraging and, thus, seed dispersal in a plant community. Here we use an animal perspective to examine how space and variation between individual plants affect movement and visitation by frugivores foraging on individual fruiting plants. To do this, we used a spatially explicit network approach informed by observations of the movement and foraging of a frugivorous lemur species (Eulemur rubriventer) amongst individual plants in a diverse plant community in Madagascar. The resulting hierarchical networks, in which a few individual plants received the bulk of the interactions, demonstrated how a generalist frugivore species could act as an individual-plant specialist within a plant community. The few individual plants that dominated interactions with the lemurs shaped the modular spatial structure of frugivory interactions in the community and facilitated visitation to near neighbors. This interaction structure was primarily driven by extrinsic factors, as lemur movements among plants were significantly influenced by the individual plant's spatial position and the species richness of fruiting plants in its immediate neighborhood. Individual plants in central spatial locations, with a rich fruiting neighborhood and large fruit crops, received the most visits. The observed drastic inequality in the interactions of a generalist frugivore within a highly diverse plant community highlights the importance of considering individual-level variation for essential ecosystem processes, such as seed dispersal.</p>
Data from: Spatiotemporal variation in the role of floral traits in shaping tropical plant-pollinator interactions
<p>Supplementary datasets for <strong>Klomberg <em>et al.</em> 2021 Spatiotemporal variation in the role of floral traits in shaping tropical plant-pollinator interactions</strong><strong>.</strong> <em>Ecology Letters.</em></p> <p>All related information can be found in the cited paper.</p> <p>When using the dataset for anything, cite the Klomberg <em>et al. </em>paper.</p> <p>For additional information, refer to the paper or write to robert.tropek@gmail.com</p>
Interactions between protea plants and their animal mutualists and antagonists are structured more by energetic than morphological trait matching
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Traits mediate mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and animals, and should thus be useful for predicting trophic species interactions. Studies to date have examined the importance of morphological trait matching for plant-animal interactions, but have rarely explored the extent to which these interactions are shaped by matching between energetic provisions of plants and energetic demands of animals.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We tested whether energetic and/or morphological trait matching shapes interactions between <em>Protea</em> plant species and their interacting animal mutualists and antagonists in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We recorded interactions between 22 <em>Protea</em> species, pollinating insects, and vertebrates as well as seed predators (endophagous insect larvae in protea cones) at 21 study sites. To relate species interactions to matching trait pairs, we measured key morphological traits (shape and size of flower heads and seed cones, and mouth part length as well as body length) and quantified the animals' energetic demands (metabolic rate) together with the plants' energetic provisions (nectar sugar amount, seed-to-cone mass ratio). We calculated log ratios of both energetic and morphological traits between animals and plants as predictor variables for the number of observed interactions between <em>Protea</em> species and their animal interaction partners.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>For both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, we found significant effects of morphological and energetic trait ratios on the interactions between plants and animals. Trait ratios accounted for 11% to 22% of the variation in species interactions. Consistent with energetic trait matching, we found a hump-shaped relationship between interaction frequency and log ratios of energetic traits of animals and plants, indicating that interactions were most frequent at intermediate log ratios between energetic demand and provision. Effects of morphological trait ratios on interactions were statistically supported in most cases but were variable in the magnitude and shape of the predicted relationships. </span></p> <p><span>Across animal taxa and interaction types, energetic traits had more consistent effects on interactions between plants and animals than morphological traits. This suggests that energy can function as an important interaction currency and facilitate the understanding and prediction of trophic species interactions.</span></p>
Long-term spatially-replicated data show no physical cost to a benefactor species in a facilitative plant-plant interaction
<p>Facilitation is an interaction where one species (the benefactor) positively impacts another (the beneficiary). However, the reciprocal effects of beneficiaries on their benefactors are typically only documented using short-term datasets. We use <em>Azorella selago</em>, a cushion plant species and benefactor, and a co-occurring grass species, <em>Agrostis magellanica</em>, on sub-Antarctic Marion Island, comparing cushion plants and the grasses growing on them over a 13-year period using a correlative approach. We additionally compare the feedback effect of <em>A. magellanica</em> on <em>A. selago</em> identified using our long-term dataset with data collected from a single time period. We hypothesized that <em>A. selago</em> size and vitality would be negatively affected by <em>A. magellanica</em> cover and that the effect of <em>A. magellanica</em> on <em>A. selago</em> would become more negative with increasing beneficiary cover and abiotic-severity, due to, e.g., more intense competition for resources. We additionally hypothesized that <em>A. magellanica</em> cover would increase more on cushion plants with greater dead stem cover, since dead stems do not inhibit grass colonization or growth. The relationship between <em>A. magellanica</em> cover and <em>A. selago</em> size and vitality was not significant in the long-term dataset, and the feedback effect of <em>A. magellanica</em> on <em>A. selago</em> did not vary significantly with altitude or aspect; however, data from a single time period did not consistently identify this same lack of correlation. Moreover, <em>A. selago</em> dead stem cover was not significantly related to an increase in <em>A. magellanica</em> cover over the long term; however, we observed contrasting results from short-term datasets. Long-term datasets may, therefore, be more robust (and practical) for assessing beneficiary feedback effects than conventional approaches, particularly when benefactors are slow-growing. For the first time using a long-term dataset, we show a lack of physical cost to a benefactor species in a facilitative interaction, in contrast to the majority of short-term studies.</p>
Data from: Plant attributes interact with fungal pathogens and nitrogen addition to drive soil enzymatic activities and their temporal variation
<p>Nitrogen enrichment can alter soil communities and their functioning directly, via changes in nutrient availability and stoichiometry, or indirectly, by changing plant communities or the abundance of consumers. However, most studies have only focused on one of these potential drivers and we know little about the relative importance of the different mechanisms (changes in nutrient availability, in plant diversity or functional composition, or in consumer abundance) by which nitrogen enrichment affects soil functioning. In addition, soil functions could vary dramatically between seasons, however, they are typically measured only once during the peak growing season. We therefore know little about the drivers of intra-annual stability in soil functioning.</p> <p>In this study, we measured activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase, two extracellular enzymes that indicate soil functioning. We did so in a large grassland experiment which tested the effects, and relative importance, of nitrogen enrichment, plant functional composition and diversity, and foliar pathogen presence (controlled by fungicide) on soil functioning. We measured the activity of the two enzymes across seasons and years to assess the stability and temporal dynamics of soil functioning.</p> <p>Overall β-glucosidase activity was slightly increased by nitrogen enrichment over time but did not respond to the other experimental treatments. Conversely, plant functional diversity, and interactions between plant attributes and fungicide application, were important drivers of mean acid phosphatase activity. The temporal stability of both soil enzymes was differently affected by two facets of plant diversity: species richness increased temporal stability and functional diversity decreased it; however, these effects were dampened when nitrogen and fungicide were added.</p> <p>Synthesis: The fungicide effects on soil enzyme activities suggest that foliar pathogens can also affect belowground processes and the interacting effect of fungicide and plant diversity suggests that these plant enemies can modulate the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. The contrasting effects of our treatments on the mean versus stability of soil enzyme activities clearly show the need to consider temporal dynamics in belowground processes, to better understand the responses of soil microbes to environmental changes such as nutrient enrichment.</p>
Data for: Using environmental DNA to investigate avian interactions with flowering plant
<p>Animal pollination is an important and highly valued ecosystem function and the role of birds as pollinators is increasingly acknowledged. However, such interactions can be challenging to document and often require extensive field programs. Over the last decade, environmental DNA (eDNA) has been analysed from several different contemporary sample types such as water, soil, flowers, and air. The applications of these studies include biodiversity monitoring, detection of endangered species, community compositions, and, more recently, flower-arthropod interactions. However, it remains unknown whether flower-eDNA is applicable to other taxonomic groups interacting with plants, as well as the deposition and degradation of eDNA on flowers. Here, we test whether eDNA from flowers can be used for detecting bird pollinators. In a controlled environment (an aviary with great tits [<em>Parus major</em>]), we show that birds leave significant traces of DNA on the flowers without observed visits (airborne eDNA). We further show that when birds had been in contact with the flowers, DNA concentrations increased to levels significantly higher than airborne background DNA. Subsequently, we sampled five clusters of wild flowers in Papua New Guinea and detected four species of birds, two of which are nectar-feeders, and one that is an insectivorous species known to visit flowers. These four bird species were regularly seen in the area and caught in mist-nets in the days prior to sampling of the flowers. In total, 29 bird species were recorded (18 mist-netted) in the area and of these eight are nectarivorous. Our quantitative approach suggests that it is possible to distinguish airborne background bird DNA deposited on flowers from actual flower visits of birds in the wild, although this might be highly context specific. Our findings are of broad interest within research on ecosystem functioning, biotic interactions, and plant-animal mutualism.</p>
Successional and phenological effects on plant-floral visitor interaction networks of a tropical dry forest
<p>1. Plant-pollinator interactions are fundamental to ecosystem functioning; however, the role that succession and phenology have on these interactions is poorly understood, particularly in endangered tropical ecosystems. In highly diverse ecosystems such as tropical dry forests (TDF), variation in water and food availability determines the life cycles of animal pollinators. Therefore, understanding patterns of flowering phenology and plant-pollinator interactions across seasons in successional environments is key to maintaining and restoring TDF.</p> <p>2. We analysed the functional dynamics of plant-floral visitor interactions at the community level across a successional gradient in a Mexican TDF. We evaluated changes in the diversity of blooming plant species and floral visitors, phenological patterns, interaction network metrics, and beta diversity among early, intermediate, and late successional stages, between dry and rainy seasons.</p> <p>3. We found a higher diversity of blooming plant species and a higher richness of animal species in the intermediate and late successional stages. Peak abundance of floral visitors overlapped with flowering peaks in the late successional stages, but this was not consistently the case in the early and intermediate stages. Plant-floral visitors networks differed in structure according to successional stage and season, but specialisation metrics were higher in late successional stages. Interaction networks were more dissimilar between dry and rainy seasons within successional stages than within seasons between successional stages, suggesting connectivity across successional sites during each season. In addition, closely related plant species do not share the same pollination systems in any successional stage.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our results showed that plant-floral visitor interactions are dynamic and vary with flowering phenology and with successional changes in plant and animal diversity. Plant-floral visitor interactions were more diverse and specialised in the late successional stages. In the rainy season, differences in network structure among successional stages are due to interaction rewiring, while in the dry season, it is caused by species turnover. Our results demonstrate that seasonality plays a key role in community diversity and network structure and highlight the importance of conserving mature forests to ensure the maintenance of critical pollination interactions across all successional stages.</p>
High species turnover and unique plant–pollinator interactions make a hyperdiverse mountain
<p>1. We studied α- and β-diversity of pollinators, flowering plants, and plant–pollinator interactions along the altitudinal gradient of Mt. Olympus, a legendary mountain and biodiversity hotspot in Central Greece.</p> <p>2. We explored ten study sites located on the north-eastern slope of the mountain, from 327 to 2,596 m a.s.l. Insect surveys were conducted once a month using hand netting (years 2013, 2014, and 2016), and they were combined with recordings of flowering plant diversity (species richness and flower cover). We then calculated α- and β-diversity of pollinators, plants in flower, and plant–pollinator interactions, and explored their demographic response along the altitudinal gradient.</p> <p>3. Alpha‐diversity of pollinators, plants, and plant–pollinator interactions were altitude-dependent; α‐diversity of all pollinators, bees, non-bumblebee bees, bee flies, and butterflies showed linear declines with altitude, whereas those of hoverflies and bumblebees showed unimodal patterns. Beta-diversity and its turnover component of all pollinators, hoverflies, bees, bumblebees, non-bumblebee bees, butterflies, and plants showed linear increases, whereas those of bee flies and of plant–pollinator interactions varied independently from the pairwise altitudinal difference.</p> <p>4. The high dissimilarity and uniqueness of pollination networks, which is probably a result of the high biodiversity and endemism of Mt. Olympus, is driven by species turnover and the formation of new interactions between new species. Contrasting to the monotonic decline of the remaining groups, the unimodal patterns of hoverfly and bumblebee α‐diversity are probably the effect of a higher tolerance of these groups to high-altitude environmental conditions. Our findings highlight that the high turnover of species and of pollination interactions along the altitudinal gradient is the mainstay of hyperdiverse mountains, a fact that conveys important historical, ecological, and conservational implications.</p>
Overgrowth competition or facilitation from cushion plants: Implication for the role of plant-plant interactions
<p>Our data reports the annual growth and age of the shrub <em>Caragana versicolor</em> overgrown or free of the cushion plant <em>Thylacospermum ceaspitosum</em>.<span> The observations and sampling were performed at ~5000 m.a.s.l., on the East facing slope of the Korzok range, on the North-Eastern side of Lake Tso Moriri above Korzok village (4522 m a.s.l.). </span><span>Our study demonstrates that the growth of </span><em>Caragana versicolor</em> is repressed by the competitive effect of the cushion plant <em>Thylacospermum ceaspitosum</em>, and shows no evidence of facilitation between the two co-occurring species.</p>
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