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634 results for “Plant invasions”
Underwater light attenuation inhibits native submerged plants and facilitates the invasive co-occurring plant Cabomba caroliniana
<p><span>Decreasing in the diversity and distribution of native submerged plants have been widely observed in recent decades. Global underwater darkening, which is mainly caused by radiation dimming and a decrease in transparency due to e.g. eutrophication, </span><span>has emerged as a general trend that strongly hampers the growth of submerged plants in lakes by decreasing the light available for photosynthesis. However, few studies have attempted to compare the responses of native and invasive submerged plants to underwater darkening. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of light attenuation on the growth and photosynthesis traits of native and invasive submerged plants.</span></p>
Altered trait covariances between invasive and native ranges of a global plant invader
<p>Increasing evidence suggests that invasive populations adapt to novel environments rapidly, and the ability to rapidly adapt depends on genetically-based trait variation and covariation. However, few studies have investigated the trait covariance in the native and invasive ranges. Such investigation will give a more comprehensive picture of how historical contingency and adaptation shape invasiveness, contributing to the prediction of future invasion dynamics.</p> <p>Here, we collected seven and nine populations alongside latitudes from invasive and native ranges of a global invasive plant, <em>Spartina alterniflora</em>, and planted them in two common gardens at the southernmost and northernmost sites of the invasive range. We measured plant traits, including the first flowering time, plant height, and seed set, and analyzed how these traits varied with garden sites and populations' origin latitudes and how their covariance changed between ranges.</p> <p>We found that plants flowered later, grew taller, and set more seeds in the high-latitude garden than in the low-latitude one. The growth and expression of genetic variation of traits appeared to be limited by high ambient temperature in the low-latitude garden. In the high-latitude garden, the flowering time of populations showed clinal variation for both invasive and native populations, whereas the plant height and seed set showed clinal variation only for native or invasive populations. From the native to the invasive range, the flowering time and seed set developed negative genetic covariance, and flowering time and plant height changed from negative genetically correlated to uncorrelated.</p> <p>Our results suggested that <em>S. alterniflora</em> has experienced rapid adaptation to clinal and local conditions over the 40-year invasion. Such geographic-scale rapid adaptation appeared to have benefited from previously identified genetic admixture that has released the trait covariance. Our study highlights the importance of integrating full-range geographical surveys with introduction history to understand the potential and mechanisms of trait evolution during invasion.</p>
Data from: Multiple introductions, polyploidy and mixed reproductive strategies are linked to genetic diversity and structure in the most widespread invasive plant across Southern Ocean archipelagos
<p><span>Biological invasions in remote</span> <span>areas that experience low human activity provide unique opportunities to elucidate processes responsible for invasion success. Here we study the most widespread invasive plant species across the isolated islands of the Southern Ocean, the annual bluegrass, Poa annua. To </span><span>analyze</span><span> geographic variation in genome size, genetic diversity, and reproductive strategies, we sampled all major sub-Antarctic archipelagos in this region and generated microsatellite data for 470 individual plants representing 31 populations. We also estimated genome sizes for a subset of individuals using flow cytometry. Occasional events of island colonization are expected to result in high genetic structure among islands, overall low genetic diversity, and increased self-fertilization, but we show that this is not the case for Poa annua. Microsatellite data indicated low population genetic structure and lack of isolation-by-distance</span> <span>among the sub-Antarctic archipelagos we sampled, but high population structure within each archipelago. We identified high levels of genetic diversity, low clonality, and low selfing rates in sub-Antarctic P. annua populations (contrary to rates typical of continental populations). In turn, estimates of autogamy declined in populations as genetic diversity increased. Additionally, we found that most P. annua individuals are likely tetraploid and that only slight variation exists in genome size across the Southern Ocean. Our findings suggest multiple independent introductions of P. annua into the sub-Antarctic, which</span> <span>promoted the establishment of genetically diverse populations. Despite multiple introductions, the adoption of convergent reproductive strategies (outcrossing) happened independently in each major archipelago. The combination of polyploidy and a mixed reproductive strategy likely benefited P. annua in the Southern Ocean by increasing genetic diversity and its ability to cope with the novel environmental conditions.</span></p>
The data table of eleven invasive species in Hungary and Romania: Invasive species' cover, invasive species' traits, basic characteristics, trait composition, functional diversity indices and soil parameters of recipient plant communities
<p>We studied 11 widespread herbaceous invasive alien species of East-Central Europe and their 16 impact metrics (resident plant communities' ecological characteristics, trait composition, functional diversity, and soil parameters) by sampling invaded and similar, uninvaded sites (space-for-time substitution method). Our aim was to (1) investigate the detailed ecological impacts of invasive plants on native plant communities; (2) explore the type of cover-impact relationships across impact metrics and their consistency across species; (3) study whether the cover-impact relationship depends on functional traits of invasive species. We present the data table with the 11 invasive species: the status of the sites (invaded, uninvaded), the cover of invasive species at plot level, the invasive species traits (lifespan, height, SLA, seed mass, clonal spread, flowering duration), community characteristics (species richness and diversity, native vegetation cover and bare ground cover at plot level), trait composition of native plant communities (native vegetation height, CWM height, CWM SLA, CWM seed mass, CWM clonal spread), functional diversity (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence, functional distance, RaoQ) and soil properties (N, P, organic C, pH).</p>
Juneau Alaska Invasive Plant Control Sites (2020-2022)
<p>This dataset provides the location of invasive plant sites where herbicide was used to control reed canarygrass, Bohemian knotweed, European mountain ash, and European bird cherry that threaten salmon and steelhead habitat in the City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska (2020-2022).</p>
Island area and remoteness shape plant and soil bacterial diversity through land use and biological invasion
<p>Biodiversity is declining dramatically due to human-driven land use change and biological invasion, but our knowledge of how such drivers influence plant and heterotroph diversity on island ecosystems remains limited. Historically island biogeography theory has focused solely on the direct effects of island size and remoteness on biodiversity, but these factors can also indirectly affect species gain and/or loss by impacting land use change and biological invasion. We built the structural equation model to explore the direct effects of island size and remoteness, and indirect effects of these factors via land use intensity and pinewood nematode invasion, on the diversity of plants and soil bacteria across 37 continental shelf islands in the largest land-bridge archipelago in eastern China.</p> <p>As expected we found that increasing island area directly promoted plant diversity. However, land use intensity increased with island area which also promoted plant diversity, and loss of pine forest by the pinewood nematode invasion increased with island remoteness which reduced plant diversity. Island remoteness only indirectly reduced plant diversity through increasing pine forest loss. Soil bacterial diversity was directly negatively impacted by island remoteness, and indirectly negatively impacted by island remoteness through increased soil electrical conductivity likely caused by greater salinity from sea spray. Furthermore, soil bacterial diversity was indirectly promoted by island area through increased plant diversity and decreased soil electrical conductivity, and indirectly reduced by pine forest loss through decreased plant diversity. Our findings highlight that island biogeography theory has relevance to understanding human impacts in the Anthropocene, and that there is a need to more explicitly recognize how island size and remoteness affect biodiversity not only directly, but also indirectly via their effects on human-induced drivers of biodiversity, such as land use change and biological invasion.</p>
Data for: Implications of climate change for biocontrol efficacy across the northern range of the invasive plant Linaria dalmatica
<p>The effect of insect biological control agents on invasive plant populations can vary spatially, and spatial variation in climate may drive regional variation in herbivory, and thus biocontrol efficacy. Within host plant populations, local plant abundance can also be affected by the spatial distribution of herbivores, but whether local patterns persist at larger scales is less well understood. We examined how infestation and damage of the stem-mining weevil <em>Mecinus janthiniformis</em>, a specialist biocontrol agent of the invasive plant <em>Linaria dalmatica</em>, varied with and among populations across the northern edge of the range in North America. We quantified weevil and invasive plant densities, as well as plant fecundity, stem diameter and height across sites spanning an area of ~39,000 km<sup>2</sup> in British Columbia, Canada. We found that specialist weevils did not respond to host plant density within sites across the study region. Instead, weevil attack and load were most sensitive to among-site variability in climate, with stems at warmer sites have four times as many weevils compared to stems at cooler sites. Weevils also reduced plant fecundity more at warmer sites, when controlled for plant size (stem diameter) with larger effects of weevils in thicker stems, indicating that <span><em>L. dalmatica</em> </span><span>suppression is highest in warmer locations where weevils are more abundant and environmental conditions more favorable</span>. Our results suggest that, with climate change, the efficacy of biocontrol for <em>L. dalmatica</em> will improve across the northern edge of the range. We recommend that at cooler sites, where biocontrols are less prevalent and effects on plant fecundity are weaker, alternative management strategies are necessary at this time. Across invasive plant species more generally, future studies that establish the role of climate in variability in biocontrol efficacy long after introduction can improve management of invasive plants under climate change.</p>
Data for: Responses of soil phosphorus cycling and bioavailability to plant invasion in river-lake ecotones
<p><span>The invasion of exotic plants in the river-lake ecotone has seriously affected the nutrient cycling processes in wetland soil. The South American species <em>Alternanthera philoxeroides</em> (Mart.) Griseb. is rapidly invading the river-lake ecotone in subtropical China, and has become the dominant species in the river-lake ecotone. However, there have been few studies on the effects of <em>A. philoxeroides</em> invasion on soil phosphorus (P) cycling and bioavailability in this ecotone. Herein, we measured the bioavailable P fractions, physicochemical properties and nutrient content in the surface soils of the native plant (<em>Zizania latifolia</em> (Griseb.) Turcz and <em>Nelumbo nucifera</em> Gaertn.) communities and the adjacent invasive <em>A. philoxeroides</em> communities in three river-lake ecotones with different nutrient substrates in the subtropical Dongting Lake basin over a three-year period to reveal the effects of <em>A. philoxeroides</em> invasion on the morphology and concentrations of soil bioavailable P. The principal coordinate analysis results showed that <em>A. philoxeroides</em> invasion significantly altered the bioavailable P concentrations in the soil of native plant communities in the different river-lake ecotones, and this effect was not disturbed by the heterogeneity of the soil matrix. However, the effects of invasion into different native plant communities on the fractions of soil bioavailable P were different. Compared with native <em>Z. latifolia</em> and <em>N. nucifera</em> communities, <em>A. philoxeroides</em> invasion increased the concentration of inorganic P by 39.5% and 3.7%, respectively, and the concentration of organic P decreased by 32.7% and 31.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the invasion promoted P cycling and accumulation in the river-lake ecotone, which resulted in average decreases in the soil N:P and C:P ratios of 7.9% and 12.5%, respectively. These results highlight the impact of exotic plant invasions on nutrient cycling in wetland ecosystems in the river-lake ecotone, and this process may be detrimental to the late recovery of native plants.</span></p>
Stand biomass decreases towards the edge of a range expanding invasive plant, Mikania micrantha, but only on thick soil layers
<p>During range expansion, invasive plants may evolve distinctive traits that make them rapidly occupy the suitable sites at the invasion front, but it is unknown how stand biomass (i.e., biomass production of dense monocultural stands, which may predict invasion speed and impacts) changes during range expansion, and if stand biomass is related to competitive ability. In this study, we examined how competitive ability against common intraspecific competitors and stand biomass when six plants from the same population were grown together change during range expansion, using 27 populations of the invasive <em>Mikania</em> <em>micrantha</em> on Hainan island of China. Competitive ability did not decrease towards the range edge. Stand biomass decreased towards the range edge in 11 L pots with a thick soil layer, but not in 3 L pots with a thin soil layer. Stand biomass was negatively correlated with root-to-shoot ratio in 3 L pots but not in 11 L pots. Stand biomass was unrelated to competitive ability. Our results indicate that edge populations of invasive <em>M. micrantha</em> may have reduced stand-level performance in habitats with thick soil layers. In habitats with shallow soil layers, populations may evolve greater allocation to roots and reduced stand-level performance.</p>
Does a history of population co-occurrence predict plant performance, community productivity, or invasion resistance?
<p>A history of species co-occurrence in plant communities is hypothesized to lead to greater niche differentiation, more efficient resource partitioning, and more productive, resistant communities as a result of evolution in response to biotic interactions. A similar question can be asked of co-occurring populations: do individual species or community responses differ when communities are founded with plants sharing a history of population co-occurrence (sympatric) or originating from different locations (allopatric)? Using shrub, grass, and forb species from six locations in the western Great Basin, USA, we compared establishment, productivity, reproduction, phenology, and resistance to invaders for experimental communities with either sympatric or allopatric population associations. Each community type was planted with six taxa in outdoor mesocosms, measured over three growing seasons, and invaded with the annual grass <em>Bromus tectorum</em> in the final season. For most populations, the allopatric or sympatric status of neighbors was not important. However, in some cases, it was beneficial for some species from some locations to be planted with allopatric neighbors, while others benefited from sympatric neighbors, and some of these responses had large effects. For instance, the <em>Elymus</em> population that benefited the most from allopatry grew 50% larger with allopatric neighbors than in single origin mesocosms. This response affected invasion resistance, as <em>B. tectorum</em> biomass was strongly affected by productivity and phenology of <em>Elymus</em> spp., as well as <em>Poa secunda</em>. Our results demonstrate that while community composition can affect plant performance in semi-arid plant communities, assembling communities from sympatric populations is not sufficient to ensure high productivity and invasion resistance. Instead, we observed an idiosyncratic interaction between sampling effects and evolutionary history, with the potential for seed source of individual populations to have community-level effects.</p>
Data from: Soil microbes mediate the effects of resource variability on plant invasion
<p>A fundamental question in ecology is which species will prevail over others amid changes in both environmental mean conditions and their variability. Although the widely accepted fluctuating resource hypothesis predicts that increases in mean resource availability and variability therein will promote non-native plant invasion, it remains unclear to what extent these effects might be mediated by soil microbes. We grew eight invasive non-native plant species as target plants in pot-mesocosms planted with five different synthetic native communities as competitors and assigned them to eight combinations of two nutrient-fluctuation (constant vs pulsed), two nutrient-availability (low vs high) and two soil-microbe (living vs sterilized) treatments. We found that when plants grew in sterilized soil, nutrient fluctuation promoted the dominance of non-native plants under overall low nutrient availability, whereas the nutrient fluctuation had minimal effect under high nutrient availability. In contrast, when plants grew in living soil, nutrient fluctuation promoted the dominance of non-native plants under high nutrient availability rather than under low nutrient availability. Analysis of the soil microbial community suggests that this might reflect that nutrient fluctuation strongly increased the relative abundance of the most dominant pathogenic fungal family or genus under high nutrient availability, while decreasing it under low nutrient availability. Our findings are the first to indicate that besides its direct effect, environmental variability could also indirectly affect plant invasion via changes in soil microbial communities.</p>
Recolonizing native wildlife facilitates exotic plant invasion into Singapore's rain forests: Data and R script
<p>Halting biological invasions and rewilding extirpated fauna are conservation interventions to bolster biodiversity, species interactions, and ecosystems. These actions are often considered separately and the potential for reintroduced wildlife to facilitate invasive plants has been largely overlooked. Here, we investigate the role of Singapore's recolonizing native wild pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) in facilitating an invasive weed <em>Miconia crenata </em>into tropical rain forests, which are normally highly resistant to invasion. We conducted line-transect surveys in 11 Singaporean rain forests and used generalized linear mixed models to consider the contribution of pigs' soil disturbances, human forest paths, and other environmental covariates, on the density of <em>M. crenata</em>. We found that <em>M. crenata</em> was more abundant at forest edges and invasion into forest interior was facilitated by pigs, paths, and canopy gaps, but that these effects were all additive, not synergistic (i.e. not multiplicative). These<span> results highlight how modern invasions are driven by multiple disturbances as well as propagule pressure (e.g. urban birds dispersing seeds at forest edges where they establish in pig soil disturbances). </span>Singapore's extensive native forest restoration efforts may have provided plentiful edge and secondary forests that are well suited to pigs and <em>M. crenata</em>, which in turn undermine the aims of fostering later-successional native plant communities. To prevent negative externalities, we suggest that plant restoration and rewilding projects consider the potential role of wildlife in facilitating non-native plants, and couple these actions with preliminary screening of unintended consequences and continued monitoring, as well as limiting human-mediated weed invasion to minimize propagule sources.</p>
Plant invasion and fertilizer addition alter soil biota and their functions: A global meta-analysis
<p>Datasets used for meta-analysis on plant invasion and fertilizer addition effects on soil biota and their functions.</p>
Data from: Distribution, drivers, and restoration priorities of plant invasions in India
<p>Biological invasions threaten biodiversity and human wellbeing, with developing tropical countries being more vulnerable. Despite the urgency to reduce impacts of invasions, management interventions are constrained by unavailability of timely information on invasive species occurrence, potential drivers, and restoration priorities. Generating this information at biogeographic scales can be costly, unless integrated with multi-objective biodiversity monitoring. Invasive plant monitoring is integrated with India's national-scale tiger population assessment, wherein natural areas are sampled at 25 km<sup>2</sup> scale to inventory plants. In 2018, a total of 158,979 plots were sampled covering ~358,550 km<sup>2</sup>. We used 206,393 locations of high concern invasive plants to model their distribution using socio-ecological covariates and identify potential drivers of invasions. Considering the invasion magnitude and financial constraints in management, we further identified priority restorations sites at national-scale to maximize biodiversity outcomes. High-concern invasive plants were recorded from ~254,880 km<sup>2</sup> (72% sampled area) and modelled to invade in total ~750,905 km<sup>2</sup> (66%) Indian natural systems. While open and deciduous ecosystems were the highest invaded by woody plants, areas with extreme climate and less anthropic pressure were least invaded. Since managing invasions across their range seemed futile due to costly (~13.5 billion USD for one-time management) and ineffective strategies, restoration priority was assigned to least invaded areas (11% protected areas, 23% multi-use) to maximize biodiversity returns. Synthesis and applications: India implemented national-scale invasive plant monitoring by integrating it with the umbrella project on tiger assessment. Embarking on this big data, we show that two-thirds of India's natural areas are under multiple plant invasions, owing to the legacy of anthropogenic modifications. Our study offers a restoration priority model, empowering policymakers to devise adaptive strategies for restoring invaded biomes and maximizing biodiversity returns.</p>
Data from: Successful recovery of native plants post-invasive removal in forest understories is driven by native community features
<p>Temperate forest understories hold the majority of the plant diversity present in these ecosystems and play an essential role in the recruitment and establishment of native trees. However, the long-term persistence of healthy forest understories is threatened by the impacts of invasive plants. As a result, a common practice is the removal of the agent of invasion. Despite this, we know little about the success of these practices and lack a comprehensive understanding of what intrinsic and extrinsic factors shape the recovery. In a multi-year field experiment, we investigated (Q1) whether native propagule availability drove native community recovery, (Q2) what the characteristics of successfully recovering communities were, and (Q3) under which environmental conditions recovery rates were faster. After initial removal of invasives, we seeded native species to manipulate assembly history and mimic restoration practices, we also implemented a repeated, vs. once, removal treatment, all in a full-factorial design. We collected data on plant species composition and abundance (i.e., species level percent cover) and on environmental conditions (i.e., light and soil water availability) in the three subsequent summers. Our results show that native community recovery rates were independent of seeding additions or frequency of invasive plant removal. The fastest rates of recovery were associated with high native species richness, native communities with higher values of specific leaf area (SLA), and low drought stress years. Our results suggest that restoration practices post-invasive plant removal should be tailored to enhance natural dispersal, or artificial addition if the resident community is species-poor, of native species with traits compatible with high resource availability, such as species with high SLA. In addition to the importance of the native community characteristics, our results underscore the need for assessing environmental conditions, favoring management practices during years of low drought stress to maximize native community recovery.</p>
Herbivory and elevated levels of CO2 and nutrients separately, rather than synergistically, impacted biomass production and allocation in invasive and native plant species
<p><span>Large parts of the Earth are experiencing environmental change caused by alien plant invasions, rising atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), and nutrient enrichments. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and nutrient concentrations can separately favour growth of invasive plants over that of natives but how herbivory may modulate the magnitude and direction of net responses by the two groups of plants to simultaneous CO<sub>2</sub> and nutrient enrichments remains unknown. In line with the enemy release hypothesis, invasive plant species should reallocate metabolites from costly anti-herbivore defences into greater growth following escape from intense herbivory in the native range</span><span>. Therefore, invasive plants should have</span><span> greater growth than natives </span><span>under simultaneous CO<sub>2</sub> and nutrient enrichments in the absence of herbivory. To test this prediction, we grew nine congeneric pairs of invasive and native plant species that naturally co-occurred in grasslands in China under two levels each of nutrient enrichment (low-nutrient vs. high-nutrient), herbivory (with herbivory vs. without herbivory) and under ambient (412 ± 0.6 ppm) and elevated (790.1 ± 6.2 ppm) levels of CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in open-top chambers in a common garden. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and nutrient enrichment separately increased total plant biomass, while herbivory reduced it regardless of the plant invasive status. High-nutrient treatment caused the plants to allocate a significantly lower proportion of total biomass to roots, while herbivory induced an opposite pattern. Herbivory suppressed total biomass production more strongly in native plants than invasive plants. The plants exhibited significant interspecific and intergeneric variation in their responses to the various treatment combinations. Overall, these results suggest that elevated CO2 and nutrients and herbivory may separately, rather than synergistically, impact productivity of the invasive and co-occurring native plant species in our study system. Moreover, interspecific variation in </span>resource-use strategies was more important than invasive status in determining plant responses to the various treatment combinations.</p>
Data from: Revealing biogeographic patterns in genetic diversity of native and invasive plants and their association with soil community diversity in the Chinese coast
<p><span>Within-species genetic diversity is shaped by multiple evolutionary forces within the confines of geography, and has cascading effects on the biodiversity of other taxa and levels. Invasive species are often initially limited in genetic diversity but still respond rapidly to their new range, possibly through 'pre-adapted' genotypes or multiple sources of genetic diversity, but little is known about how their genetic structure differs from that of native species and how it alters the genetic-species diversity relationship.</span><span> Here, we selected a widespread native species (<em>Phragmites australis</em>) and its co-occurring invasive competitor (<em>Spartina alterniflora</em>) as our model plant species. We investigated the genetic structure of <em>P. australis</em> using two chloroplast fragments and ten nuclear microsatellites in 13 populations along the Chinese coastal wetlands. We discovered a distinct geographical differentiation, showing that the northern and southern populations harbored unique genotypes.</span><span> We also found a significant increase in genetic diversity (allelic richness and expected heterozygosity) from south to north. Combined with previous studies of <em>S. alterniflora</em>, </span><span>the Mantel tests revealed</span><span> a significant correlation of genetic distances between <em>P. australis </em>and<em> S. alterniflora</em> even when controlling for geographic distance,</span><span> suggesting that the invasive species <em>S. alterniflora</em> might exhibit a phylogeographic pattern similar to that of the native species to some extent. Furthermore, our results suggest that the <em>S. alterniflora </em>invasion has altered the relationship between the genetic diversity of the dominant native plant and the associated species richness of soil nematodes. The reason for the alteration of genetic-species diversity relationship might be that the biological invasion weakens the environmental impact on both levels of biodiversity. Our findings contribute to understanding the latitudinal patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity in widespread species. This work on the genetic diversity analysis of native species also provides significant implications for the invasion stage and ecological consequences of biological invasions.</span></p>
The comparison of dispersal rate between invasive and non-invasive species varied by plant form and function trait
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Data from: Plant invasion overrides drought in suppressing arthropod abundance and richness
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Optical traits perform equally well as directly-measured functional traits in explaining the impact of an invasive plant on litter decomposition
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