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Fig. 1 in Late Neogene And Pleistocene Porgy Fishes (Teleostei, Sparidae) Of The Eastern Paratethys, With Comments On Their Palaeoecology
Fig. 1. Localities with fossil remains of sparid fishes from Ukraine and their stratigraphic sequence.
Fig. 3 in Fossil Ovibos Moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) From Buryn, With Reference To Muskox Dispersal In The Late Pleistocene Of Ukraine
Fig. 3. Last Glacial maximum distribution of Ovibos moschatus (after Kahlke, 2014, with modifications). Previously known localities with fossil muskox remains within the territory of Ukraine are indicated by circles. The find described herein is indicated by square.
Fig. 2 in Fossil Ovibos Moschatus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) From Buryn, With Reference To Muskox Dispersal In The Late Pleistocene Of Ukraine
Fig. 2. Skull fragment of muskox from the Buryn district local history museum in dorsal (A), ventra (B), lateral (C), and posterior view (D). Scale bar equals 10 cm in A and B, 5 cm in C and D.
Data from: A coherent biogeographic framework for Old World Neogene and Pleistocene mammals
<p>In order to understand mammalian evolution and compute a wide range of biodiversity indices, we commonly use spatial division adapted to ecological and evolutionary constraints called bioregion. While commonly conducted by neontologists, the establishment of bioregions in palaeontology is generally a secondary analysis, shaped on subjective time scales and areas specific to the investigated questions and groups. This heterogeneity, coupled with the scale-dependency of biodiversity indices, prevents the clear identification of macroecological and macroevolutionary trends for large taxonomic groups like extinct mammals. Here we tackle this issue by providing a coherent framework for Neogene and Pleistocene mammals of the Old World following two steps: (A) a temporal scale adapted to mammalian evolutionary history (i.e. evolutionary fauna) is defined by poly-cohort analysis, and (B) bioregions are then computed for each evolutionary fauna by clustering, ordination and intermediate approaches at multiples spatial scales (i.e. continental to regional) for Eurasia and Africa. Additionally, providing a coherent framework for a wide range of mammalian datasets, our results show: (1) the synchronous emergence and fall of five mammalian evolutionary faunas identified at chronological scales varying from the epoch to the geological stage; (2) a transition from a longitudinal to a latitudinal biogeographical structuring between the Miocene and Pliocene, especially in Europe; (3) the long-term affinity of southern Asian with African faunas, in sharp contrast with the modern Palearctic bioregion extension; and (4) the establishment of a vast Mediterranean bioregion from fragmented areas in late Miocene to its full extent in the Pleistocene.</p>
Plate 1 in Late Neogene And Pleistocene Porgy Fishes (Teleostei, Sparidae) Of The Eastern Paratethys, With Comments On Their Palaeoecology
Plate 1. Molariform teeth and their fragments assigned to Pagrus sp. (figs 1–6), Pagrus cinctus (figs 7–11) and Sparidae gen. et sp. indet. (figs 12–13): 1 — unnumbered, Shirokino 2; 2 — unnumbered, Shirokino 2; 3 — unnumbered, Shirokino 2; 4 — unnumbered, Shirokino 2; 5 — NMNHU-P 53/5117, Novopetrovka; 6 — NMN- HU-P 53/5118, Novopetrovka; 7 — NMNHU-P 29/229, Bezymiannoe; 8 — unnumbered, apical view, Mariupol'; 9 — NMNHU-P 53/5119, Trudomirovka; 10 — unnumbered, apical view, Mariupol'; 11 — unnumbered, apical view, Mariupol'; 12 — unnumbered, apical view, Mariupol'; 13 — NMNHU-P 29/228, Bezymiannoe. Apical view in a, basal in b, lateral in c.
Fig. 3 in Regional Fish-Based Biostratigraphy Of The Late Neogene And Pleistocene Of Southeastern Europe
Fig. 3. Extinction rate (ER), origination rate (OR) and taxonomic rotation (TR) in the ichthyofaunal assemblages of southeastern Europe and their trends on a logarithmic scale. Ichthyofaunal assemblages: 1 — Mykhailivkian; 2 — Popovian; 3 — Frunzivkian; 4 — Cherevychnian; 5 — Pontian; 6 — Kuchurganian; 7 — Obukhivkian; 8 — Shirokinian; 9 — Nogaiskian; 10 — Semibalkian.
Fig. 2 in Regional Fish-Based Biostratigraphy Of The Late Neogene And Pleistocene Of Southeastern Europe
Fig. 2. Dynamics of evolutionary transformations in the ichthyofaunal assemblages of the studied region during the late Neogene and Pleistocene. IFAs: 1 — Mykhailivkian; 2 — Popovian; 3 — Frunzivkian; 4 — Cherevychnian; 5 — Pontian; 6 — Kuchurganian; 7 — Obukhivkian; 8 — Shirokinian; 9 — Nogaiskian; 10 — Semibalkian. The numbers on the ordinate axis indicate the range of index values.
Fig. 1 in Regional Fish-Based Biostratigraphy Of The Late Neogene And Pleistocene Of Southeastern Europe
Fig. 1. Localities with fossil remains of freshwater fishes dated back to late Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene age (indicated by black circles) at the territory of southeastern Europe.
The role of multiple Pleistocene refugia in promoting diversification in the Pacific Northwest
<p>Pleistocene glacial cycles drastically changed the distributions of taxa endemic to temperate rainforests in the Pacific Northwest, with many experiencing reduced habitat suitability during glacial periods. In this study, we investigate whether glacial cycles promoted intraspecific divergence and whether subsequent range changes led to secondary contact and gene flow. For seven invertebrate species endemic to the PNW, we estimated Species Distribution Models (SDMs) and projected them onto current and historical climate conditions to assess how habitat suitability changed during glacial cycles. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from these species, we assessed population genetic structure and used a machine-learning approach to compare models with and without gene flow between populations upon secondary contact after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Finally, we estimated divergence times and rates of gene flow between populations. SDMs suggest that there was less suitable habitat in the North Cascades and Northern Rocky Mountains during glacial compared to interglacial periods, resulting in reduced habitat suitability and habitat fragmentation during the LGM. Our genomic data identify population structure in all taxa and support gene flow upon secondary contact in five of the seven taxa. Parameter estimates suggest that population divergences date to the later Pleistocene for most populations. Our results support the role of refugial dynamics in driving intraspecific divergence in the Cascades Range. In these invertebrates, population structure often does not correspond to current biogeographic or environmental barriers. Rather, population structure may reflect refugial lineages that have since expanded their ranges, often leading to secondary contact between once isolated lineages.</p>
Text-fig. 7. Fossil and living examples of leaves of Acer. a: Acer sp. (fossil), Pleistocene diatomaceous deposits near Faufouille, France (scale bar = 10 mm); National Museum Wales specimen 86.54G.1a; b: Leaf from living Acer growing near Machynlleth, mid-Wales, UK; photo by B. A. Thomas. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany
Text-fig. 7. Fossil and living examples of leaves of Acer. a: Acer sp. (fossil), Pleistocene diatomaceous deposits near Faufouille, France (scale bar = 10 mm); National Museum Wales specimen 86.54G.1a; b: Leaf from living Acer growing near Machynlleth, mid-Wales, UK; photo by B. A. Thomas.
Text-fig. 7. a–d: Zelkova zelkovifolia. a: Fruiting twig, Oriolo MSF 639. b: Oriolo MSF 685. c: Oriolo MSF 859. d: Oriolo MSF 947. e: Unknown leaf fragment resembling Lonicera nigra L., 1753, Oriolo MSF 859. f: Crataegus aff. monogyna Oriolo MSF 639-1. g: Fagus aff. sylvatica Oriolo MSF 648. Scale bars 10 mm (a–g). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 7. a–d: Zelkova zelkovifolia. a: Fruiting twig, Oriolo MSF 639. b: Oriolo MSF 685. c: Oriolo MSF 859. d: Oriolo MSF 947. e: Unknown leaf fragment resembling Lonicera nigra L., 1753, Oriolo MSF 859. f: Crataegus aff. monogyna Oriolo MSF 639-1. g: Fagus aff. sylvatica Oriolo MSF 648. Scale bars 10 mm (a–g).
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.
Text-fig. 4. a–e: Parrotia aff. persica. a: Oriolo MSF 991 capsule. b: Oriolo MSF 994 endocarp. c: Oriolo MSF 654. d: Oriolo MSF 743. e: Oriolo MSF 678. f: Vitis sp. Oriolo MSF 838. g–k: Gleditsia aff. caspica. g: Oriolo MSF 920. h: Oriolo MSF 939. i: Oriolo MSF 787. j: Oriolo MSF 917. k: Oriolo MSF 925. Scale bars 10 mm (a, h–k), 5 mm (b), 50 mm (c–f). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 4. a–e: Parrotia aff. persica. a: Oriolo MSF 991 capsule. b: Oriolo MSF 994 endocarp. c: Oriolo MSF 654. d: Oriolo MSF 743. e: Oriolo MSF 678. f: Vitis sp. Oriolo MSF 838. g–k: Gleditsia aff. caspica. g: Oriolo MSF 920. h: Oriolo MSF 939. i: Oriolo MSF 787. j: Oriolo MSF 917. k: Oriolo MSF 925. Scale bars 10 mm (a, h–k), 5 mm (b), 50 mm (c–f).
Text-fig. A1. a: Ulmus longifolia UNGER, 1847 (Unger 1847: pl. 26, fig. 5). b: Ulmus braunii HEER, 1856 (Heer 1856: pl. 79, fig. 17). c: Ulmus affinis A.MASSAL., 1853 (Massallongo 1854: pl. 4, fig. 8). d, e: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium K566057), UK. Scale bars 30 mm (a–e). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. A1. a: Ulmus longifolia UNGER, 1847 (Unger 1847: pl. 26, fig. 5). b: Ulmus braunii HEER, 1856 (Heer 1856: pl. 79, fig. 17). c: Ulmus affinis A.MASSAL., 1853 (Massallongo 1854: pl. 4, fig. 8). d, e: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium K566057), UK. Scale bars 30 mm (a–e).
Text-fig. 13. a, d–g: Acer aemilianum. b, c: Acer palmatum and A. sieboldianum modern leaves (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database). a: Oriolo MSF 661, 7-lobed leaf. b: Specimen U 1049, lobe detail showing finely serrate leaf margin. c: Specimen T 0246, 9-lobed leaf with coarsely serrate leaf margin. d: Oriolo MSF 645-1, 9-lobed leaf with two small additional lobes. e: Oriolo MSF 645. f: Oriolo MSF 660, 9-lobed specimen. g: Oriolo MSF 660-1. White arrows indicate position along lamina lobes where marginal serration starts. Scale bars 10 mm (a–c, f, g), 50 mm (d, e). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 13. a, d–g: Acer aemilianum. b, c: Acer palmatum and A. sieboldianum modern leaves (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database). a: Oriolo MSF 661, 7-lobed leaf. b: Specimen U 1049, lobe detail showing finely serrate leaf margin. c: Specimen T 0246, 9-lobed leaf with coarsely serrate leaf margin. d: Oriolo MSF 645-1, 9-lobed leaf with two small additional lobes. e: Oriolo MSF 645. f: Oriolo MSF 660, 9-lobed specimen. g: Oriolo MSF 660-1. White arrows indicate position along lamina lobes where marginal serration starts. Scale bars 10 mm (a–c, f, g), 50 mm (d, e).
Text-fig. 3. a–e: Berberis auriolensis sp. nov. a: Oriolo MSF 644, Holotype. b: Oriolo MSF 794, asterisks indicate position of teeth. c: Oriolo MSF 784. d: Oriolo MSF 789. e: Oriolo MSF 790. f–h: Modern leaves of Berberis. f: Berberis amurensis var. japonica modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 0454). g: Berberis koreana modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1646). h: Berberis canadensis modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1670). i: Epimedium cf. praeaspera Oriolo MSF 778, asterisk indicates position of tooth. j: Clematis aff. vitalba Oriolo MSF 630. Scale bars 10 mm (a–j). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 3. a–e: Berberis auriolensis sp. nov. a: Oriolo MSF 644, Holotype. b: Oriolo MSF 794, asterisks indicate position of teeth. c: Oriolo MSF 784. d: Oriolo MSF 789. e: Oriolo MSF 790. f–h: Modern leaves of Berberis. f: Berberis amurensis var. japonica modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 0454). g: Berberis koreana modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1646). h: Berberis canadensis modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1670). i: Epimedium cf. praeaspera Oriolo MSF 778, asterisk indicates position of tooth. j: Clematis aff. vitalba Oriolo MSF 630. Scale bars 10 mm (a–j).
Text-fig. 6. a: cf. Rubus sp., leaflet Oriolo MSF 676. b, c: cf. Sorbus. b: Oriolo MSF 821. c: MSF 677. d: Spiraea aff. cana Oriolo MSF 944. e: Rhamnus aff. cathartica Oriolo MSF 909. f–l: Ulmus affinis. f: Oriolo MSF 717. g: Oriolo MSF 725. h: Oriolo MSF 724. i: Oriolo MSF 721. j: Oriolo MSF 723. k: Oriolo MSF 637. l: Oriolo MSF 722. m: Zelkova zelkovifolia Oriolo 28 MSF 633. Scale bars 10 mm (a–f, m), 50 mm (g–l). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 6. a: cf. Rubus sp., leaflet Oriolo MSF 676. b, c: cf. Sorbus. b: Oriolo MSF 821. c: MSF 677. d: Spiraea aff. cana Oriolo MSF 944. e: Rhamnus aff. cathartica Oriolo MSF 909. f–l: Ulmus affinis. f: Oriolo MSF 717. g: Oriolo MSF 725. h: Oriolo MSF 724. i: Oriolo MSF 721. j: Oriolo MSF 723. k: Oriolo MSF 637. l: Oriolo MSF 722. m: Zelkova zelkovifolia Oriolo 28 MSF 633. Scale bars 10 mm (a–f, m), 50 mm (g–l).
Text-fig. 10. a, b: Carpinus aff. betulus. a: Leaves, Oriolo MSF 640. b: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 985. c–g: Carpinus aff. orientalis. c: Oriolo MSF 895. d: Oriolo MSF 899. e: Oriolo MSF 848. f: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 986. g: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 985. Scale bars 10 mm (a–g). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 10. a, b: Carpinus aff. betulus. a: Leaves, Oriolo MSF 640. b: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 985. c–g: Carpinus aff. orientalis. c: Oriolo MSF 895. d: Oriolo MSF 899. e: Oriolo MSF 848. f: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 986. g: Fruit, Oriolo MSF 985. Scale bars 10 mm (a–g).
Text-fig. 5. a: Gleditsia aff. caspica Oriolo MSF 935. b: Gleditsia caspica modern leaflet (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1484). c: Crataegus aff. monogyna Oriolo MSF 836. d: Mespilus aff. germanica Oriolo MSF 785. e, g, h: Pyracantha aff. coccinea. e: Oriolo MSF 627. g: Oriolo MSF 627. h: Oriolo MSF 684. f: Pyracantha coccinea modern leaf for comparison (NMNH 03695728). i: Pyracantha coccinea modern leaf for comparison (E00408203). j, k: Sorbus aff. domestica. j: Oriolo MSF 636. k: Oriolo MSF 824. Scale bars 10 mm (a–k). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 5. a: Gleditsia aff. caspica Oriolo MSF 935. b: Gleditsia caspica modern leaflet (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1484). c: Crataegus aff. monogyna Oriolo MSF 836. d: Mespilus aff. germanica Oriolo MSF 785. e, g, h: Pyracantha aff. coccinea. e: Oriolo MSF 627. g: Oriolo MSF 627. h: Oriolo MSF 684. f: Pyracantha coccinea modern leaf for comparison (NMNH 03695728). i: Pyracantha coccinea modern leaf for comparison (E00408203). j, k: Sorbus aff. domestica. j: Oriolo MSF 636. k: Oriolo MSF 824. Scale bars 10 mm (a–k).
Text-fig. 2. a, b: Pinus aff. peuce cones. a: Oriolo, MSF 643. b: Tebano, MSF 1021. c: Abies aff. alba cone scale, Oriolo MSF 988. d, e: Tsuga chiarugii cones. d: Oriolo MSF 638. e: Oriolo MSF 979. f, h: Bambusa lugdunensis leaves and leafy axis. f: Oriolo MSF 937. h: Oriolo MSF 651. g: Modern leaf of Yushania for comparison (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen U1347). i: Phragmites sp. Oriolo MSF n.n. Scale bars 50 mm (a, b, h, i), 10 mm (c–g). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 2. a, b: Pinus aff. peuce cones. a: Oriolo, MSF 643. b: Tebano, MSF 1021. c: Abies aff. alba cone scale, Oriolo MSF 988. d, e: Tsuga chiarugii cones. d: Oriolo MSF 638. e: Oriolo MSF 979. f, h: Bambusa lugdunensis leaves and leafy axis. f: Oriolo MSF 937. h: Oriolo MSF 651. g: Modern leaf of Yushania for comparison (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen U1347). i: Phragmites sp. Oriolo MSF n.n. Scale bars 50 mm (a, b, h, i), 10 mm (c–g).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.