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FIGURE 11 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 11. Ameerega ignipedis and similar species. (a,b) A. pongoensis from lower Cainarachi Valley, San Martin, Peru; (c,d) A. pongoensis from Shucushuyacu, Loreto, Peru; (e,f) A. ignipedis from type locality (holotype and MUSM 24952, respectively); (g) Ameerega simulans from Mazuko, Madre de Díos, Peru (photo by K. Summers); (h) A. petersi from Codo del Pozuzo, Huánuco, Peru; (i, k, j) A. petersi from Miguel Grau, Ucayali, Peru (photo k by J. Yeager); (l,m) A. petersi from Aguaytia, Ucayali, Peru; (n) A. petersi from Puerto Inca, Huánuco, Peru.
FIGURE 6. Our Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis. Thicker branches represent posterior probabilities greater than 80 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 6. Our Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis. Thicker branches represent posterior probabilities greater than 80 (nodes of particular interest to this study are labeled with observed posterior probabilities). Ameerega ignipedis sp. nov., A. yoshina sp. nov., and A. pepperi sp. nov. are highlighted with green, orange and red boxes, respectively. Since this study focused on the bassleri and petersi clades, to simplify visualization of the tree we reduced individuals of other species of Ameerega and other genera to a single representative (reducing the number of terminals to 76 from 135, and in every case, each clade comprised a monophyletic lineage).
FIGURE 5. Call variation between Ameerega bassleri, A. pepperi and A in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 5. Call variation between Ameerega bassleri, A. pepperi and A. yoshina. Box plots show period of silence between notes (L) and the calling rate (notes per minute) of the three species (R).
FIGURE 3 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 3. Map of study areas. Inset in bottom right shows the two primary regions dealt with in this paper. Box B corresponds to Fig. 8. Box A corresponds to the detailed map shown here. Black dots represent A. bassleri localities, red dots represent A. yoshina localities, and orange dots represent A. pepperi localities. All localities are in Departamento San Martín unless stated otherwise. Ameerega bassleri: (1) Chumia (6° 37' 5.10" S, 76° 10' 12.22" W); (2) Sauce (6° 41' 41.90" S, 76° 14' 11.87" W); (3) Cainarachi Valley (6° 27' 4.54" S, 76° 17' 30.84" W); (4) Huallaga Canyon (6° 34' 18.76" S, 75° 57' 51.12" W, north side of river); (5) Chazuta (6° 33' 30.68" S, 76° 8' 44.88" W); (6) Roque (6° 20' 48.54" S, 76° 43' 38.60" W, type locality of A. bassleri); (7) Saposoa (6° 53' 46.85" S, 76° 49' 41.41" W); (8) Alto Shima (6° 46' 15.85" S, 76° 56' 28.32" W); (9) Sisa (6° 35' 37.10" S, 76° 34' 29.41" W). Ameerega yoshina: (1) Callanayacu (6° 35' 17.61" S, 75° 55' 2.47" W; south side of river); (2) El Unión, Loreto (7° 11' 7.43" S, 74° 57' 13.12" W, type locality of A. yoshina). Ameerega pepperi: (1) Río Abiseo near Huicungo (7° 22' 2.88" S, 76° 48' 42.81" W); (2) Chumanza (7° 34' 7.8" S, 76° 41' 34.4" W); (3) Nuevo San Martín (7° 42' 13.64" S, 76° 40' 3.15" W; (4) San Francisco (8° 18' 30.3" S, 76° 40'40' 37.6" W, type locality of A. pepperi); (5) Campanilla (7° 25' 38.6" S, 76° 39' 53.3" W); (6) Polvora (7° 53' 28.75" S, 76° 40' 21.49" W). Note: Shucushuyacu, Loreto (shown near the top of the map) is the locality of a newly-discovered population of A. pongoensis (Fig. 11 c & d) and represents a substantial northward extension of the known range of this species.
FIGURE 1 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 1. (a) Holotype of Ameerega ignipedis sp. nov. (MUSM 24948); (b) A. pepperi sp. nov. (uncollected individual from Polvora, San Martín, Peru); (c) Holotype of A. yoshina sp. nov. (MUSM 24945); (d) A. bassleri (MUSM 26965) from type locality (Roque, San Martín, Peru).
FIGURE 8 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 8. Map of central Peru. Orange circles represent localities of Ameerega petersi, green circles represent A. smaragdina localities. Localities are based on personal observations and Silverstone (1976). Localities labeled with numbers are those which were included in the phylogenetic analysis; localities with letters are those for which individuals have not been sequenced. (1) Miguel Grau, Ucayali (9° 11' 11.47" S, 75° 47' 4.13" W); (2) Aguaytia, Ucayali (9° 0' 54.00" S, 75° 29' 2.40" W); (3) Tournavista, Huánuco (8° 54' 23.50" S, 74° 44' 7.20" W); (4) Codo del Pozuzo, Huánuco (9° 44' 5.22" S, 75° 30' 37.59" W); (5) Puerto Inca, Huánuco (9° 23' 10.39" S, 74° 54' 37.21" W); (6,7) Cordillera El Sira, Huánuco (9° 26' 50.86" S, 74° 48' 1.91" W); (8) Panguana, Huánuco (9° 33' 51.40" S, 74° 52' 16.29" W); (9) Pan de Azucar, Pasco (10° 14' 56.34" S, 75° 13' 32.09" W, type locality of A. smaragdina); (A) Río Iscozacin, Pasco (10° 24' 5.66" S, 75° 3' 47.29" W); (B) Cacazú, Pasco (10° 33' 16.29" S, 75° 5' 4.79" W); (C) Santa Isabel, Pasco (approximate location; type locality of A. petersi); (D) Nevati, Pasco (approximate location); (E) Río Vitoc, Junín (approximate location).
FIGURE 2 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 2. Advertisement calls of Ameerega ignipedis sp. nov. and A. pongoensis, spectrograms for calls with matching waveforms. (A) A. ignipedis, field recording of a male in type locality, 24 C, 5 May 2007. Dominant frequency 4583 Hz. (B) A. pongoensis, captive recording of a male from type locality (Huallaga Canyon). Dominant frequency 4233 Hz.
FIGURE 10 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 10. Advertisement calls of species in the Ameerega petersi group. (A) A. petersi, field recording in the Cordillera Azul 20 km NE of Tingo Maria, near the village of Miguel Grau (#1 on Fig. 8), 24.5 C, 27 April 2006. Dominant frequency 3570 Hz. (B) A. smaragdina, field recording from Pan de Azucar, near the town of Iscozacin (#9 on Fig. 8), 24.5 C, 9 August 2007. Dominant frequency 3594 Hz. (C) A. cainarachi, field recording from Chazuta, San Martin, Peru, 25 C, 7 July 2007, Dominant frequency 3590 Hz.
FIGURE 7 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 7. The biogeography of the bassleri clade is likely the result of multiple disturbance-vicariance events that resulted in periodic connections between the Cordillera Oriental and the Serranía de Contamana, followed by longer periods of isolation. This scenario assumes three periods of connectivity between the Cordillera Oriental and Contamana and would provide a mechanism for allopatric speciation in this group. Each species' distribution (and their ancestors) is depicted by the corresponding color. The bicolored pattern depicts the sympatry of two species.
FIGURE 4 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 4. Advertisement calls of Ameerega yoshina, A. pepperi, and A. bassleri. (A) A. yoshina standard advertisement call, field recording from 1.6 km SE of Callanayacu, San Martín, 25.5 C, 19 July 2007. Dominant frequency 3244 Hz. (B) A. yoshina short call, same location, temperature, and date as previous. Dominant frequency 3141 Hz. (C) A. pepperi advertisement call, field recording from near Polvora, San Martín, 24.5 C, 8 November 2008. Dominant frequency 2749 Hz. (D) A. bassleri advertisement call, field recording from 5.7 km NE of Roque, San Martín, 26.5 C, 16 June 2007. Dominant frequency 2714 Hz. See Fig. 3 for map of localities.
FIGURE 14. Ameerega yoshina, A in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 14. Ameerega yoshina, A. cainarachi, and A. pepperi. (a-c) A. yoshina from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru (MUSM 26985-26987); (d-f) A. yoshina from type locality (MUSM 24945, 26953, 26954), (g) A. yoshina (left) and sympatric A. cainarachi (right) from Callanayacu, San Martín, Peru; (h) A. cainarachi from Cainarachi Valley, San Martín, Peru; (i) A. cainarachi from Chazuta, San Martín, Peru; (j,k) A. pepperi from type locality, (l) A. pepperi from Nuevo San Martín, San Martín, Peru.
FIGURE 13 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 13. Ameerega bassleri. (a,b) Roque, San Martín, Peru (type locality); (c-e) Cainarachi Valley, San Martín, Peru; (f-j) Chazuta, San Martín, Peru; (k) Sauce, San Martín, Peru; (l-m) Cordillera Azul, 14 km SE of Shamboyacu, San Martín, Peru (photo by M. Ramírez Zárate); (n-p) eggs and tadpoles of A. bassleri.
FIGURE 9 in Complicated histories: three new species of poison frogs of the genus Ameerega (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from north-central Peru
FIGURE 9. Speciation and biogeography of the petersi clade. The series of maps depicts the putative ancestral distributions of the petersi clade through time, with (A) being the oldest and (E) being present-day. This hypothetical scenario could explain the discordance between our observed mitochondrial gene tree and the suggested species tree (in which A. petersi and A. smaragdina are the same species). Each species' distribution (and their ancestors' distribution) is depicted by the corresponding color. (F) Depiction of the known localities for each of these species.
FIGURE 3 in Another case of cryptic diversity in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae: Ameerega) — description of a new species from Bolivia
FIGURE 3. Ventral and dorsal views of preserved holotype (NKA 8469) of Ameerega boehmei (photos by S. Reichle).
FIGURE 2 in Another case of cryptic diversity in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae: Ameerega) — description of a new species from Bolivia
FIGURE 2. From upper left to lower right: Ameerega braccata from Mato Grosso, Brazil (photo courtesy of M. Martins); A. flavopicta from Minas Gerais, Brazil (photo courtesy of M. Martins); flavopicta/braccata-like new species, A. boehmei, topotypic specimen not collected (photo by S. Reichle); aspect of landscape which is inhabited by A. boehmei; specimens mostly occur near sandstone which are often situated near running water (foreground) (photo by S. Reichle).
FIGURE 1 in Another case of cryptic diversity in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae: Ameerega) — description of a new species from Bolivia
FIGURE 1. Known distributions of Ameerega braccata (magenta), A. flavopicta (orange) and the new species described here (red); map modified after Lötters et al. (2007).
FIGURE 4 in Another case of cryptic diversity in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae: Ameerega) — description of a new species from Bolivia
FIGURE 4. Oscillogram and audiospectrogram of advertisement call of (A) Ameerega boehmei from the type locality (temperature during recording 23.5 °C) and (B) A. flavopicta from Alto Paraíso, Goiás state, Brazil (temperature during recording 29 °C)
FIGURE 5 in A new genus of polystomatid parasitic flatworm (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) without free-swimming life stage from the Malagasy poison frogs
FIGURE 5. Maximum Likelihood tree inferred from an analysis of 331 nucleotides of DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene. Values along branches correspond to bootstrap proportions after 1,000 replicates. Letters [a] to [h] indicate different individuals of the same polystome candidate species.
FIGURE 2. Madapolystoma biritika n. g., n in A new genus of polystomatid parasitic flatworm (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) without free-swimming life stage from the Malagasy poison frogs
FIGURE 2. Madapolystoma biritika n. g., n. sp. Ventral view of holotype (A) and paratypes (B&C). Abbreviations: gc, genito-intestinal canal; gb, genital bulb; ha, hamulus; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; la, larva; mo, mouth; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; te, testis distribution; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens. Scale bars: 500 µm.
FIGURE 1. Madapolystoma biritika n. g., n in A new genus of polystomatid parasitic flatworm (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) without free-swimming life stage from the Malagasy poison frogs
FIGURE 1. Madapolystoma biritika n. g., n. sp. A, micrograph of the type specimen. Scale: 500µm; B, Mantella madagascareniensis (specimen from Besariaka); C, M. baroni (specimen from An'Ala); D, M. milotympanum.
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