Find research datasets worth reusing

Figure 8. Comparison of MultiNet and MST representations-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

Figure 8 shows the representation of the first reading of the sentence (5) in MWR. The MultiNet is shown at top of the figure, and the corresponding mental space representation is shown at the bottom side. Blue circles mark hypothetical or nonreal objects and situations and red circles mark real objects and situations. Facticity value for John is real, for unicorn it is nonreal, and for the process of riding, marked with blue broken circle, it is non-real as well.

Figure 7. The mental spaces set up by the sentence If John buys the car, he will drive to Berlin.-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

In the sentence (4) there are three proper names which constitute elements of the base space or reality space (R). The CNSB if sets up the hypothetical space (H) with elements identical to those of reality space (Figure 7). Every space’s internal structure is presented in the boxes next to them. In the next part, we will see how MultiNet’s built-in meaning representation mechanisms are capable of representing the basic principles of mental space building outlined above.

Figure 6. The mental spaces set up by the sentence Mary thinks that John smokes.-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

The proper nouns Mary and John setup a base space (B). By the help of background knowledge and activated frames we know that they are names of female and male humans. Not having access to the previous discourse, we also consider their existence presupposed. The SVSB Mary thinks that sets up a belief space (L) relative to space B (Figure 6). The identity connector maintains the referential link between elements a and a ׳ both referring to the same person.

Figure 9. Comparison of MultiNet and MST representations-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

Second interpretation of the sentence (5) can be represented with changing John’s Facticity attribute-value from [FACT = real] to [FACT = nonreal] making the whole situation and its elements non-real (Figure 9).

Figure 5. The mental spaces set up by the second interpretation of the sentence in the film, John is riding a unicorn.-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

Second interpretation: The proper name John exists only in film space without having a counterpart in base space. Therefore, the second interpretation of the sentence is: John is a film character who is riding a unicorn in the film (Figure 5).

Figure 4. The mental spaces set up by the first interpretation of the sentence in the film, John is riding a unicorn-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

First interpretation: The reality space (let’s call it R) contains an element a associated with the proper name John. The noun phrase a unicorn introduces an element b ׳ to the film space (call it F). I is the connector linking a in the space B to a ׳ in the space F (Figure 4). Since the elements of both mental spaces are co-referential, this connector is an identity connector. The rectangles represent the internal structure of the spaces next to them. The dashed line indicates that the space F is set up in relation to R and that it is subordinate to R in discourse.

Figure 1. The upper ontology of sorts in MultiNet (after Helbig [17])-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

One of the distinguishing features of MultiNet is its commitment to the Cognitive Adequacy requirement. According this requirement [9], semantic representations and knowledge representations should be centered around concepts. Concepts2 are represented by nodes in the graphical representation of the network. Every node belongs to a specific sort defined by the MultiNet’s ontology of sorts (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Mental space representation of "In the play, Mary is excited"-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

Thus an entity can have a variable reality status depending on the mental space to which it belongs. The mental space constructed by the sentence Poirot is a Belgian detective is a non-real imaginary story space of which Poirot is an element. But when we say in reality, Poirot is not Belgian the constructed space is reality space in which Poirot (the actor, not the character) does not have the fictional nationality.

Figure 2. Semantic representation of the sentence Peter finished the discussion in MultiNet after Helbig [8, p. 447].-Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics

In Figure 3, semantic frame of the concept Finish realized in the form of the verb finish requires two C-roles: An agent represented by the relation AGT, and an affected entity represented by the relation AFF. Here agent is Peter and the affected entity is an abstract object ([SORT = ad] means the concept is a dynamic abstraction).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

FIGURE 4 in New fossil representative of the genus Helius (Diptera, Limoniidae) from the little known and newly discovered locality Caergen Village of northeastern Tibetan Plateau (China)

FIGURE 4. Helius (Helius) qinghai n. sp., drawings of the holotype No. CNU-DIP-QZ2017001; 1 – head, 2 – male genitalia, 3 – relation between the length of palpi (p), antenna (a) and rostrum, 4 – wing (a – antenna, fl – flagellomeres, g – gonocoxite, ing – inner gonostylus, oug – outer gonostylus, p – pedicel, pl – palpi, r – rostrum, scp – scapus, t – tergite) (drawings by W. Krzemiński).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

FIGURE 3 in New fossil representative of the genus Helius (Diptera, Limoniidae) from the little known and newly discovered locality Caergen Village of northeastern Tibetan Plateau (China)

FIGURE 3. Helius (Helius) qinghai n. sp., photography of the holotype No. CNU-DIP-QZ2017001; 1 – body, 2 – male genitalia, 3 – head, 4 – left wing (photo by Siyuan Wu).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

FIGURE 2 in New fossil representative of the genus Helius (Diptera, Limoniidae) from the little known and newly discovered locality Caergen Village of northeastern Tibetan Plateau (China)

FIGURE 2. Vegetation surrounding Caergen Village and outcrops of the fossiliferous strata. Red mark is the fossil collection location, photo 24 Jul 2015.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2020View details →

→ Fig. 2. Representative skeletal elements of ornithosuchid archosaur Dynamosuchus collisensis gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0248) from Janner outcrop, Carnian, Late Triassic. A. Selected skull bones in left lateral view. B. Reconstruction of the skull. C. Skull in ventral view. D. Left quadrate and quadratojugal in posterodorsal view. E. Parabasisphenoid in left lateral view. F. Neural arch of an anterior cervical vertebra in anterior view. G. Centrum of a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. H. Right osteoderm in dorsal view. I. Neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. J. Left ilium in lateral view. L. Right humerus in anterior view. M. Right forearm in medial view. N. Left manus in dorsal view. O. Right (reversed) pubis in lateral view. P. Left femur in anterior view. Q. Left fibula in lateral view. Some unpreserved portions are modified from Baczko et al. in press, for the reconstruction of the skeleton of CAPPA/UFSM 0248 (preserved elements indicated in orange) (K). Scale bars 20 mm. in The first ornithosuchid from Brazil and its macroevolutionary and phylogenetic implications for Late Triassic faunas in Gondwana

→ Fig. 2. Representative skeletal elements of ornithosuchid archosaur Dynamosuchus collisensis gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0248) from Janner outcrop, Carnian, Late Triassic. A. Selected skull bones in left lateral view. B. Reconstruction of the skull. C. Skull in ventral view. D. Left quadrate and quadratojugal in posterodorsal view. E. Parabasisphenoid in left lateral view. F. Neural arch of an anterior cervical vertebra in anterior view. G. Centrum of a cervical vertebra in left lateral view. H. Right osteoderm in dorsal view. I. Neural arch of an anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. J. Left ilium in lateral view. L. Right humerus in anterior view. M. Right forearm in medial view. N. Left manus in dorsal view. O. Right (reversed) pubis in lateral view. P. Left femur in anterior view. Q. Left fibula in lateral view. Some unpreserved portions are modified from Baczko et al. in press, for the reconstruction of the skeleton of CAPPA/UFSM 0248 (preserved elements indicated in orange) (K). Scale bars 20 mm.

Fig. 5 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 5 Comparison of morphometric characters of B. glareoli and B. lobatum. a Ratio of body length to vitellaria length, b distance between oral and ventral suckers, c testis area, and d vitellaria length

Fig. 4 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 4 Bayesian analysis of partial sequence 28S rDNA + partial sequence cox1 data of nine members of the Brachylecithum genus. Tree constructed with MrBayes using the GTR + G model for 28S rDNA and HKY + G for cox1. The analysis was run for one million generations, with 250,000 generations as burn-in. Scale bars: number of substitutions per site. Nodal support is indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities. Host species are provided in parentheses. Outgroup— Lyperosomum collurionis

Fig. 2 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 2 Bayesian analysis of partial sequences of the 28S rDNA gene of 16 members of Dicrocoeliidae. The tree constructed with MrBayes using the GTR + G model. The analysis was run for one million generations, with 250,000 generations as burn-in. Scale bars: number of substitutions per site. Nodal support is indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities. Host species are provided in parentheses. Outgroup—M. magellanica (Opecoelidae)

Fig. 3 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 3 Bayesian analysis of the partial mitochondrial proteincoding gene cox1 (data as amino acids) derived from nine isolates of Brachylecithum spp. Tree constructed using the HKY + G model. The analysis was run for two million generations; 500,000 generations were discarded as burn-in. The branch-length scale indicates the number of substitutions per site. Nodal support is indicated as Bayesian posterior probabilities. Host species are provided in parentheses. Outgroup— Lyperosomum collurionis

Fig. 1 in Molecular characteristics of representatives of the genus Brachylecithum Shtrom, 1940 (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae) with comments on life cycle and host specificity

Fig. 1 Larval stages of Brachylecithum lobatum from Cepaea hortensis. a Sporocyst, b cercaria and metacercaria hatching from the cyst, c encysted metacercaria, and d cercaria, free metacercaria, cysts with metacercaria, and fragment of a sporocyst

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

23E. Rhinella margaritifera. Male.Triunfo, Bolivar.This population could represent R in Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation

23E. Rhinella margaritifera. Male.Triunfo, Bolivar.This population could represent R. martyi. Photo: César Barrio-Amorós.