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380 results for “Rifting”
Tree planting incentives in the Albertine Rift Region, Uganda
<p><i>The study assessed the influence of incentives in tree planting by farmers in Kiryanga Sub county, Kagadi district, Albertine rift region. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household interviews were conducted to generate data on the influence of incentives on tree planting. The </i><span></span><i>X</i><sup><i>2</i></sup><i> </i><span><span> </span></span><i>test established associations between incentives and tree planting while a t-test was conducted to test for differences in characteristics of non-tree farmers and tree farmers. Results indicate that incentives are important in tree planting although some did not match farmers' interests (</i><span></span><i>X</i><sup><i>2</i></sup><span><span> </span></span><i>= 35.13, p <0.05). The incentives that mattered most were: provision of tree seedlings (84.6%) and cash payments (69.4%) while farm tours as an incentive did not match farmers' interests. The success attributed to incentives mainly depended on land size, and tree species' preferences. The study concludes<b> </b>that, provision of tree seedlings and cash payments should be the incentives to be promoted. It is therefore important that different stakeholders adopt incentive-based tree planting. </i></p>
Data from: Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of Central Africa: implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation
We examine the systematics of multiple populations of the Albertine Rift endemic amphibian Hyperolius castaneus, which currently incorporates four subspecies. Standard morphometric data were analyzed with principal components analyses and analyses of covariance. Phylogenetic analyses of two mitochondrial (16S, cyt b) and one nuclear (RAG1) genes were analyzed from 41 samples representing three subspecies. Results indicated some significant morphometric differences between the nominate subspecies H. c. castaneus and the Itombwe Plateau subspecies H. c. constellatus, and phylogenetic analyses of molecular data recovered these taxa as reciprocally monophyletic groups. We recognize these two allopatric populations as recently diverged, but distinct species, H. castaneus and H. constellatus. The subspecies H. c. submarginatus from the Kabobo Plateau is transferred to the synonymy of H. constellatus, but the status of the unsampled subspecies H. c. rhodogaster, described from mid-elevations of the western Itombwe Plateau, remains problematic. The phylogeographic pattern of our study resembles some, but not all, Albertine Rift vertebrates that have been examined with molecular data. Hyperolius constellatus is restricted to the Itombwe and Kabobo plateaus, which are of special conservation concern because of high levels of amphibian diversity and endemism, and multiple threats from deforestation, mining activities and road construction.
Data from: Intra- and interspecific niche variation as reconstructed from stable isotopes in two ecologically different Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes
1. The concept of species niches has enhanced our understanding of community assembly and food web structure in a variety of ecosystem types. Niche-based species sorting profoundly determines community composition along strong environmental gradients, while interspecific interactions tend to be more important within habitats at local spatial scales. The role of intraspecific niche variation in community assembly and ecosystem functioning has only recently been highlighted. 2. The present study undertakes a quantitative comparison of the trophic structure of fish communities in two iconic Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes, Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo, which are biodiversity hotspots with high societal importance. The lakes differ strongly in ecology: whereas Lake Abaya is turbid due to a very high sediment loading, Lake Chamo is a clear-water lake, which in recent years is, however, rapidly becoming more turbid. Using stable isotopes, we compare the structure of the food web in both lakes, and investigate the degree to which differences in trophic structure between the two lakes are mediated by changes in species composition with fixed within-species niches or rather by flexibility in food acquisition within species. 3. Different food web compartments, including fish and the main basal sources, were sampled in both lakes. We used Bayesian stable isotope mixing models and Bayesian community-wide metrics for a quantitative comparison of the food web structure between the two lakes. 4. We demonstrate that the isotopic niche of the fish community in Lake Abaya is larger and more diversified compared to that in Lake Chamo. Sediment organic material seems to be a major energy source for fish in Abaya, while zooplankton is a dominant source for fish in Chamo. This is consistent with the different ecology of the two lakes, where high turbidity impedes primary and secondary production in Abaya. Differences in trophic structure between the two lakes resulted from intraspecific isotopic niche variation rather than from compositional variation between fish communities. 5. Our results point to the importance of intraspecific variation in feeding ecology of fish communities inhabiting two large Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes with distinct environmental conditions. We anticipate that the approach we used has strong potential to explore large-scale patterns in food web organization in relation to niche variation across different types of ecosystems.
Data from: Modelling vaccination strategies against Rift Valley fever in livestock in Kenya: model code
The impacts of vaccination on the transmission of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) have not been evaluated. We have developed a RVFV transmission model comprising two hosts -- cattle as a separate host and sheep and goats as one combined host (herein after referred to as sheep) -- and two vectors -- Aedes species (spp) and Culex spp -- and used it to predict the impacts of: (1) reactive vaccination implemented at various levels of coverage at pre-determined time points, (2) targeted vaccination involving either of the two host species, and (3) a periodic vaccination implemented biannually or annually before an outbreak. Methodology/Principal Findings: The model comprises coupled vector and host modules where the dynamics of vectors and hosts are described using a system of difference equations. Vector populations are structured into egg, larva, pupa and adult stages and the latter stage is further categorized into three infection categories: susceptible, exposed and infectious mosquitoes. The survival rates of the immature stages (egg, larva and pupa) are dependent on rainfall densities extracted from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) for a Rift Valley fever (RVF) endemic site in Kenya over a period of 1827 days. The host populations are structured into four age classes comprising young, weaners, yearlings and adults and four infection categories including susceptible, exposed, infectious, and immune categories. The model reproduces the 2006/2007 RVF outbreak reported in empirical surveys in the target area and other seasonal transmission events that are perceived to occur during the wet seasons. Mass reactive vaccination strategies greatly reduce the potential for a major outbreak. The results also suggest that the effectiveness of vaccination can be enhanced by increasing the vaccination coverage, targeting vaccination on cattle given that this species plays a major role in the transmission of the virus, and using both periodic and reactive vaccination strategies. Conclusion/Significance: Reactive vaccination can be effective in mitigating the impacts of RVF outbreaks but practically, it is not always possible to have this measure implemented satisfactorily due to the rapid onset and evolution of RVF epidemics. This analysis demonstrates that both periodic and reactive vaccination ought to be used strategically to effectively control the disease.
Data from: Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting
Cichlid fishes are a key model system in the study of adaptive radiation, speciation and evolutionary developmental biology. More than 1600 cichlid species inhabit freshwater and marginal marine environments across several southern landmasses. This distributional pattern, combined with parallels between cichlid phylogeny and sequences of Mesozoic continental rifting, has led to the widely accepted hypothesis that cichlids are an ancient group whose major biogeographic patterns arose from Gondwanan vicariance. Although the Early Cretaceous (ca 135 Ma) divergence of living cichlids demanded by the vicariance model now represents a key calibration for teleost molecular clocks, this putative split pre-dates the oldest cichlid fossils by nearly 90 Myr. Here, we provide independent palaeontological and relaxed-molecular-clock estimates for the time of cichlid origin that collectively reject the antiquity of the group required by the Gondwanan vicariance scenario. The distribution of cichlid fossil horizons, the age of stratigraphically consistent outgroup lineages to cichlids and relaxed-clock analysis of a DNA sequence dataset consisting of 10 nuclear genes all deliver overlapping estimates for crown cichlid origin centred on the Palaeocene (ca 65–57 Ma), substantially post-dating the tectonic fragmentation of Gondwana. Our results provide a revised macroevolutionary time scale for cichlids, imply a role for dispersal in generating the observed geographical distribution of this important model clade and add to a growing debate that questions the dominance of the vicariance paradigm of historical biogeography.
FIGURES 1–7. Orphnus longicornis. 1 in A new brachypterous scarab species, Orphnus longicornis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae), from the East African Rift
FIGURES 1–7. Orphnus longicornis. 1, holotype habitus in dorsal view; 2, holotype habitus in lateral view, 3–4, paratypes from the same locality as the holotype, 5, paratype from Oldoway Gorge); 6, holotype aedeagus in dorsal view and parameres in lateral view; 7, locality map (terrestrial ecoregions: 1—tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, 2—tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, 3—flooded grasslands and savannas, 4—montane grasslands and shrublands, 5—mangroves, 6—lakes).
FIGURE 8 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 8. Rhampholeon hattinghi sp. nov. adult female in stress display with distinctive coloration.
FIGURE 4 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood topology for Kinyongia. Nodes supported by both ML (>70% bootstrap) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.95pp) are denoted with black circles. Node supported by Bayesian only is denoted with a white circle.
FIGURE 10 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 10. Comparison of head dimensions of the Holotypes of Kinyongia mulyai sp. nov. (top) and Kinyongia adolfifriderici ZMB 22709 (bottom) showing differences in head length and width. Note the body dimensions of K. mulyai sp. nov. (a male) are snout/vent 44mm and tail length 63mm, whilst that of K. adolfifriderici (a female) are 54mm and 62mm respectively.
FIGURE 9 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 9. Rhampholeon hattinghi sp. nov. sulcal and lateral views of the male hemipenes demonstrating a) the inwardly curved apical horns and b) the prominent parasulcal evaginations billowing anteriorly beneath the origin of each horn.
FIGURE 5 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 5. Comparison of heads of male Rhampholeon hattinghi sp. nov. (right) and Rhampholeon cf. boulengeri (left).
FIGURE 7 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 7. Rhampholeon hattinghi sp. nov., adult male dorsal view showing distinctive white markings on tail.
FIGURE 1 in Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Albertine Rift: Two new species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae) from an isolated montane forest, south eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
FIGURE 1. Digital elevation map of the Albertine Rift region with the highest altitudes shaded darkest. Inset: Map of Africa with the region shown on the larger map indicated by the small box. The countries of Mozambique and Malawi are shaded in grey.
FIGURES 63–66 in New Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from East Africa with an account of the tortricid fauna of acacia in the Kenyan Rift Valley
FIGURES 63–66. Female genitalia of Coniostola. 63. C. stereoma (Meyrick). 64. C. flavitinctana, sp. n. 65. C. rufitinctana, sp. n. 66. C. laikipiana, sp. n.
FIGURES 55–62 in New Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from East Africa with an account of the tortricid fauna of acacia in the Kenyan Rift Valley
FIGURES 55–62. Male genitalia of Coniostola and Eucosmocydia. 55. C. stereoma (Meyrick). 56. C. flavitinctana, sp. n. 57. C. rufitinctana, sp. n. 58. C. laikipiana, sp. n. 59. E. pharangodes (Meyrick). 60. E. pharangodes (Meyrick) (with abdominal cormata). 61. E. prolixa Razowski & Wojtusiak. 62. E. prolixa Razowski & Wojtusiak (with abdominal coremata).
FIGURES 42–44 in New Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from East Africa with an account of the tortricid fauna of acacia in the Kenyan Rift Valley
FIGURES 42–44. Male genitalia of Paraeccopsis. 42. P. insellata (Meyrick). 43. P. pseudoinsellata Aarvik, sp. n. 44. P. phoeniodes (Meyrick).
FIGURES 21–25 in New Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from East Africa with an account of the tortricid fauna of acacia in the Kenyan Rift Valley
FIGURES 21–25. Adults and genitalia of Paraeccopsis and Endotera. 21. Adult of Paraeccopsis phoeniodes (Meyrick). 22. Adult of Endotera cyaneana Agassiz, sp. n. 23. Freshly emerged specimen of Endotera cyaneana Agassiz, sp. n. on leaves of Acacia drepanolobium. 24. Male genitalia of Endotera cyaneana Agassiz, sp. n. 25. Female genitalia of Endotera cyaneana Agassiz, sp. n.
FIGURES 1–4 in New Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from East Africa with an account of the tortricid fauna of acacia in the Kenyan Rift Valley
FIGURES 1–4. Hystrichophora bussei Agassiz, sp. n. 1. Adult. 2. Gall on Acacia bussei with extruding pupal skin. 3. Male genitalia. 4. Female genitalia.
FIGURES 13–20 in New Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from East Africa with an account of the tortricid fauna of acacia in the Kenyan Rift Valley
FIGURES 13–20. Adults of Paraeccopsis. 13. P. tanzanica Aarvik, sp. n. 14. P. addis Aarvik, sp. n. 15. P.turi Aarvik, sp. n. 16. P. botswanae Aarvik, sp. n. 17. P. deltophora (Meyrick). 18. P. insellata (Meyrick). 19. P. pseudoinsellata Aarvik, sp. n., dark female from Kenya. 20. P. pseudoinsellata Aarvik, sp. n., light male from Tanzania.
FIGURES 51–54 in New Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from East Africa with an account of the tortricid fauna of acacia in the Kenyan Rift Valley
FIGURES 51–54. Genitalia of Paraeccopsis and Age. 51. P. insellata (Meyrick). 52. P. phoeniodes (Meyrick). 53. Age onychistica male. 54. Age onychistica female.
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